Peningkatan Kualitas Kayu Rakyat dengan Metode Pengawetan Ramah Lingkungan

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PENINGKATAN KUALITAS KAYU RAKYAT DENGAN

METODE PENGAWETAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

ANDRI PRADHIKA WICAKSONO

DEPARTEMEN HASIL HUTAN

FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

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DHH

Quality Improvement of Community Wood

with Environmentally Preservation Methods

By:

Andri Pradhika W

1)

, Istie Sekartining Rahayu

2)

, Arinana

2)

INTRODUCTION:

Nowadays, timber utilization from community forests tends

to increase. However, most of wood from community forests have low durability.

Therefore wood preservation techniques to improve their durability is quite

crucial. We have to use wood preservative which are environment friendly, like

borax and ammonia. However information about efficacy test using borax as well

as ammonia on preservative woods were very limited. A study was conducted to

determine the effectiveness of preservation with graveyard test of four wood

species from community forest using ammonia and borax respectivelly.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wood samples 2 cm x 2 cm x 45 cm of

sengon (

Paraserianthes falcataria

), petai (

Parkia speciosa

), manii (

Maesopsis

eminii

), rubberwood (

Hevea brasiliensis

), were treated by ammonia and borax

using cold soaking and fumigation method respectively. Cold soaking method

used 5%, 10%, and 15% of borax concentration. The samples soaked for about 2

hours. Whereas, the fumigation technique used 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 liter of ammonia

volume which were put inside fumigation chamber for about four days. Then,

samples were burried at two selected yard for three months. Parameters analyzed

were percentage of weight loss and percentage loss of cross-section area based

ASTM D1758-2006 standard.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

All treatment that were applied on samples had

not given the durability against wood destroying factors attacks. Ammonia and

borax were not suitable for exterior preservative because they could be easily

washed out by rainfall.

Key words: Graveyard test, cold soaking, fumigation, borax, ammonia.

1)

_{Student of Forest products Department, Faculty of Forestry IPB}

2)

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RINGKASAN

Andri Pradhika Wicaksono.

E24080073. Peningkatan Kualitas Kayu Rakyat

dengan Metode Pengawetan Ramah Lingkungan.

Dibimbing oleh

Istie

Sekartining Rahayu, S.Hut., M.Si

dan

Arinana, S.Hut., M.Si

Ekspansi produksi yang semakin besar di sektor industri kehutanan

menyebabkan permintaan terhadap bahan baku kayu saat ini jauh melebihi

kemampuan produksi kayu dari hutan alam. Sebagai salah satu solusi untuk

mencegah industri kehutanan Indonesia kekurangan pasokan bahan baku kayu,

pemerintah menggalakkan program pembangunan hutan rakyat. Permasalahan

lain muncul karena pada umumnya jenis pohon yang ditanam di areal hutan rakyat

berupa jenis pohon yang cepat tumbuh dengan tingkat keawetan yang rendah.

Oleh karena itu diperlukan peningkatan kualitas kayu rakyat sebelum digunakan,

salah satunya yaitu dengan pengawetan kayu. Namun dengan banyaknya isu-isu

lingkungan yang berkembang saat ini, bahan pengawet kayu yang dipakai harus

bersifat ramah lingkungan, pada penelitian ini digunakan boraks dan amonia.

Pengujian efikasi kayu rakyat hasil pengawetan rendaman dingin dan fumigasi

amonia terhadap serangan organisme perusak kayu belum banyak dilakukan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efikasi kayu hasil pengawetan metode

rendaman dingin berbahan aktif boron dan hasil fumigasi berbahan aktif amonia

dengan cara uji kubur (

graveyard test

).

Penelitian ini menggunakan kayu sengon (

Paraserianthes falcataria

),

petai (

Parkia speciosa

), manii (

Maesopsis eminii

), dan karet (

Hevea brasiliensis

)

sebagai contoh uji, serta kayu pinus (

Pinus merkusii

) sebagai

attractant

. Sampel

kayu dibuat dengan ukuran 2 cm x 2 cm x 45 cm. Kayu lalu diberi perlakuan

rendaman dingin dan fumigasi. Rendaman dingin menggunakan konsentrasi

boraks 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Contoh uji direndam bahan pengawet boraks selama 2

jam. Fumigasi menggunakan volume amonia sebanyak 2 liter, 4 liter, 6 liter, 8

liter, dan 10 liter yang dimasukkan ke ruang fumigasi dan dipaparkan ke contoh

uji selama 4 hari. Contoh uji selanjutnya diuji efikasi secara lapangan (

graveyard

test

) dengan menggunakan standar ASTM D1758-06. Parameter yang diukur

adalah persentase kehilangan berat dan persentase kehilangan luas penampang.

Contoh uji dikubur di dua lokasi yaitu industri pengerjaan kayu dan perkebunan

kelapa sawit selama 3 bulan.

Hasil penelitian bedasarkan persentase kehilangan berat dan persentase

kehilangan luas penampang memperlihatkan perlakuan pengawetan yang

diberikan pada contoh uji belum dapat memberikan ketahanan terhadap faktor

perusak kayu pada pengujian lapang (

graveyard test

). Bahan aktif amonia dan

boron kurang cocok digunakan sebagai bahan pengawet untuk produk kayu

eksterior.

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PENINGKATAN KUALITAS KAYU RAKYAT DENGAN

METODE PENGAWETAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

ANDRI PRADHIKA WICAKSONO

E24080073

Skripsi

Sebagai salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar

Sarjana Kehutanan pada Fakultas Kehutanan

Institut Pertanian Bogor

DEPARTEMEN HASIL HUTAN

FAKULTAS KEHUTANAN

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

Menyetujui:

Dosen Pembimbing 1

Dosen Pembimbing 2

Istie Sekartining Rahayu, S.Hut., M.Si.

Arinana, S.Hut., M.Si

NIP. 19740422 200501 2 001

NIP. 19740101 200604 2 014

Mengetahui:

Ketua Departemen Hasil Hutan

Fakultas Kehutanan

Institut Pertanian Bogor

Dr. Ir. I Wayan Darmawan, MSc.

NIP. 19660212 199103 1 002

Tanggal Lulus:

Judul Skripsi

: Peningkatan Kualitas Kayu Rakyat dengan Metode

Pengawetan Ramah Lingkungan

Nama

: Andri Pradhika Wicaksono

NRP

Program Studi

:

E24080073

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PERNYATAAN

Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa skripsi yang berjudul

Peningkatan

Kualitas Kayu Rakyat dengan Metode Pengawetan Ramah Lingkungan

adalah benar-benar hasil karya saya sendiri dengan bimbingan dosen pembimbing

dan belum pernah digunakan sebagai karya ilmiah pada perguruan tinggi atau

lembaga manapun. Sumber informasi yang berasal atau dikutip dari karya yang

diterbitkan dari penulis lain telah disebutkan dalam teks dan dicantumkan dalam

Daftar Pustaka di bagian akhir skripsi ini.

Bogor,

Agustus 2012

Andri Pradhika Wicaksono

NRP. E24080073

(7)

RIWAYAT HIDUP

Penulis dilahirkan di Jakarta pada tanggal 04 Oktober 1990 sebagai anak

pertama dari tiga bersaudara pasangan Halim Kusuma Wisastra (ayah) dan

Darmiasih (ibu). Pada tahun 2008 penulis diterima di Fakultas Kehutanan,

Departemen Hasil Hutan (DHH) IPB, setelah menyelesaikan sekolah di SMAN 42

Halim, Jakarta Timur, pada program studi ilmu alam.

Selama di IPB penulis aktif di beberapa kegiatan dan organisasi seperti

mengikuti kegiatan Bina Corps Rimbawan (BCR) dan KOMPAK DHH,

kelompok peneliti laboratorium kimia hasil hutan 2010, serta sebagai staf divisi

eksternal pada Himpunan Mahasiswa Hasil Hutan Departemen Hasil Hutan

Fakultas Kehutanan IPB (HIMASILTAN) tahun 2009-2011. Penulis juga pernah

menjadi panitia berbagai acara seperti staf divisi konsumsi Forester Cup 2010, staf

divisi perlengkapan, dekorasi, dan dokumentasi KOMPAK DHH 2010, kepala

divisi logistik dan transportasi (logstran) FORTECH CUP DHH 2010, dan kepala

divisi logstran HIMASILTAN ROAD TO PKM 2011. Penulis telah melaksanakan

Praktek Pengenalan Ekosistem Hutan (PPEH) di Gunung Papandayan dan

Sancang Timur pada tahun 2010, Praktek Pengelolaan Hutan (PPH) di Gunung

Walat tahun 2011, dan Praktek Kerja Lapang (PKL) di PT. Toba Pulp Lestari,

Sumatera Utara pada tahun 2012.

Dalam Rangka menyelesaikan pendidikan Sarjana di Fakultas Kehutanan

Institut Pertanian Bogor, penulis melakukan penelitian berjudul Peningkatan

Kualitas Kayu Rakyat Dengan Metode Pengawetan Ramah Lingkungan ,

dibawah bimbingan Istie Sekartining Rahayu., S.Hut, M.Si dan Arinana S.Hut,

M.Si.

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KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT atas berkat dan

anugerah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan karya ilmiah yang berjudul

Peningkatan Kualitas Kayu Rakyat dengan Metode Pengawetan Ramah

Lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh

gelar Sarjana Kehutanan pada Departemen Hasil Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan,

Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Penulis menyadari bahwa hasil penelitian ini masih jauh dari sempurna.

Oleh karena itu masukan, saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun sangat

diharapkan demi kesempurnaan karya ini, semoga karya ilmiah ini dapat

bermanfaat.

Bogor, Agustus 2012

(9)

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

Puji syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, Tuhan Yang Maha

Esa karena telah melimpahkan rahmat, anugerah dan karunia-Nya. Ucapan terima

kasih dan penghargaan tak terhingga penulis sampaikan kepada:

1. Orangtua tercinta (Bapak Halim Kusuma Wisastra dan Ibu Darmiasih),

adik-adik Agita Kristy Wicaksono dan Anita Anastasia Wicaksono, serta Ira

Oktaviani, atas limpahan kasih sayang, doa, dan dukungan yang tidak

terhitung baik secara moral, spiritual, maupun materiil.

2. Ibu Istie Sekartining Rahayu, S.Hut., M.Si dan Arinana S.Hut., M.Si selaku

dosen pembimbing yang telah memberikan bimbingan ilmu, nasihat, serta

motivasi kepada penulis.

3. Prof. Dr. Ir. Dodi Nandika, MS selaku pimpinan sidang dan Dr. Ir. Endes N

Dahlan, MS dari Departemen Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekowisata

IPB selaku dosen penguji yang telah memberikan bimbingan, ilmu, dan

nasehat selama ujian komprehensif.

4. Seluruh staf pengajar dan staf kependidikan di lingkungan Departemen Hasil

Hutan terutama Ibu Esti, Pak Kadiman, Pak Suhada dan Bibi yang telah

bersedia membantu penulis selama penelitian.

5. Iftor, Hiskia Jo , dan Singgih sebagai rekan satu bimbingan dan penelitian

yang telah membantu dan memberikan dukungan dan saran kepada penulis.

6. Teman seperjuangan di DHH khususnya angkatan 45 yang terlalu banyak jika

saya sebutkan satu persatu.

7. Teman seperjuangan di FAHUTAN IPB yang tidak dapat disebutkan

satu-persatu. Terima kasih atas rasa kekeluargaan selama ini.

