General Linear Model MANOVA and Repeated Measures MANOVA Spearman’s Rho Correlations

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3.10.4 Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistical analysis used in this research consisted of two analyses, the descriptive and the frequency. The descriptive summary covered the means, standard deviations, median and modus, while the frequency dealt with the number of cases in the data. In doing the descriptive analysis, the researcher also sought to identify the nature of the data, particularly the degree of skewness of the data and the kurtosis.

3.10.5 General Linear Model MANOVA and Repeated Measures MANOVA

Multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA was used to analyze the association between the independent variables and the dependent variable and their contribution to the dependent variables. It was used to look at both the main effects of the independent variables and the interaction effects among the independent variables. Due to the limited power observed in the data, however, the interaction effects sought in the study was limited to the two-way interaction effects. MANOVA was used due to the robust nature of the analysis and although it is based on the assumption of normal distribution, it also works with data which are not normally distributed. Repeated Measures MANOVA was used to investigate the association of data within different time frameworks. In this study the analysis was used to investigate whethe r there were differences of teachers‘ level of efficacy beliefs before and after attending the CBIT, and whether they changed in their level of 87 self-efficacy beliefs after attending their CBIT training. The data were collected by asking teachers to do self-report within two different time frames. The first self-report was done to report their level of self-efficacy beliefs at the time the data were collected or after they attended the CBIT, and the second was related to their level of self-efficacy beliefs before attending the training.

3.10.6 Spearman’s Rho Correlations

In investigating the relations between the variables of the research, the researcher applied the Spearman Rho correlation. This correlation analysis was used due to the fact that the descriptive findings that some of the independent variables in the study were not normally distributed. The correlation sought in this research covered the correlation within the teachers‘ self-efficacy data or among factors in the teachers‘ efficacy scale, and the correlation between teachers‘ efficacy and the teachers‘ work engagement data.

3.10.7 Analysis on the qualitative data