comprehension problems they encounter in texts. Zimmermann and Hutchins 2003 in Moreillon 2007 identify seven reading comprehension strategies as follows:
1 Activating or building background knowledge 2 Using sensory images
3 Questioning 4 Making predictions and inferences
5 Determining main ideas 6 Using fix-up options
7 Synthesizing
2.2.3 Reading Comprehension
Reading comprehension is the process of understanding and constructing meaning from a piece of text. According to Paris and Stahl 2005: 144, what is meant by
reading comprehension is that the ability to identify meaningful relations between the various parts of a text and between these parts and the readers background
knowledge. To do so, readers engage in inferential processes which, if all goes well, result in a coherent mental network representation of the text. On the other hand,
Lems, et al 2010: 170 state that: Reading comprehension is not a static competency; it varies according to the
purposes for reading and the text that is involved. When the prerequisite skills are in place, reading becomes an evolving interaction between the text and the
background knowledge of the reader. This is accomplished through use of strategies, both cognitive and meta-cognitive.
In addition to those definition of reading comprehension, Kamil, et al 2011:
143 also give a definition of reading comprehension that reading comprehension is
an interaction among reader characteristics, text features, and the activity or socio- cultural context in which the text is situated.
In conclusion, reading comprehension is the ability that needs effort to understand the meaning of the texts. By reading the whole texts, readers try to create
the meaning of what texts might mean. In addition, reading comprehension intentionally forces the readers to create the meaning to get convert information from
the texts.
2.2.4 General Concept of Narrative
Anderson and Anderson 1997: 8 say that a narrative is a piece of text which tells a story and, in doing so, entertains or informs the reader or listener. In addition, based
on Gerot and Wignell 1994: 204, the social function of narrative text is to amuse the reader and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways; Narrative
deals with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn find a resolution.
Based on the quotations above, I conclude that narrative text is a text which has a purpose to amuse the reader by presenting crisis or problem and have the
resolutions.
2.2.5 General Concept of Team Game Tournament