8. Semua Pihak yang telah membantu yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu per satu.

Bogor,

Agustus 2012

Penulis

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✁✂✄ ✁☎✆ ✝✆

✞✟ ✠✟ ✡✟ ☛

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✍✁ ✍✆✖ ✔✎ ✕ ✁ ✞✗✏✗✁✕

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✘☞★ ✩✪ ✫✪ ✚✦✬✣ ✦✣✤✌✛✌✚✦ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✭

✘☞✭ ✮✚✦✯✚✚✛✬✣ ✦✣✤✌✛✌✚✦ ☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✭

✍✁ ✍✆ ✆✖✄ ✆✕

JAUAN PUSTAKA

★☞✘ ✰✣ ✚✱✣ ✛✚✦✰✚✲✪ ☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✳

★☞★ ✮✣ ✛✴✵✣ ✬✣ ✦✧ ✚✱✣ ✛✚✦☞ ☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞ ✶

★☞★☞✘✷✪✸ ✌✧✚✹ ✌✢✣ ✜✺✚✻✚✦✼✥✛✌✯✼✸✴✦✌✚☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞ ✶

★☞★☞✘✽✣ ✦✵✚✸✚✦✾✌✦ ✧✌✦✢✣ ✜✺✚✻✚✦✼✥ ✛✌✯✢✴✜✴✦☞☞☞ ☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞ ✿

★☞✭ ❀✫✌❁✯ ✌✥ ✚✹ ✌✵✣ ✦ ✧✚✦

Graveyard Test

☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞ ☞☞ ☞ ❂ ★☞✳✷✚✥ ✛✴✜✬✣ ✜✪✹✚✥✰✚✲✪☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞ ☞ ✘❃

★☞✳☞✘✷✚✥ ✛✴✜✼✺ ✌✴✛✌✥☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞ ✘❃

★☞✳☞★✷✚✥ ✛✴✜✢✌✴✛✌✥☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘ ✘

★☞❄ ❅✌✯✚✛✢✣✺✣ ✜✚❆ ✚❇ ✣ ✦✌✹✰✚✲✪✽ ✚✥ ✲ ✚✛☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘✭

★☞❄☞✘ ✬✣ ✛✚✌❈

Parkia speciosa

❉☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘✭ ★☞❄☞★ ✰✚✜✣ ✛❈

Hevea brasiliensis

❉☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘✭ ★☞❄☞✭ ❅✣ ✦ ✧✴✦❈

Paraserianthes falcataria

❉ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘✳ ★☞❄☞✳ ✮✚✦✌✌❈

Maesopsis eminii

❉☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘❄ ★☞❄☞❄ ✬✌✦✪✹❈

Pinus merkusii

❉☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘❄

BAB III. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

✭☞✘ ❊ ✚✥ ✛✪✵✚✦✩✣✸❆ ✚✛✬✣ ✦✣✤✌✛✌✚✦☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘✶

✭☞★ ✼✤ ✚✛✵✚✦✢✚✻✚✦☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘✶

✭☞✭ ✬✣ ✜✹ ✌✚❆ ✚✦❋ ✴✦✛✴✻❀✫✌✰✚✲✪☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘✶

✭☞✳ ✼❆✤✌✥ ✚✹ ✌✷✪✸✌✧✚✹ ✌✢✣ ✜✺✚✻✚✦✼✥✛✌✯✼✸✴✦✌✚☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘✿

✭☞❄ ✼❆✤✌✥ ✚✹ ✌✽✣ ✦✵✚✸✚✦✾✌✦ ✧✌✦✢✣ ✜✺✚✻✚✦✼✥ ✛✌✯ ✢✴✜✴✦☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞☞☞☞ ☞ ✘❂

(11)

❍❍

■❏ ❑❏▲▼◆❖P ◗❘ ❙ ◗❚❯❖❱❯❲❯❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ❳▲

■❏❨ ❩❖ ❯❚❍❬❍❬ ❱❯❲❯❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ❳ ❳

❭❪ ❭❫ ❴❵❛❪❜❫ ❝❞❪ ❡❢❣ ❤ ❭❪ ❛❪❜❪ ❡

✐❏ ▲ ❥❯❬ ❍❚❦❧❍♠ ◗♥ ◗♦♣

graveyard test

qr❍s❖ r◗❬❲♦❍▼ ◆❖P ◆♦❧❯ ❯❖♠ ❯t ◗❏❏❏ ❏ ❳ ■ ✐ ❏▲❏ ▲

Graveyard Test

♠ ❯t ◗❥ ❯❬ ❍❚✉◗❘❍P ❯❬ ❍ ✈ ◆♦ ♥❯✇ ❯❖

❩① ❲❍②❩❘ ③ ❖❍❯ ❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ❳ ■

✐ ❏▲❏❳

Graveyard Test

♠ ❯t ◗❥ ❯❬ ❍❚④◆❖r ❯❘ ❯❖❱❍❖P❍❖✈◆♦♥ ❯✇❯❖

❩① ❲❍②✈ ③ ♦③ ❖❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ❳❨

✐❏❳ ❥❯❬ ❍❚❦❧❍♠ ◗♥ ◗♦♣

graveyard test

qr❍▼ ◆♦① ◆♥◗ ❖❯ ❖♠ ◆❚❯❙ ❯⑤❯⑥❍❲ ❏❏❏ ❏ ■ ■ ✐ ❏ ❳❏ ▲

Graveyard Test

♠ ❯t ◗❥ ❯❬ ❍❚✉◗❘❍P ❯❬ ❍ ✈ ◆♦♥ ❯✇ ❯❖

❩①❲❍②❩❘ ③ ❖❍❯ ❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ■ ■

✐ ❏ ❳❏❳

Graveyard Test

♠ ❯t ◗❥ ❯❬ ❍❚④◆❖r ❯❘ ❯❖❱❍❖P❍❖✈◆♦♥ ❯✇❯❖

❩①❲❍②✈ ③ ♦③ ❖❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ■❨

✐❏ ■ ⑤◆♦❯❖P ❯❖④❯t ❯ ❙⑦❯❖❯✇ r❍⑦◆❘❙❯❲▼ ◆❖P ◗ ❧❍❯❖❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ✐■

✐ ❏ ■❏▲ s❖ r◗❬❲♦❍▼ ◆❖P ◆♦❧❯❯❖♠ ❯t ◗❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏❏❏ ❏ ✐■

✐ ❏ ■❏ ❳ ▼ ◆♦① ◆♥◗ ❖❯❖♠ ◆❚❯❙ ❯⑤❯⑥❍❲❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ✐ ✐

✐ ❏ ■❏ ■ ✉❯①❲③ ♦❩♥❍③❲❍①t ❯❖P⑧ ◆❘❙◆❖P ❯ ♦◗✇❍s❖ ❲◆❖❬❍❲❯❬⑤◆♦❯❖P ❯❖

④❯t ❯❙ ❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ✐ ⑨

❭❪ ❭

V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

⑨❏ ▲ ♠◆❬ ❍❘❙◗ ❚❯❖ ❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ✐❑

⑨❏❳ ⑤❯♦ ❯❖ ❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ✐❑

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏❏❏❏ ❏ ✐❨

(12)

❶❶❶

❷❸ ❹❺❸❻❺❸❼ ❽ ❾

❿➀➁ ➂➃➄➃➅ ➃➆

➇➁ ➈➉➃➊ ➉➋ ➃➆ ➃➄➃➅❶ ➌ ➃➆➍ ➉➋ ➉➎➃➊ ➉➋ ➃➆ ➏ ➉➏➉➎ ➃➐ ➃ ➑ ➉➆❶➒ ➍ ➃➓➔ ➎➃➍➓➃➋

➈➃➏ ➔➐➃➋ ➉➆→➀➣➀ ➎➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁ ↔

↕➁ ➙❶➒➋ ➉➅➐➉➆❶➄➃❶➃➆➍ ➉➎ ➔➒ ➃➍ ➃➆➀ ➄➉➛➎ ➃➓➃➐➛➃➒❶➄➐ ➉➆➣➔➑❶➃➆➄➃➐➃➆➣➃➆➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁ ↕↕

➜➁ ❿❶➄➃❶➍ ➀➆ ➌❶➒❶➒➉➎ ➃➆➣➃➆➍➃➓➔➛ ➃➒❶➄➝ ➔➅❶➣➃➒❶➏ ➉➎➏ ➃➛ ➃➆➃➍➋❶➝➃➅➀➆❶➃

➒➉➋ ➉➄➃➛ ➔➑❶➍ ➔ ➏➔ ➎➌❶❶➆ ➌ ➔➒➋ ➎❶➐➉➆➣➉➎➑ ➃➃➆➍ ➃➓➔➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁ ↕➞ ➟➁ ❿❶➄➃❶➍ ➀➆ ➌❶➒❶➒➉➎ ➃➆➣➃➆➍➃➓➔➛ ➃➒❶➄➎ ➉➆ ➌ ➃➅➃➆ ➌❶➆➣ ❶➆➏ ➉➎➏ ➃➛ ➃➆ ➃➍ ➋❶➝

➏➀ ➎➀➆ ➒ ➉➋ ➉➄➃➛➔➑❶➍➔➏ ➔➎➌❶❶➆ ➌ ➔➒➋ ➎❶➐➉➆➣➉➎➑ ➃➃➆➍ ➃ ➓➔➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁ ➜➇

↔➁ ❿❶➄➃❶➍ ➀➆ ➌❶➒❶➒ ➉➎➃➆➣➃➆➍ ➃➓➔➛➃➒❶➄➝➔ ➅❶➣➃➒❶➏➉➎ ➏➃➛➃➆ ➃➍➋❶➝➃➅➀➆❶➃

➒➉➋ ➉➄➃➛ ➔➑❶➍ ➔ ➏➔ ➎➌❶➐ ➉➎➍ ➉➏ ➔➆➃➆➍ ➉➄➃➐➃➒ ➃➊❶➋➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁ ➜➞ ➞➁ ❿❶➄➃❶➍ ➀➆ ➌❶➒❶➒ ➉➎➃➆➣➃➆➍ ➃➓➔➛➃➒❶➄➎ ➉➆ ➌ ➃➅➃➆➌❶➆➣❶➆ ➏ ➉➎➏ ➃➛➃➆➃➍➋❶➝

➃➅➀➆❶➃➒➉➋ ➉➄➃➛➔➑❶➍ ➔ ➏➔ ➎➌❶➐➉➎➍ ➉➏ ➔➆➃➆➍ ➉➄➃➐➃➒ ➃➊❶➋➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁ ➟➇ ➠➁ ➂➃➒❶➄❶➌ ➉➆➋❶➝❶➍ ➃➒❶➎➃ ➓➃➐ ➌❶➡➢➤❶➑ ➃➓➃➈ ➃ ➓➔➥➦❶➏ ➃➆➋ ➉➆➣➥→➀➣➀ ➎➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁➁➁ ➁➁ ➟➜

(13)

➧➨

➩➫➭➯ ➫➲➳ ➫➵➸ ➫➲

➺➻➼ ➽➾➚➾➪ ➾➶

➹➼ ➘ ➾➴➷➬ ➻➶➮ ➻➱➷✃➧❐ ❒❮❒ ➚➷ ➪❰➧➾Ï❒➮ Ð ➾➶➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ ➹Ñ

Ò➼ Ó❒ ➚❒➮ ➾Ð➾➶Ð➾ ➴➷➬ ➻➶ ➮ ➻➱➷✃➧Ô ➾❰➾Ô ❒Õ ➚➾Ð➷ ➾➶Ö ➷➪➧×➾❐➧➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ ➹Ñ

Ø➼ ÓÕ ➻❐ ❒❐Ô ❒ ➪➾❐ ➷Ð ➾➶➚➾Õ ➷➮ ➾➶❮ ➾➱ ➾➶Ô ❒➶ × ➾Ï❒➮Ô➾❰ ➾➪❒➮ ➻❰❒Õ❒➶ ❰ ➾➪ ➾➶

❰➧➶×➧➶➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ ➹Ù

Ú➼ Ó❒ ➚❒➮ ➾Ð➾➶➬ ➻➶ ➮ ➻➱➷✃➧❰ ➾➶ Ð❒❰ ➾➚➾➪ ➾➶➚➷❮ ➾➶×➮ ➾➶ ➾➪Ð ➾➴➷Ô➾❰ ➾➷✃➧

Ð➷❮ ➷Õ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ ÒÛ

Ü➼ ➘❒ ×➧➾➮ ➾➶Ô❒➶×➷❮ ➷Õ ➾➶ Ð ➾➴➷❰➧➧➶❰➷❐ ➮Õ➧Ð ➾➴➷Ý➾Þ❰ ➾➶Ô ❒Õ Ð❒❮ ➷➶ ➾➶

Ð❒ ➚➾Ô➾❐ ➾Ï➧➮Ý❮Þ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ ÒÛ

ß➼ à➻➶➮ ➻ ➱➷✃➧➱ ➾❐➧➚

graveyard test

➴➾➶×➾Ð ➾➶❰➧➷ Ð➷Õ❮ ❒Õ ➾➮❰➾➶➚➷➾❐

Ô❒➶➾➪Ô➾➶ ×➶➴➾ ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ Ò➹

á➼ Ó❒Õ❐ ❒➶ ➮ ➾❐❒ Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶ × ➾➶❮❒Õ➾➮Ð➾ ➴➷➱ ➾❐➧➚➷✃➧Ð➷❮ ➷Õ❰ ❒➶ × ➾➶Ô❒Õ ➚ ➾Ð➷ ➾➶

Ö➷➪➧× ➾❐➧❮❒Õ ❮ ➾➱ ➾➶➾Ð➮➧Ö ➾➪➻➶➧➾❰➧➧➶ ❰ ➷❐➮Õ➧Ô❒➶×❒ Õ✃ ➾➾➶Ð ➾➴➷ ➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ Ò Ø

Ñ ➼ â➾➮ ➾ãÕ ➾➮ ➾Ô ❒Õ❐ ❒➶➮➾❐❒ Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶×➾➶❮❒Õ➾➮❮❒Õ ❰ ➾❐ ➾Õ Ð ➾➶✃❒➶➧❐Ð➾➴➷➱ ➾❐➧➚

Ô❒Õ➚➾Ð ➷➾➶Ö➷➪➧×➾❐➧❮ ❒Õ❮ ➾ ➱➾➶➾Ð➮➧Ö ➾➪➻➶➧➾➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ Ò Ú

Ù ➼ Ó❒Õ❐ ❒➶ ➮ ➾❐❒ Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶ × ➾➶➚➷➾❐Ô ❒➶ ➾➪Ô ➾➶×Ð ➾ ➴➷➱ ➾❐➧➚➷✃➧Ð➷❮ ➷Õ❰ ❒➶ × ➾➶ Ô❒Õ➚➾Ð ➷➾➶Ö➷➪➧×➾❐➧❮ ❒Õ❮ ➾ ➱➾➶➾Ð➮➧Ö ➾➪➻➶➧➾❰➧➧➶ ❰ ➷❐ ➮Õ➧

Ô❒➶×❒Õ✃ ➾ ➾➶Ð ➾➴➷➼➼➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ Ò Ü

➹Û➼ â➾➮ ➾ãÕ ➾➮ ➾Ô ❒Õ❐ ❒➶➮➾❐❒ Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶ × ➾➶ ➚➷➾❐Ô❒➶➾➪Ô➾➶×❮ ❒Õ❰➾❐ ➾Õ Ð ➾➶✃❒➶➧❐

Ð➾➴➷➱ ➾❐➧➚Ô❒Õ➚➾Ð➷ ➾➶Ö ➷➪➧×➾❐➧❮ ❒Õ❮➾➱➾➶➾Ð➮➧Ö➾➪ ➻➶➧➾➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ Ò ß

➹ ➹➼ ➘ ➻➶ ❰➧❐➧➬ ➻➶➮ ➻ ➱➷✃➧❰ ❒➶ ×➾➶➶➧➚➾➧Ð➻➶❰➧❐➧❐ ❒Õ ➾➶ × ➾➶➶ ➻ ➚Ý➾Þ❰ ➾➶

❰❒ ➚➾Ô➾➶Ý❮Þ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼ Ò á

➹Ò➼ Ó❒Õ❐ ❒➶➮ ➾❐ ❒Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶×➾➶❮ ❒Õ ➾➮Ð ➾➴➷➱➾❐➧➚➷✃➧Ð ➷❮➷Õ❰❒➶×➾➶Ô ❒Õ ➚➾Ð ➷➾➶

Õ❒➶ ❰ ➾➪➾➶❰➧➶ ×➧➶❮ ❒Õ❮➾➱➾➶➾Ð➮➧Ö❮➻Õ➻➶❰➧➧➶ ❰ ➷❐ ➮Õ➧Ô ❒➶ ×❒Õ✃ ➾➾➶ Ð➾ ➴➷➼ ➼➼ ➼➼ Ò á

➹Ø➼ â➾➮ ➾ãÕ ➾➮ ➾Ô ❒Õ❐ ❒➶➮➾❐❒ Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶×➾➶❮❒Õ➾➮❮❒Õ ❰ ➾❐ ➾Õ Ð ➾➶Ð ➻➶ ❐❒➶ ➮Õ ➾❐➧❮ ➾➱ ➾➶ ➾Ð➮➧Ö❮ ➻Õ ➻➶➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ ÒÑ

➹Ú➼ Ó❒Õ❐ ❒➶➮ ➾❐ ❒Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶×➾➶ ➚➷ ➾❐Ô❒➶➾➪Ô➾➶ ×Ð ➾➴➷➱➾❐➧➚➷✃➧Ð ➷❮➷Õ❰❒➶×➾➶ Ô❒Õ➚➾Ð ➷➾➶Õ ❒➶❰➾➪➾➶❰➧➶ ×➧➶❮ ❒Õ❮➾➱➾➶ ➾Ð➮➧Ö❮➻Õ ➻➶❰➧➧➶ ❰ ➷❐ ➮Õ➧

Ô❒➶×❒Õ✃ ➾ ➾➶Ð ➾➴➷➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ ÒÙ

➹Ü➼ â➾➮ ➾ãÕ ➾➮ ➾Ô ❒Õ❐ ❒➶➮➾❐❒ Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶ × ➾➶ ➚➷➾❐Ô❒➶➾➪Ô➾➶×❮❒Õ ❰ ➾❐ ➾Õ Ð ➾➶✃❒➶➧❐

Ð➾➴➷➱ ➾❐➧➚Ô❒Õ➚➾Ð➷ ➾➶Õ❒➶ ❰ ➾➪ ➾➶❰➧➶ ×➧➶❮ ❒Õ❮➾➱➾➶ ➾Ð➮➧Ö❮➻Õ➻➶ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼ ➼ ØÛ

➹ß➼ ➘ ➻➶ ❰➧❐➧➬ ➻➶➮ ➻ ➱➷✃➧❰ ❒➶ ×➾➶➶➧➚➾➧Ð➻➶❰➧❐➧❐ ❒Õ ➾➶ × ➾➶➶ ➻ ➚Ý➾Þ❰ ➾➶

➮ ➷✃ ➷ ➱Ý❮Þ➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ Ø➹

➹á➼ â➾➮ ➾ãÕ ➾➮ ➾Ô ❒Õ❐ ❒➶➮➾❐❒ Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶ × ➾➶❮❒Õ➾➮❮❒Õ❰➾❐ ➾Õ Ð ➾➶➪❒➮ ➻❰❒

Ô❒➶×➾Ï❒➮ ➾➶❰➧➧➶❰➷❐ ➮Õ➧Ô❒➶×❒Õ✃ ➾ ➾➶Ð ➾➴➷➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ Ø Ò

➹Ñ➼ â➾➮ ➾ãÕ ➾➮ ➾Ô ❒Õ❐ ❒➶➮➾❐❒ Ð❒ ➱➧➚➾➶ × ➾➶ ➚➷➾❐Ô❒➶➾➪Ô➾➶×❮ ❒Õ❰➾❐ ➾Õ Ð ➾➶➪❒➮ ➻❰ ❒ Ô❒➶×➾Ï❒➮ ➾➶❰➧➧➶❰➷❐ ➮Õ➧Ô❒➶×❒Õ✃ ➾ ➾➶Ð ➾➴➷ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼➼➼➼ ➼ Ø Ò

(14)

åæ ç èéêë éì íîë éïéð ñòîì ó îì ôéê îíï îõöð îë ñòö÷ ñï öô öêøéì ó îì ùéê òîï öîì

úöûñó îë ñôéê ô îð îì îï íñúîû üìñîø ñ ùéê ïé ôöì îìïé òîùîë îýñíç çççç çççç çççç ç þ þ

ÿ ç ✁ îíî✂ê îíîùéêë éì í îëé ïéðñòîìóîì ôéêîíôéêøîë îê ï îì÷éì ñë ï îõöðîë ñò

ùéêòîï öîìúöûñó îë ñôéê ôîð îìîïíñú îûüì ñîç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç ç þ✄

ÿ åç ✁ îíî✂ê îíîùéêë éì í îëé ïéðñòîìóîì ôéêîíôéêøîë îê ï îìäüòöûéîû üìñîçç çç þ☎

ÿ ÿç èéêë éì íîë éïéð ñòîì ó îì òö îë ùéìîûù îìóï îõöð îë ñòö÷ ñï öô öê øéì ó îìùéêòîïö îìúöûñó îë ñ ôéê ô îð îì îï íñúîû üìñîøñùéêïé ô öìîì

ïé òîù îë îýñí ç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç ç þ☎

ÿþç ✆üì ø ñë ñ✝üì íüðö÷ ñø éìó îììñòîñë éê îì ó îììüò✞ î✟øîìø é òîùîì✞ô✟ çç çççç ç þ✠

ÿ✄ç èéêë éì íîë éïéð ñòîì ó îì ôéê îíï îõöð îë ñòö÷ ñï öô öêøéì ó îì ùéê òîï öîì

êéì ø îûîìøñìóñìôéê ô îð îìîï íñúôüêüìø ñùéêïé ôöìîìïé òîùîë îýñí ççç ç þ✠

ÿ☎ ç ✁ îíî✂ê îíîùéêë éì í îëé ïéðñòîìóîì ôéêîíôéêøîë îê ï îìïüìë éìíê îë ñ

ôîðîì îï íñúôüêüì ççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç ç þ✡

ÿ☛ ç èéêë éì íîë éïéð ñòîì ó îì òö îë ùéìîûù îìóï îõöð îë ñòö÷ ñï öô öêøéì ó îì ùéêòîï öîìê éìøîûîìøñìóñìôéê ô îð îì îï íñúôüêüìø ñùéê ïé ôöì îì

ïé òîù îë îýñí ç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç ç þæ

ÿ✠ ç ✁ îíî✂ê îíîùéêë éì í îëé ïéðñòîìóîì òöîë ùéìîûù îì óôéêøîë îê ï îì÷éìñë ïîõöðîë ñòùéêòîïö îìêéì ø îûîìøñìó ñìôéê ô îð îì îï íñúôüêüìç çççç çççç çççç ç ✄

ÿ✡ ç ✁ îíî✂ê îíîùéêë éì í îëé ïéðñòîìóîì òöîë ùéìîûù îì óôéêøîë îê ï îì

ïüìë éì íêîë ñ ôîðîìîïíñú ôüêüì çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç ç ✄å

ÿæ ç ✆üì ø ñë ñ✝üì íüðö÷ ñø éìó îìì ñòîñïüì ø ñë ñë éê îì ó îììüò✞î✟ø îì

øé òîù îì✞ô✟çç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç ç ✄ÿ

þ ç ✁ îíî✂ê îíîùéêë éì í îëé ïéðñòîìóîì ôéêîíïî õöôé êø îë îê ï îìûé íüøé

ùéì ó îýé íîìç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç ç ✄ÿ

þåç ✁ îíî✂ê îíîùéêë éì í îëé ïéðñòîìóîì òöîë ùéìîûù îì óï îõöôéø îë îêïîì

ûé íüøéùéì ó îýé íîìç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç çççç ç ✄þ

þÿç ✁ î õîùõîì óøñíéûö ïîìøñè☞è✌

VIII Cikasungka jenis

Macrotermes

gilvus

(a),

Nasutitermes javanicus

(b),

Capritermes mohri

(c), dan

(15)

✍ ✎

✏ ✑✒✓ ✑✔✕ ✑✖✗ ✘ ✔✑✙

✚✛✜ ✢✣✤✣✥✣ ✦

✧✜ ★✣✩✣✪ ✫✬ ✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✮ ✫✯✣✩✪✣✰✱✲ ✎✎✦✲✱ ✳ ✩✯✎✴ ✫✦✭ ✫✯✵✣✣ ✦✪✣✰✱✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜ ✶ ✧

✷✜ ★✣✩✣✪ ✫✬ ✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✮ ✫✯✣✩✪✣✰✱✲ ✎✴ ✫✯✪✫✮✱✦✣ ✦✪✫✤✣✴✣✳✣✸✎✩✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜ ✶✷

✹✜ ★✣✩✣✪ ✫✬ ✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✤✱✣✳✴ ✫✦✣✥✴✣ ✦✭✪✣✰✱✲✎✎✦✲✱ ✳ ✩✯ ✎✴✫✦✭✫✯✵✣✣ ✦✪✣✰✱✜✜ ✜✜ ✶✹

✺✜ ★✣✩✣✪ ✫✬ ✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✤✱✣✳✴ ✫✦✣✥✴✣ ✦✭✪✣✰ ✱✲ ✎✴ ✫✯✪✫✮✱✦✣ ✦✪✫✤✣✴✣✳✣✸✎✩✜✜ ✜ ✶ ✺

✶✜ ✢✣✳ ✎✤✣ ✦✣✤✎✳ ✎✳✳ ✎✲✎✪ ✯✣✭✣ ✥✪✫✬✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✮✫✯✣✩✥✫✩✛✲✫✻✱✥✎✭✣✳ ✎

✲ ✎✎✦✲✱ ✳ ✩✯ ✎✴✫✦✭✫✯✵✣✣ ✦✪✣✰✱✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜ ✶ ✶

✼✜ ✢✣✳ ✎✤✣ ✦✣✤✎✳ ✎✳✳ ✎✲✎✪ ✯✣✭✣ ✥✪✫✬✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✤✱✣✳✴✫✦✣✥✴✣ ✦✭✥✫✩✛✲ ✫

✻✱✥✎✭✣✳ ✎✲ ✎✎✦✲ ✱✳ ✩✯✎✴ ✫✦✭ ✫✯✵✣✣ ✦✪✣✰✱✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜ ✶ ✶

✽✜ ✢✣✳ ✎✤✣ ✦✣✤✎✳ ✎✳✳ ✎✲✎✪ ✯✣✭✣ ✥✪✫✬✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✮✫✯✣✩✥✫✩✛✲✫✯✫✦✲✣✥ ✣ ✦✲ ✎✦✭✎✦ ✲ ✎✎✦✲✱ ✳ ✩✯ ✎✴✫✦✭✫✯✵✣✣ ✦✪✣✰✱✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜ ✶ ✼

✾✜ ✢✣✳ ✎✤✣ ✦✣✤✎✳ ✎✳✳ ✎✲✎✪ ✯✣✭✣ ✥✪✫✬✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✤✱✣✳✴✫✦✣✥✴✣ ✦✭✥✫✩✛✲✫

✯✫✦✲✣✥✣ ✦✲ ✎✦✭✎✦✲✎✎✦✲ ✱✳ ✩✯✎✴ ✫✦✭ ✫✯✵✣✣ ✦✪✣✰✱✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜ ✶ ✽

✿✜ ✢✣✳ ✎✤✣ ✦✣✤✎✳ ✎✳✳ ✎✲✎✪ ✯✣✭✣ ✥✪✫✬✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✮✫✯✣✩✥✫✩✛✲✫✻✱✥✎✭✣✳ ✎

✲ ✎✴ ✫✯✪ ✫✮ ✱✦✣ ✦✪ ✫✤✣✴✣✳✣✸✎✩✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜ ✶ ✿

✧❀✜ ✢✣✳ ✎✤✣ ✦✣✤✎✳ ✎✳✳ ✎✲✎✪ ✯✣✭✣ ✥✪✫✬✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✤✱✣✳✴✫✦✣✥✴✣ ✦✭✥✫✩✛✲ ✫

✻✱✥✎✭✣✳ ✎✲ ✎✴✫✯✪✫✮ ✱✦✣ ✦✪✫✤✣✴✣✳✣✸✎✩✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜ ✼❀

✧ ✧✜ ✢✣✳ ✎✤✣ ✦✣✤✎✳ ✎✳✳ ✎✲✎✪ ✯✣✭✣ ✥✪✫✬✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✮✫✯✣✩✥✫✩✛✲✫✯✫✦✲✣✥ ✣ ✦✲ ✎✦✭✎✦ ✲ ✎✴ ✫✯✪ ✫✮ ✱✦✣ ✦✪ ✫✤✣✴✣✳✣✸✎✩✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜✜✜✜ ✜ ✼ ✧

✧✷✜ ✢✣✳ ✎✤✣ ✦✣✤✎✳ ✎✳✳ ✎✲✎✪ ✯✣✭✣ ✥✪✫✬✎✤✣ ✦✭✣ ✦✤✱✣✳✴✫✦✣✥✴✣ ✦✭✥✫✩✛✲ ✫

(16)

❁ ❂❁ ❃

❄❅❆❇ ❂❈ ❉❊ ❉❂❆

❋● ❋ ❊❍ ■❍ ❏❁❑▲❍ ▼❍ ◆❖

K

P◗❘ ❙❘ ❚ ❯❱❲ ❯❳❘ ❱❯❨ ❩❬ ❱❯❭❪ ❩❫ P❴ ❲ ❩❴ ❯❲❯❱❵ P❱❛ ❯❫ ❯❩ ❨P❲ ❩❙❯❴ ❜ ❝❞❘❙❯❵ ❡

/tahun,

sedangkan rata-rata jatah produksi tahunan (JPT) yang ditetapkan pemerintah

hanya mencapai 8.152.250 m

3 /tahun. Dengan demikian terjadi defisit bahan baku

kayu sebesar 71,85 juta m

3 /tahun (Ditjen RLPS 2009). Jika dibiarkan terus

menerus, permasalahan bahan baku dapat mengganggu kestabilan industri

pengolahan. Sebagai salah satu solusi pemenuhan kekurangan pasokan bahan

baku kayu, pemerintah bekerja sama dengan masyarakat membangun hutan

rakyat. Menurut Ditjen BPK (2005), luas hutan rakyat di Indonesia pada tahun

2005 mencapai 1.568.415,63 ha dengan potensi 39.416.557 m

3 . Jumlah pohon

siap tebang sebanyak 78.485.993 pohon atau potensi produksinya sebesar

19.621.480 m

3 (dengan asumsi volume 0,25 m

3 /pohon). Berdasarkan data tersebut

diharapkan produksi kayu hutan rakyat dapat mengurangi defisit kebutuhan kayu

nasional, mengurangi laju deforestasi hutan alam, serta juga dapat meningkatkan

kesejahteraan rakyat.

Permasalahan lain muncul ketika kayu hutan rakyat dijadikan bahan baku

industri konstruksi ataupun mebel, karena pada umumnya jenis yang ditanam

berupa jenis pohon cepat tumbuh dengan tingkat keawetan yang rendah. Jenis

pohon yang biasa dibudidayakan masyarakat di hutan rakyat diantaranya Pinus,

Jabon, Mahoni, Mindi, Karet, Durian, Nangka, Sengon, Manii, Petai, dan

lain-lain. Hutan rakyat umumnya memiliki karakter batang pohon yang berukuran

kecil (

❢ ❣❤ ✐✐ ❥❦❤❣ ❧♠❧♥ ✐♦ ♣

s), sortimennya pendek-pendek, persentase kayu teras

(

q ❧❤♥♠

-wood

) rendah, dan persentase kayu muda (

juvenile-wood

) tinggi (Pandit &

Kurniawan 2008). Di samping itu, pohon yang masih muda akan menghasilkan

kayu dengan berat jenis rendah dan kurang awet sehingga mudah diserang oleh

faktor perusak kayu.

Oleh karena itu diperlukan peningkatan kualitas kayu hutan rakyat, salah

satunya dengan pengawetan kayu. Metode rendaman dingin merupakan salah satu

proses yang mudah dan sederhana untuk mengawetkan kayu sebagai bahan

(17)

st ✉✈ ✇①② s✈ ③④

M

⑤✇t⑥⑤ ①⑤✉⑥⑦⑧⑦✉ ⑥③✉⑨③✉ ⑩⑦✉❶⑦s ⑥③⑨②✉⑦s⑦✉ s⑦①⑤✉⑦ ⑧ ⑤①②❷⑦s⑦✉ ⑧ ⑤✇t⑥⑤ ❶⑦✉⑨ ❷⑦ ❸③✉⑨ ⑧②⑥⑦❹ ❷ ⑤✉⑨⑦❷ ❸③s⑦✈ ③⑦✉✉❶⑦ ⑥⑦✉ ❷ ⑦ ❸③✉⑨ ⑧② ①⑦❹ ⑩③⑦ ❶⑦✉❶⑦

⑥③⑩⑦✉⑥③✉⑨s⑦✉ ⑥⑤✉⑨⑦✉ ⑧ ⑤✇t⑥⑤ ❸⑦③✉✉❶⑦❺ ✈⑤❹③✉⑨ ⑨⑦ ⑧⑦✈❶⑦①⑦s⑦✇ ⑦s⑦✉ ⑥⑤✉⑨⑦✉ ⑧②⑥⑦❹

⑧ ⑤ ❸⑦s✈⑦✉⑦s⑦✉⑧⑤✇t⑥⑤ ③✉③④

S

⑤⑧⑤✉ ✇⑦①⑦ ③✇② ❺ ❻②⑧③⑨⑦✈ ③ ⑧ ⑤①②❷ ⑦s⑦✉ ❼⑦①⑦ ❶⑦✉⑨ ②⑧②⑧ ⑥③⑨②✉⑦s⑦✉ ②✉✇②s ❷ ⑤①❸⑦s②⑦✉ ❷⑤✉⑨⑤✉⑥⑦ ❸③⑦✉ ❹⑦⑧⑦④

P

⑦ ⑥⑦ ✈⑦⑦✇ ③✉③❺ s⑤❷ ⑤✉✇③✉⑨⑦✉ ❷ ⑤①❸⑦s②⑦✉ ❻②⑧③⑨⑦✈ ③ ②✉✇②s❷⑤✉⑨⑤✉⑥⑦ ❸③⑦✉❹ ⑦⑧⑦ s⑦ ❶②⑧ ⑤✉⑨⑦ ❸⑦⑧③❷⑤✉ ③✉⑨s⑦✇⑦✉❶⑦✉⑨❼②s②❷⑩ ⑤①⑦①✇③✈⑤③①③✉⑨

⑥⑤✉⑨⑦✉⑥③✇⑤✇⑦❷s⑦✉✉❶⑦ ⑩⑤①⑩⑦ ⑨⑦③❷ ⑤①⑦✇②①⑦✉❶⑦✉⑨⑩⑤①❸⑦s② ✈⑤❼⑦①⑦ ③✉ ✇⑤①✉⑦✈ ③t✉⑦ ❸④

S

⑦ ❸⑦❹ ✈⑦✇② ✉❶⑦ ❶⑦✉⑨ ⑥③s⑤ ❸②⑦① s⑦✉ ⑩ ⑦ ⑥⑦✉ ❷ ⑦✉⑨⑦✉ ⑥②✉③⑦❺ ❽❾

O

❿

Interim Commision for

Phytosanitary Measure

➀

I

➁

PM

➂ ✇⑤ ❸⑦❹ ⑧⑤✉⑨⑤✈⑦❹s⑦✉ ✈ ②⑦✇② ✈ ✇⑦✉⑥⑦①

ISPM

➀

International Standard for Phytosanitary Measure

➂➃

guidelines for regulating

wood packaging material in international trade

✇⑦❹② ✉ ➄ ➅ ➅➄④

ISPM

❿➆➇

⑧ ⑤✉➈⑤ ❸⑦✈ s⑦✉ ✇⑤✉ ✇⑦✉⑨ ✇③✉⑥⑦s⑦✉ ❻③✇t ✈⑦✉③✇⑦✈ ③ ②✉✇②s ⑧⑤✉⑨②①⑦✉⑨③ ①⑤✈ ③st ❷ ⑤✉⑨⑤✉⑦ ❸⑦✉

⑦✇⑦② ❷ ⑤✉❶⑤⑩⑦①⑦✉ ❹⑦⑧ ⑦ s⑦①⑦✉ ✇③✉⑦ ⑩⑤①❹②⑩②✉⑨⑦✉ ⑥⑤✉⑨⑦✉ ⑩ ⑦❹ ⑦✉ s⑤⑧ ⑦✈⑦✉ ❶⑦✉⑨

✇⑤①⑩②⑦✇ ⑥⑦①③ s⑦❶② ⑥⑦②✉ ➈⑦①②⑧ ⑦✇⑦②❷② ✉ ⑥⑦②✉ ❸⑤⑩⑦① ❶⑦✉⑨ ⑥③⑨② ✉⑦s⑦✉ ⑥⑦ ❸⑦⑧

❷ ⑤①⑥⑦ ⑨⑦✉⑨⑦✉③✉✇⑤① ✉⑦✈ ③t✉⑦ ❸➀

ISPM

➄➅➅➉ ➂④

P

⑦ ⑥⑦ ②⑧②⑧✉❶⑦ ❻②⑧③⑨⑦✉ ❶⑦✉⑨ ⑩⑦✉❶⑦s ⑥③⑨②✉⑦s⑦✉ ⑦ ⑥⑦ ❸⑦❹ ✈⑤✉❶⑦ ➊⑦ ⑧ ⑤✇③❸ ⑩①t⑧③⑥⑦④

N

⑦⑧② ✉ ✈⑦⑦✇ ③✉ ③ ❷⑤✉⑨⑨② ✉⑦⑦✉ ⑧ ⑤✇③❸ ⑩①t⑧③⑥⑦ ✈⑤⑩ ⑦ ⑨⑦③ ❻②⑧③⑨⑦✉ ⑥③⑩ ⑦✇⑦✈ ③ s⑦①⑤✉⑦ ⑩⑤①✈ ③❻⑦✇ ✇③⑥⑦s ①⑦⑧⑦❹ ❸③✉⑨s②✉⑨⑦✉✈⑤❷ ⑤①✇③⑥⑦ ❷⑦✇⑧ ⑤①②✈⑦s❸⑦❷③✈⑦✉t➋t✉④

O

❸⑤❹ s⑦①⑤✉⑦ ③✇② ⑥③❷ ⑤①❸②s⑦✉⑦ ❸✇⑤① ✉⑦✇③❻❷ ⑤✉⑨ ⑨⑦✉ ✇③ ❻②⑧③⑨⑦✉ ❶⑦✉⑨ ①⑦⑧ ⑦❹ ❸③✉⑨s②✉⑨⑦✉❺ ❶⑦✉⑨

❼②s②❷ ⑩⑤①❷t✇⑤✉✈ ③ ⑥③⑨②✉⑦s⑦✉ ⑦ ⑥⑦ ❸⑦❹ ⑦⑧t ✉ ③⑦④ ➌⑦❹⑦✉ s ③⑧③⑦ ③✉③ ⑥③⑨②✉⑦s⑦✉ s⑦①⑤✉⑦

✈ ③❻⑦✇✉❶⑦ ❶⑦✉⑨ ❸⑤⑩③❹ ①⑦⑧⑦❹ ❸③✉⑨s②✉⑨⑦✉❺ ⑩ ⑦✉❶⑦s ✇⑤①✈⑤ ⑥③⑦ ⑥③ ❷ ⑦✈⑦①⑦✉❺ ⑥⑦✉

⑧ ⑤⑧❷② ✉❶⑦③✈ ③❻⑦✇①⑦❼② ✉✇⑤①❹⑦ ⑥⑦❷t ①⑨⑦✉ ③✈⑧ ⑤❷ ⑤①② ✈⑦ss⑦ ❶②④

➌⑤①⑥⑦✈⑦① s⑦✉ ❷⑤✉⑤ ❸③✇③⑦✉ ❾➋❹③⑧ ➀➄➅➆ ➆➂ ⑥⑦✉

N

② ①⑧⑦ ➊⑦✉ ➀➄ ➅ ➆➆➂❺ ❷⑤①❸⑦s②⑦✉ ❻②⑧③⑨⑦✈ ③⑦⑧t ✉ ③⑦✇⑤①⑩②s✇③⑧ ⑦⑧❷②⑧⑤✉ ③✉⑨s⑦✇s⑦✉s⑤⑦ ➊⑤✇⑦✉s⑦ ❶②①⑦s❶⑦✇❺✈⑤ ⑥⑦✉⑨s⑦✉

T

⑦➍③❶②⑥③✉ ➀➄ ➅ ➆➆➂ ⑧ ⑤✉❶⑦✇⑦s⑦✉ ⑩⑦❹➊⑦ ❷⑤✉⑨②➈③⑦✉ s⑦ ❶② ✈⑤✇⑤ ❸⑦❹ ➄➎ ➈⑦⑧ ⑥③⑩⑤①③ ❷ ⑤①❸⑦s②⑦✉ ❻②⑧③⑨⑦✈ ③ ⑧ ⑤✉⑨❹ ⑦✈ ③❸s⑦✉ ❷ ⑤①✈⑤✉✇⑦✈⑤ ⑧t ① ✇⑦ ❸③✇⑦✈ ①⑦ ❶⑦ ❷ ⑧⑤✉ ❼⑦❷⑦③ ➆➅ ➅➏

❷ ⑦ ⑥⑦ ✈⑤⑧②⑦ ➈⑤✉③✈ s⑦ ❶② ⑥⑦✉ ❷ ⑦ ⑥⑦ ✈⑤ ❸②①②❹ ✇⑦①⑦❻ ❷⑤①❸⑦s②⑦✉ ➈⑦①⑦s ✈⑤① ✇⑦ ➐t❸②⑧⑤

⑦⑧t ✉ ③⑦④

O

❸⑤❹ s⑦①⑤✉⑦ ③✇② ⑥③❷ ⑤①❸② s⑦✉❷⑤✉⑤ ❸③✇③⑦✉ ❸⑤⑩③❹ ❸⑦✉➈②✇ ② ✉ ✇② s ⑧⑤✉⑨②➈③⑤❻ ③s⑦✈ ③ ⑩ ⑦❹⑦✉ ❷⑤✉⑨⑦ ➊⑤✇ ⑩t ①⑦s✈ ⑥⑦✉ ①⑤✈ ③⑥② ⑦⑧t✉③⑦ ⑥⑦ ❸⑦⑧ ⑧⑤✉⑦❹ ⑦✉ ✈⑤①⑦✉⑨⑦✉ t①⑨⑦✉③✈⑧ ⑤

(18)

➑

➒➓ ➔ →➣

juan Penelitian

P

↔↕ ↔➙➛➜➛➝ ↕➛ ↕➛ ➞ ↔➟➜ ➠➡ ➠➝ ↕➠ ↕➜ ➠➢ ➤ ↔↕➥ ↔➜➝➦ ➠➛ ➢ ↔➝ ➧ ↔➜➝ ↕➢ ➝ ➨➠ ➨➝ ↕➥➩➛➝ ➧↔➜➢ ➝ ↕ ➩↔↕➥ ➝ ↕ ➤↔➜➫➩↔ ➟↔↕➩➝➤ ➝ ↕ ➩ ➛ ↕➥ ➛ ↕ ➞↔➟➞➝➦ ➝ ↕ ➝➢ ➜➛➭ ➞➫➟➫↕ ➩ ➝ ↕ ➤ ↔➜➫➩ ↔ ➭➠➤ ➛➥➝➯➛

➞↔➟➞ ➝➦ ➝ ↕➝➢ ➜➛➭➝➤➫↕➛➝➲ ➯↔➳➝ ➟➝➙➝➵➝ ↕➥➝ ↕➩ ➛ ➩ ➠➝➙➫➢➝➯➛➲ ➨➝➛➜ ➠➩ ➛ ➵↔➟➢ ↔➞ ➠ ↕➝ ↕➢ ↔➙➝➵➝

➯➝ ➧➛➜➩ ➝ ↕➛↕➩ ➠➯➜ ➟➛➵↔↕➥↔➟➡➝➝ ↕➢➝➨➠➸

1.3 Manfaat Penelitian

H

➝➯➛➙ ➵↔↕ ↔➙➛➜➛➝ ↕➛ ↕➛➩➛➦ ➝ ➟➝➵➢ ➝ ↕➩ ➝➵➝➜➩➛➥➠↕➝➢➝ ↕ ➠↕➜ ➠➢ ➤ ↔↕➛ ↕➥➢ ➝➜➢➝ ↕➤➝➯➝ ➵➝➢➝➛ ➢ ➝ ➨➠ ➟➝➢➨➝➜ ➯↔➦➛ ↕➥➥ ➝ ➩ ➝➵➝➜ ➤↔↕➥ ➠ ➟➝ ↕➥➛ ➵↔➤ ➝➢➝➛➝ ↕ ➢ ➝ ➨➠ ➩➝➟➛ ➦ ➠➜➝ ↕ ➝➙➝➤➲

➯↔➟➜➝ ➤ ↔➤ ➞ ↔ ➟➛➢➝ ↕ ➟ ↔➢➫➤ ↔↕➩➝➯➛ ➤ ↔↕➥ ↔↕➝➛ ➤ ↔➜➫➩↔ ➵↔↕➥➝ ➧↔➜➝ ↕ ➢➝➨➠ ➨➝ ↕➥ ➟➝➤ ➝➦

(19)

BAB II

➺ ➻➼➽

A

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A

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S

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KA

2

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K

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t

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K

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t

åæ

.

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z

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z

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Ü❐ÏÚÏØ Ð❒❰ ßï ÚÛ ❰❒Ö ❒

et al.

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❒ Ö❐ÏÓ❒Õê ò ÏÓÙÏ ❐Û Ú❒ Ü❐Ü ×Ò Ï❒Ú

y

3.233

á ❐Ï Ú

s

Ð ❒

u

y

,

Ó ❒Ï

3.132

á ❐Ï Ú

s

Ó Ú ❒Ï ❰❒Ö ❒Ï❒

y

t

❐Ô❒Õ ÓÚÐ Ô❒Û ÚíÚÐ ❒ÛÚÐ ❒ÏÐ❐❒

w

❐

t

❒Ï Ï❒

y

.

D

ÚÐ ❐

t

❒ÕÒÚÕ ❒Ï

y

❒Û ❐Þ❒Ø Ú❒ÏÐ ❐Ý ÚÔÛ ❒á ❒

y

❒ÏØÜ ❐Ü×ÒÏ❒Ú

y

Ð ❐❒

w

❐

t

❒ÏÚÏØØ Ú

t

, y

❒Ú

14,3% t

tu

❐Ö Ü ❒ÛÒ Ð Ð❐Ô❒

s

❒

w

❐

t

-

òò

, s

ÚÛ❒Ï

y

❒

,

y

❒Ú

tu

85,7% t

❐ÖÜ ❒ÛÒÐ Ð❐Ô❒

s

❒

w

❐

t

òòò

,

òó

,

Ó❒Ï ó

(

ñ❒Ö

t

❒

w

Úá ❒

y

❒

1996).

ôÔ❐Õ Ð❒Ö ❐Ï ❒ Ú

tu

×❐Ö Ô

u

Ó ÚÔ❒ÐÒ Ð ❒Ï× ❐Ö Ô❒ÐÒ ❒Ï× ❐ÏØ ❒

w

❐

t

❒Ï

t

❐Ö Õ ❒Ó ❒× Ð ❒

y

u

❒Ø ❒Ö Ð ❒

y

u

Ü❐Ïá ❒ÓÚ Ô❐ÞÚÕ

t

❒Õ ❒Ï❰❐Ö Õ❒Ó❒×í❒Ð ❰ÙÖ ×❐Ö Ò Û ❒ÐÐ❒

y

u .

ð❐ÏØ ❒

w

❐

t

❒Ï Ð ❒

u

y

Ü ❐Ö

u

×❒Ð ❒Ï ×Ö ÙÛ ❐

s

Ü ❐Ü❒ÛÒ Ð Ð❒Ï Þ ❒Õ ❒Ï ÐÚÜÚ❒

y

❒ÏØ

Þ❐Ö Û Úí❒

t

Ö ❒ÝÒÏ Þ ❒Ø Ú ÙÖ Ø ❒Ï ÚÛÜ❐ × ❐ÖÒÛ❒Ð Ð❐Ó ❒Ô❒Ü Ð❒

u

y

ÒÏ❰ÒÐÜ ❐Ï ÚÏØÐ❒

t

Ð ❒ÏÒ ÜÒ Ö × ❒Ð❒Ú Ð ❒

y

u (D

❒Ö Ü ❒❒Ï

w

et al.

2011).

ð❐ÏØ❒❐

w

t

❒Ï Ð❒

y

u

× ❒Ó ❒ Ó ❒Û ❒Ö Ï❒

y

Ü ❐ÖÒ × ❒Ð❒Ï

t

ÚÏÓ ❒Ð ❒Ï ×❐ÏÝ ❐Ø❒Õ❒Ï

(

preventive

) y

❒ÏØ Þ❐Ö ×❐Ö ❒Ï Ò Ï ❰Ò Ð Ü❐Ü ÚÏ ÚÜ ❒ÔÐ ❒Ï ❒

t

❒

u

Ü❐ÏÚ❒Ó❒Ð❒Ï Ð❐Ü Ò ÏØ Ð ÚÏ❒ Ï

t

❐Öá ❒ÓÚÝ ❒Ý ❒

t y

❒ÏØÓÚÛ ❐Þ ❒ÞÐ❒ÏÙÖØ ❒Ï ÚÛÜ❐× ❐ÖÒ Û ❒ÐÐ❒

y

u

,

Þ Ò Ð ❒Ï ×❐ÏØ ÙÞ ❒

t

❒Ï

(

curative

) y

❒ÏØ Ó ÚÚÔ❒ÐÒ Ð ❒Ï Ó❒Ô❒Ü Ö ❒ÏØ Ð❒ ×❐ÏØ❐ÏÓ❒ÔÚ❒Ï Ü

u

tu

❒

t

❒

u

ÐÒ ❒ÔÚ

t

❒

s (B

❒Ö Ô

y

&

ëÒÞ❒ÖÒ Ó Ú

2010).

õ❐ÖÓ❒×❒

t

❐Ü× ❒

t

í❒Ð ❰ÙÖ

u

t

❒Ü❒

y

❒ÏØ

(20)

÷ø ÷ùøú ûüýþ ÿ ÿü✁ ✂ ùøú ûü✄ø☎üú ✆ü✝þ ✞ ✟þ ú☎

&

✠üýý ü

t 1986), y

tu

✡øú

s

✆ü

y

u

(st

ý þ✆☎þý üú ü

t

☛÷

,

ùøý ÷øü☞✂

t

s,

✆øý ü ùüüú

t

),

✆☛ú✌✁ ✆ü

u

y

✁üü

t

✌✂ü✆þ✆üú ùøú ûüø

w

üú

t

(

✆ü✌üý üý

,

☞øú☎þ✆ ✆ü

,

u

y

✆☛÷ù☛ ✁ ✁ ✆ü

y

u

ûþ☞ü✂ ✌üú øý ü

t

s)

,

÷ø☛ ✌ø

t

ùøú ûüø

w

üú

t

üú û

y

✌ûþú ü✆üú

,

✌üú ✁✍ü

t

☞üÿ üúùøúûüø

w

t y

üú û✌ùü✆ü

.

✎ü☞ø✂

1

✏øüø

w

üú

t

ü✂ü ÷ ✌üú ✆øøý ü

t

w

üú

t

☞ø☞øýü ùü ✡øú

s

✆ü

y

u

ýü✆ü

y

t

✏ü☞þùü

t

øú

B

☛û☛ý

✑✒ ✓ ✔✕

n

is K

✖ ✗✘

K

✕✖ ✙

l

Aw

t

K

✕✕

t

r

✖✕

w

✖ ✚

t

1 A

✛✜

t

✢✣ ✤

(

Agathis

✥

s

)

✦✧ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

2 A

✬✜

s

✣✜

(

Acacia auriculiformis

)

✦✦✦ ✦✧ ★

u

✬✜✭

3 B

✜ ✮ ✤✜

(

Ochroma bicolor

)

✧ ✯

u

✪✜✢

4 Du

✭ ✣✜✫

(

Durio

s

✥

)

✦✧ ✧ ★

u

✬✜✭

5

✰✱✩ ✮ ✣✫ ✜

(

Gmelina arborea

)

✦✧ ✧ ★

u

✬✜✭

6

✲✜✳ ✴✫

(

Anthocephalus cadamba

)

✧ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

7

✲✜✵ ✣

(

Tectona grandis

)

✦✦ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

8

✲✩✫ ✛✬ ✴✮

(

Pithecelobium jiringa

)

✦✧ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

9

✲✩✫ ✛✶✣✫✛

u

(

Paraserianthes falcataria

)

✦✧ ✧ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

10

✷✜✥✬

u

(

Ceiba pentandra

)

✦✧ ✧ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

11

✷✜ ✭✩

t (

Hevea brasiliensis

)

✦✧ ✧ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

12

✷✩✸✜ ✥ ✣

(

Sandoricum koetjape

)

✦✧ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

13

✷✩ ✮✜✥✜

(

Cocos nucifera

)

✦✧ ✯

u

✪✜✢

14

✷✩ ✱ ✣✭ ✣

(

Aleurites moluccana

)

✧ ✯

u

✪✜✢

15

✷✩ ✫✜✭ ✣

(

Canarium odoratum

)

✦✦✦ ✯

u

✪✜✢

16

✹✜✱✵ ✴✭ ✴

(

Leucaena leucocephala

)

✧ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

17

✹✩✪ ✜

(

Eucalyptus deglupta

)

✦✧ ★

u

✬✜✭

18

✯✜✫ ✛ ✣✺✱

(

Acacia mangium

)

✦✦✦ ★

u

✬✜✭

19

✯✜✫ ✣ ✣

(

Maesopsis eminii

)

✦✧ ★✩✪✜ ✫ ✛

20

✯✩✫✵ ✩ ✫ ✛

(

Baccauera racemosa

)

✦✧ ✯

u

✪✜✢

21

✯ ✣✫✪ ✣

(

Melia azedarach

)

✦✧ ✧ ★

u

✬✜✭

22

✻✜ ✫ ✛✬✜

(

Artocarpus integra

)

✦✦ ★✜✫✛✜

t

★

u

✬✜✭

23

✼✩✵ ✜ ✣

(

Parkia speciosa

)

✦✧ ✯

u

✪✜✢

24

✼

u

s

✥✜

(

Schima walichii

)

✦✦✦ ✯

u

✪✜✢

25

✽✜ ✱

u

s

(

Pinus merkusii

)

✦✧ ✯

u

✪✜✢

★

u

✱✳✩ ✭

:

✾✜✢

u

✪ ✣

y

et al

. (2007)

✿ü✂üÿ ✁ü

tu

✁✍ü

t

✆ü

u

y

üúû

t

øý✆ü

t

✌øú ûüú ùý☛✁ø

s

ùøúûüø

w

üú

t

ü✌ü✂üÿ ✆øøýü

t

w

üú

t

(

treatability

).

✏øøý ü

t

w

üú

t

÷øýþùü✆üú ✁þ ü

tu

✁✍ü

t

÷þ✌üÿ

t

✌ü✆úü

y

✆ü

u

y

✌ø ÷☞þ✁

t

☛ ✂øÿ ☞üÿ üú ùøú ûüø

w

t

✆ü

.

u

y

✏ü

u

y

üúû ÷ø ÷ ùþ úü

y

✌øýü✡ü

t

(21)

❀

❁❂❃❂❄❅❆❂❃❅ ❇ ❃ ❈❇❉❉ ❈ ❊❂❄ ❅❄❃ ❈ ❁❅❋● ❈❃● ❍ ●■❅❏ ■❈❅❆❂❃ ❁❅ ❇ ❍❂❑❁❈▲ ●❇ ■❂ ❇❉ ❅ ❇ ❍❂❃▼ ■❂

❑❂■❂❄❏❅ ❇❅ ❅❃❅● ▲❂ ❇❉ ❅❆❂❃❅ ❇ ❃❅ ❇▲❅ ❃❂ ❁❅ ❇◆ ❖❂❊❅P❈❁❇❋❅◗ ❁❅❋● ❋❅ ❇❉ ❍❂❍▲ ●❇❋❅ ❈

❁❂❃❂❄❅❆❂❃❅ ❇ ❄❂ ❇■❅❏◗ ❍❅ ❁❅ ❁❅❋● ❃❂❄❑❂❊ ●❃ ❑❅ ❇❉❅❃ ❑ ●❁❅❄ ●❇❃●❁ ■❈❅❆❂❃ ❁❅ ❇ ■❂ ❇❉❅ ❇

▲❄▼ ❑❂❑▲❂ ❇❉❅❆❂❃❅ ❇❑❂■❂❄❏❅ ❇❅◆ ❖❂❃ ❈❅▲❘❂ ❇❈❑❁❅❋●❍❂❍▲ ●❇❋❅ ❈❑❃❄●❁❃●❄❅ ❇❅❃▼ ❍❈■❅ ❇

❁❂❄❅▲❅❃ ❅ ❇ ❋❅ ❇❉ ❊❂❄❊❂■❅◗ ❑❂❏❈❇❉❉ ❅ ❅ ❁❅ ❇ ❍❂❍ ▲❂ ❇❉ ❅❄●❏❈ ❁❂❃❂❄ ❅❆❂❃❅ ❇❇❋❅◆ ❙❅■❅

❚❅❊❂P❯■❅▲❅❃ ■❈P❈❏❅❃ ❁❂P❅❑❅❆❂❃ ■❅ ❇❃ ❈❇❉❁❅❃ ❁❂❃❂❄ ❅❆❂❃❅ ❇■❅ ❄ ❈❊❂❊❂❄ ❅▲❅ ❘❂ ❇❈❑ ❁❅❋●

❏●❃❅ ❇❄❅ ❁❋❅❃■❅❄ ❈❱❅❊ ● ▲❅ ❃❂ ❇❲ ▼❉▼❄◆

❲❅❏❅ ❇ ▲❂ ❇❉ ❅❆❂❃ ❁❅❋● ❅■❅P❅❏ ●❇❑ ●❄ ❅❃❅● ❑❂ ❇❋❅❆❅ ❁ ❈❍❈❅ ❊❂❄❅❳●❇ ❋❅ ❇❉

❅▲❅❊❈P❅ ■❈❍❅❑ ●❁ ❁❅ ❇ ❁❂ ■❅P❅❍ ❁❅❋● ■❅▲❅❃ ❍❂P❈❇■●❇❉ ❈ ❁❅❋● ■❅❄ ❈ ❉❅ ❇❉ ❉●❅ ❇

/

❑❂❄❅ ❇❉❅ ❇ ▼❄❉ ❅ ❇❈❑ ❍❂ ▲❂❄

u

❑❅ ❁❁❅

y

u

❑❂▲❂❄

t

❈❘❅❍●❄

(

❨❩❬ ❭❪

),

❑❂❄❅ ❇❉❉❅

,

■❅ ❇❳❅❳❈❇❉P❅

u

t

(

m

❫❴❪❬❵

borrer

) (D

❅❄❍❅

w

❅ ❇

et al.

2011).

❚ ❈❇❉ ❅

t

❁❂❂❛❂ ❁❃ ❈❛❅ ❇ ❊❅❏❅❇ ▲❂❇❉❅

w

❂

t

❂❄ ❉❅ ❇❃●❇❉▲❅■❅

(

❈

)

■❅❅

y

❄ ❅❳●❇◗

(

❈❈

)

❁❂P❅❄

u

t

❅ ❇■❅P❅❍

t

●❊●❏ ❑❂❄❅ ❇❉❉ ❅❊❅ ❈❁❑❂❊❅❉❈❅ ❇ ❅❅

t

u

❑❂P●❄●❏❇❅

y

, (

❈❈❈

)

❄❂ ❁❅❑❈❊❅❏❅ ❇ ▲❂ ❇❉❅❂

w

t t

❂❄❏❅■❅▲ ❁❅

y

u

❅❅

t

u

t

●❊ ●❏ ▼❄❉❅ ❇ ❈❑❍❂ ▲❂❄● ❑❅ ❁❁❅

y

u

,

■❅ ❇

(

❈

v

)

❑❈❛❅

t

P❅ ❈❇❅ ❇❉

y

■❅▲❅

t

❍❂ ❇❳❂❉❅❏ ❁❂❄● ❑❅ ❁❅ ❇❁❅

y

u

(

❍❂ ❇❳❂❉ ❅❏

▲❂❄ ❁❂❍❊❅ ❇❉ ❅ ❇▼❄❉ ❅ ❇❈❑ ❍❂▲❂❄●❑❅ ❁❁❅

u

t

y

❅ ❇▲❅❍❂❍❊●❇●❏❇❅

y

).

❖❈❛ ❅

t-

❑❈❛❅

t

❊❅❏❅ ❇▲❂ ❇❉ ❅❂

w

t y

❅ ❇❉❊❅ ❈❁❅■❅P❅❏ ❜

❅

. B

❂❄■❅❅

y

❄❅❳●❇❃ ❈❇❉ ❉ ❈

t

❂❄❏❅■❅▲❛ ❅ ❁❃▼❄▲❂❄❅ ❁

u

s

❁❅

u

y

.

❊ ◆ ❝❂❍❈P❈❁❈■❅❅

y

▲❂ ❇❂❄❅❑❈

t

❈❇❉ ❉ ❈■❅ ❇❃ ❈■❅ ❁❍ ●■❅❏❍❂ ❇❉❅▲

u

❅

t

❅

u

t

❂ ❄❳●❳❈

.

❳

. B

❅❏❅ ❇ ❁❈❍❈❅

y

❅ ❇❉ ■❈▲❅ ❁❅ ❈❏❅❄

u

s

❍❂❄●▲❅ ❁❅ ❇▲❂❄

s

❂ ❇❅

y

w

❅❅ ❇❅ ❇❉

y

❍❅ ❇❃❅▲

■❅ ❇❃ ❈■❅ ❁❁❂❏❈P❅ ❇❉❅ ❇■❅❅

y

❄ ❅❳●❇ ❇❅

y

.

■◆ ❚❈■❅ ❁❍❂❍❊❅❏❅❅ ❁❅ ❇

y

❍❅ ❇● ❑❈❅ ■❅ ❇❏❂❅ ❇

w

▲❂P❈❏❅❄ ❅❅ ❇

.

❂

.

❚❈■❅ ❁❊▼P❂❏❊❂❄❂❅ ❁❑❈ ■❂ ❇❉❅ ❇❊❅❏❅ ❇❅ ❇❉

y

■❈❅❂

w

t

❁❅❇❇❅

y

.

❛

.

❚❈■❅ ❁❍❂ ❇❂❊❅❊❁❅ ❇

y

▲❂ ❇❉❂❍❊❅ ❇❉❅ ❇❁❅

y

u .

❉

.

❚❈■❅ ❁❍❂ ❇❈❇❉ ❁❅

t

❁❅ ❇■❅❅

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❖❂❳❅❄❅ ● ❍●❍❊❅❏❅ ❇▲❂ ❇❉❅❂

w

t

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3 (t

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),

y

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tu

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w

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t

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y

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y

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❖❂❳❅❄❅ ●❍ ●❍ ❑❈❛❅

t

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w

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(22)

❡

❢❣ ❤❢✐❢ ❥ ❦ ❧❢♠♥ ♦♣❥ ❦❢q❢ r s t♠❥♣ ♦ ♦✉❧✈ ❥❢q ❢ ❥❢♣ ❦❢q❢ r ♦✇ ♠✈t♠❥✉❢ ❥ ❥t✉❥t♠❥♣ ♦ t

❥tr✐ ❢ ❥✐t♠♥ ♥♣♠❢❢♠ ♠①❢②✈t③ ❧♠♥ ♥❢✐t♠♥❢♠♥ ♦♣❥❢♠qts❧③r♣❦❢③❣

s❣ ④✇✉ r♣q❢✈ ❢❧♠①❢ ❦❢✐❢ ❥ ❦ ❧❢ ❥♣✉ ❢♥❢✉ s t✉✈❧⑤❢ ❥ ✉❢ ⑥♣ ♠ ❥t✉③❢❦❢✐ st✉s❢♥❢❧

✈t✉❢♠♥♥❢❦❢♠❢ ❥❢♣❥t✉③❢❦❢✐⑥t♠❦❢⑦❢♠❣

⑥❣ ⑧❢①♣❢⑦t❥❢♠❥t❥❢✐s t✉ ✈❧ ③❦❢♠❦❢✐ ❢ ❥❦ ❧⑥❢ ❥❣

❦❣ ⑨❢❦❢♣r♣r♠①❢❥❧❦❢♦st✉s❢♣❣

t❣ ⑩ ❧❦❢♦ rt♠ ❧♠♥ ♦❢ ❥♦❢♠ ✈❧⑤❢ ❥s❢♦❢✉ ♦❢①♣❦❢♠ ❦❢✐❢ ❥ ❦❧♦✇rs ❧♠❢✈❧♦❢♠❦t♠♥❢♠

s❢③❢♠✐t♠♥ ③❢ rs❢ ❥❢✐❧❣

❶❢ r♣♠ ❥t✉❦❢✐ ❢ ❥ s tst✉❢ ✐❢ ♦ t♦♣✉❢♠♥❢♠ ♦ t❥❧♦❢ rtr❢♦❢❧ s❢③❢♠ ✐t♠♥❢⑦t❥

q❢✉♣❥ ❢❧✉ ①❢❧❥♣ ✐ ❢❦❢ ♣r♣r♠①❢ r♣ ❦❢③ ❥t✉⑥♣⑥❧ ❷q♣♠❥♣✉❸ ❢ ❥❢♣ rt♠♥♣❢✐ ❢✐ ❢s ❧q❢

♦ ✇♠❦ ❧✈❧q❧♠♥♦♣♠♥❢♠✈t♦❧❥❢✉ ❥t✉q❢q♣ qtrs❢✐ ❢ ❥❢♣ ❥t✉ q❢q♣ ✐ ❢♠❢✈ ❣⑧t♦♣✉❢♠♥❢♠q❢❧♠ ♠①❢

❢❦❢q❢③ s❢③❢♠ ✐t♠♥❢⑦t❥ q❢✉♣❥ ❢❧✉ ❦❢✐❢ ❥ rt♠① ts❢s♦❢♠ ♦❢①♣ rt♠♥trs❢♠♥ ✈t❥tq❢③

❦❧❢⑦t❥♦❢♠❣

2

❹ ❺ ❻❼

t

❽❾❼❿❼➀ ➁➂❼

n

t

➁➃

2

❹ ❺❹ ➄ ➅➀➁➆➇

u

mi

➈❼➈ ➁➉➁ ➃

r

➁➊

ti

➋ ➁➌➁

on

i

④♣r❧♥❢✈❧ ❢❦❢q❢③ ✈♣❢ ❥♣ rt❥✇❦t ✐t♠♥ t♠❦❢q❧❢♠ ❥t✉③❢❦❢✐ ⑤❢♦❥✇✉ ✐t✉♣✈ ❢♦

❦t♠♥❢♠ ⑥❢✉❢ rtqt✐ ❢✈♦❢♠ ♥❢✈ st✉❢⑥♣♠ ❷ ⑤♣r❧♥❢♠❸ ✐ ❢❦❢ ✉♣❢♠♥ ♦t❦❢✐ ♣❦❢✉ ❢ ✐ ❢❦❢

⑦❢♦❥♣② ❥tr✐t✉❢ ❥♣✉② ❦❢♠ ♦✇ ♠✈t♠❥✉ ❢✈❧ ①❢♠♥ ❥tq❢③ ❦❧❥t♠❥♣♦❢♠❣ ⑩ t♦ ♠❧♦ ⑤♣r❧♥❢✈❧ ❧♠ ❧

rtr❧q❧♦ ❧ ❥❧♠♥ ♦❢ ❥ ✐t♠t❥✉ ❢✈❧ ①❢♠♥ ❥❧♠♥♥ ❧ ❦❢♠ r❢ r✐♣ rtrs♣♠♣③ ✈tr♣❢ ✈ ❥❢❦ ❧❢

♦ t③❧❦ ♣✐ ❢♠ ③❢ r❢ ❥❢♠✐ ❢ rt♠♥ ✇❥✇✉❧ s❢③❢♠ ①❢♠♥ ❦ ❧⑤♣r❧♥❢✈❧ ❷ ➍t♠❦✉ ❢⑦❢♠ ➎ ➏ ➏➐❸❣

④♣r❧♥❢♠ ①❢♠♥ rt♠♥♣❢✐ ❢♦❢♠ r❢✈♣♦ ♦ t ❦❢q❢ r ♦❢①♣ rtq❢q♣❧ ✐✇✉❧➑✐✇✉❧ ✈t③❧♠♥♥❢

rt♠♥ ❧✈❧⑥tq❢③➑ ⑥tq❢③❦ ❧ ❦❢q❢ r✈tq ♦❢①♣❣ ⑤♣r❧♥❢♠ ①❢♠♥ ❦ ❧♥ ♣ ♠❢♦❢♠❢❦❢q❢③

z

❢ ❥ ①❢♠♥ ✐ ❢❦❢ ❥tr✐t✉❢ ❥♣✉ ❦❢♠ ❥t♦❢♠❢♠ ❥t✉ ❥t♠❥♣ ❦❢✐❢ ❥ s t✉♣s❢③ rt ♠➒❢❦❧ ♥❢✈ ❦❢♠ ❦❢q❢ r

♦ ✇♠✈t♠❥✉❢✈❧✈t✉❥❢⑦❢♦❥♣❥t✉❥t♠❥♣❦❢✐ ❢ ❥rtrs ♣ ♠♣ ③③❢ r❢

/

⑤❢♦❥✇✉✐t✉♣✈ ❢♦❣ ④♣r❧♥❢♠

y

❢♠♥❧❦t❢qrtr❧q❧♦❧⑥❧✉❧

-

⑥❧✉❧✈ts❢♥❢❧st✉❧♦♣❥

:

1.

➓ tr❧q❧♦ ❧

t

❧♠♥♦❢

t

✉ ❢⑥

u

♠❢♠♥

y

t

❧♠♥ ♥ ❧

t

t✉③❢❦❢✐③❢ r❢

y

❢♠♥rt♠➒❢❦❧

t

❢✉♥t

t.

2.

⑩ ✇♦✈❧✈❧❢

t

s y

❢♠♥ ✉t♠❦❢③

t

t✉③❢❦❢✐

t

♣rs♣③❢♠② r❢♠♣✈❧❢ ❦❢♠ ✇✉♥❢♠❧✈ rtq❢❧♠

y

❢♠♥s♣♦❢♠rt♠➒❢❦❧✈ ❢

s

❢✉ ❢♠❣

3.

⑩ t✉✈t❦ ❧❢❦❧✐ ❢❢✉❢♠

s

❦❢♠③tr❢

t

❦❢q❢ r✐t♠♥ ♥♣♠❢❢♠❣

(1)

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u

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si di

e

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bu

n

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S

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wit

⑤ ⑥⑦ ⑧⑨⑩ ❶ ❷ ❸❹❺⑩❻⑤ ⑤ ❼⑩❽ ❾⑤❿⑦ ❽ ⑧⑩ ❷➀ ❽➁⑦⑩ ➂ ⑧➃❷

➄⑩ ❾➅ ➆➇❽ ❹⑦ ➈ ➉ ➊ ➊➋❧ ➌➉ ❦ ➋❦❧ ➈ ➈ ➋❧ ➌➍➉ ➎ ➏ ➊ ➎ ➌ ❦➎ ➊ ➌➊ ➊➊ ➏

➀⑥➁⑦➐⑩❽➐⑥ ❾➅❽ ➋ ➋❧➍➊➌➈ ➊❧ ➊➈ ➉➏➋ ➏➌ ❦➍ ➍ ➏➑ ➈ ➌➉➎ ➊ ➌➊ ➏➈➏

❻❾➒⑩⑧❽➇ ➆➅➓❽➇ ➒⑥⑧ ➉➏ ➎ ❧➉ ➍ ➌ ➊➑➏➊ ➋ ➍➋➈➌ ➊➎ ➎ ❦ ➊ ➉ ➌❧ ➊ ➊ ➌➊➑➈ ➎

➔ →➣↔↕➙ →➔ ➛➜➔ ➙➝ ↕➙

➞→➣↔↕➙→➔➛→➟➙ ➣➠➡↕➢➔➛➟➤➥↕➦↕➧➡➟➥➣↔↕➙➨↕➙➩ ➟➤↕➛

❼⑩ ❽ ❾➆➫➅➒➭➒➭⑩ ➆❽➐⑩ ➁⑩➒ ➒⑩ ⑧

❽ ⑧⑩❾⑥➒➆➅ ➯❾➅ ➓➅⑨❽ ❾➒➁❹➲➅ ➓ ➓⑩ ⑧⑩ ❾➒➌

❶⑦❾⑨❽ ❾➳⑧ ⑥⑦❺➅❾➯ ❼⑩❽ ❾ ➵ ➄⑩ ❾➅➆➇❽ ❹⑦

➸ ➑➎➌➎ ➏ ❦ ➉❦ ❼❽ ❾➅➅

➸ ➑➈➌ ➏➍ ❧ ➉❦ ➂ ⑩➒❽➅

➺ ➋➍➌➑➎ ➑ ➉❦ ➻❽ ⑧⑩➒

➺ ➈ ❦ ➌❧❧❦ ➉❦ ⑤⑩ ❾➯⑥ ❾

➞→➣↔↕➙ →➔ ➛➼ ➽↔➔➾ ➟↕➾➽➙➣↕➛➟➤ ➥↕➦↕➧➡ ➟➥➣↔↕➙➨↕➙➩ ➟➤↕➛

❼⑩ ❽ ❾➆➫➅➒➭➒➭⑩ ➆❽➐⑩ ➁⑩➒ ➒⑩ ⑧

❽ ⑧⑩❾⑥➒➆➅ ➯❾➅ ➓➅⑨❽ ❾➒➁❹➲➅ ➓ ➓⑩ ⑧⑩ ❾➒➌

❶ ⑦ ❾⑨❽ ❾➳⑧⑥⑦ ❺➅❾➯ ❼⑩ ❽ ❾ ➵ ➀⑥➁⑦➐⑩❽➐⑥ ❾➅❽

➸ ➍➊➌➎ ➎ ➋ ➉ ➏ ➏➁➅ ➒⑩ ⑧

➺ ❦ ➏➌➍ ➉➈ ➉ ➏ ➑➁➅ ➒⑩ ⑧

➺ ❦➉ ➌❧➋➑ ➉ ➏ ➎➁➅ ➒⑩ ⑧

➺ ❦ ➊➌➎➏➎ ➉ ➏ ➉➊➁➅➒⑩ ⑧

(2)

➚➪

➶

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a

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➴

a

sil

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n

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Ò ÓÔ ÕÖ× Ø Ù ÚÛÜ×ÝÒ Ò Þ×ß àÒáÔ ß Õ× Ùâ ßãÔ× ä ÕåÙ

æ× àç èéß ÛÔ ê ëì ë➪ íê îì ïð ï➪ ➚ í ïî ïëð ➪ íñ ➚ ➪íò ➚ï ï

âÓãÔó×ßóÓ àçß ò ðëð ê í ëî ëñî ì êì ê íê ëê ë ë ì í ➚ì ➪íìîì ñ

Ýàô×Õßé èçõßé ôÓÕ ìë ë➪ ìê ê í➪ ë ➚➪ ì ì➚ï ïí ïðëìï ëí➪ð ➪í➪òò ➚

ö ÷øùúû ÷ö üýö ûþ úû

ÿ ÷øùúû÷öüøû ü ✁ú✂ ✄ø☎ú✂ü✆✁ü ✁✝ ú✞ ú✟✂ ✝øùúû✠ úûùöú✄✟ ûú✡✟ úû ✠

Þ×ß àè☛ç ô☞ô☞×èßó×ã×ô ô× Õß Õ×

àÓôèç✌ àç õçÖßàôã Û✍çõõ× Õ× àô í

ØÔàÖßà✎ÕÓÔ Üçà✌ Þ×ß à ✏ Ý àô× Õßé èçõßé ôÓ Õ

✑ îñ í ïð ê Ò× à✌ Ó à➚ãç ô× Õ

✑ î ïí ➚ï ê Þß àççñãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ñ➚í îë ê Ò× à✌ Ó àëãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ñ ➪ í ëð ê ✓ß Õ×ôì ➪ãçô× Õ

✒ ✑ ï îíðñ ê ä ×ôßçñãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ï ïíñ ò ê ä ×ôßçëãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ïê íñê ê ✓ß Õ×ô➚ãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ïê í➪ñ ê Þß àççòãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ï ëíì ï ê Þß àççëãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ï➪ í îë ê ✓ß Õ×ôëãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ➚ñ í òë ê Þß àçç➚ãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ➚ñ íê ò ê ä ×ôßç➚ãç ô× Õ

✒ ✑ ➚ ïíð➪ ê Þß àççì ➪ãçô× Õ

✒ ✑ ➚ê í îì ê ä ×ôßçì ➪ãçô× Õ

(3)

✔✕

✖✗✘ ✙✚✛✜✢ ✣✢ ✣✗✚✘ ✤✗✥✗✢ ✢✗ ✦✘ ✦✗

✙✧✢✚✜★✙✜✩✜✪✘✙✢✥✫✬✜✩✩✗ ✦✗ ✙✢✭

✮ ✯ ✙✪✘✙✰✦✧✯✱✜ ✙★ ✖✗✘ ✙ ✲ ✳ ✙✢✗ ✦✘ ✴✚✜✩✘✴✢✧✦

✵ ✶ ✷ ✔✸✭✸✸ ✹ ✺ ✗ ✙★ ✧✙✻✥ ✜✢ ✗ ✦

✵ ✶ ✷ ✻✼✭✽✹ ✹ ✺ ✗ ✙★ ✧✙✽✥ ✜✢ ✗ ✦

✵ ✷ ✹✻✭ ✾✹ ✹ ✿✗✢✘✜✻✥ ✜✢ ✗ ✦

✵ ✷ ✹ ✕✭✹✹ ✹ ❀✘ ✦✗✢✽✥✜✢ ✗ ✦

✷ ✾✭ ❁✸ ✹ ✺ ✗ ✙★ ✧✙✕ ✸✥✜ ✢✗ ✦

❂

mpira

a

❃❃

n

❄

a

sil

❅

n

a

lisis S

❆

ga

a

idik

❇❅ ❈❉

m

❅❊

V

❋

e

hila

●

n

ga

e

ra

n

t

❍

e

tode

❆

e

n

da

■

ma

in

gin

n

❏

di

e

rke

❋

e

la

pa

❑

bu

S

a

wit

n

a

n

✺✧✯✦✪✗ ✮▲ ▼✫✱✗✳✺✺ ✖✗ ✘ ✙✺◆✯✘ ✦✗ ▲❖✘✥✯✗ ✿✦P▲

◗✗✙✜ ✚✴✘✫✯ ✹ ✼ ✸✹❘✭ ❘✼✕✻❁✔ ✔❘ ✾✭✼✻✸✻✽❁ ✼✭ ❘✕ ✸✭✸✔❘ ❘

❀ ✧✙✚✗ ✙✢ ✦✘ ✚✜❙ ✧✦✘✴✚ ✼ ❁✼❁✽✭✹✾❁✼✽✾ ✼✔✼✾✭✕✾❘✔✻✻ ✕✸✭✻✽ ✸✭✸ ✸✸❁

✳ ✙✢ ✗ ✦✘ ✴✚✜✩✘ ✴✢✧✦ ✔ ✼❁✹ ✸✭ ❘✔❘✽ ✻✻ ✻✼ ✕✭ ❘ ✾✻ ✔✻✕ ✕✭✔✽ ✸✭✕✔✽ ✽

❚ ❯❱❲❳❨❯❚❩❬❚❨❭ ❳❨

❪❯❱❲❳❨❯❚❩❫ ❴❨❵ ❛❨ ❩❜❳❵ ❱❝ ❴❜❳❫ ❵ ❩❛❜❞❳❡❳❢❫ ❛❞❱❲❳❨❣❳❨❲❚❳❵❢ ❛❨❳❤ ❢❳❨❣

✖✗ ✘ ✙✚✛✜ ✢ ✣✢✣✗ ✚✘✤✗✥✗✢ ✢✗ ✦

✘ ✦✗✙✧✢✚✜★✙✜✩✜✪✘ ✙✢✥✫✬✜✩✩✗ ✦✗ ✙✢✭

✮✯✙✪✘ ✙✰✦✧✯✱✜ ✙★ ✖✗✘ ✙ ✲ ❀ ✧✙✚✗ ✙✢ ✦✘ ✚✜❙ ✧✦✘✴✚

✶ ❁❁ ✭✸❁✽ ✕ ✼ ❁ ✐

✵ ✹✹✭✔❘✽ ✕ ✼ ✕✸✐

(4)

❥❦

❧

mpira

a

♠ ♥

n

♦

a

sil

♣

n

a

lisis S

ga

a

idik

r♣st

m

V

♣✉ ✈

e

hila

❧

n

ga

u

a

s

n

✇

e

n

a

mpa

①

e

tode

n

g

en

da

②

ma

in

gin

n

✇

di

e

rke

✈

e

la

pa

bu

n

a

n

S

a

wit

③

④ ⑤⑥ ⑦⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ❶ ❷❸ ❹ ⑨❺④④ ❻ ⑨❼❽④ ❾⑥ ❼ ⑦⑨ ❶❿❼ ➀⑥ ⑨ ➁ ⑦➂❶

➃⑨❽➄➅➆❼ ❸⑥ ➇ ➈➉ ➊➉ ➋ ❥➌➍➊❥➈ ➎ ❥➍ ➉ ➋➌ ➉➍ ❦➍➍ ➍➋➉ ➎ ➏ ➋➏ ➏ ➇ ❥

➐⑤❽➅⑨❽➑⑦❼➅➄➒⑤ ⑦❼➆➅ ❦ ➈➉ ➊ ➇➋➍ ➌ ❥➌➏ ❥ ❦➈➌❥➋ ➊➉ ➇ ➈➏ ➇ ➌➋➌➍ ➏ ➋➏ ➏ ➎ ➇

❺❽➑⑨⑦❼➆➅➄➓❼➆➑⑤ ⑦ ❥ ❥ ❥➏➊➋ ➎❦ ➎➍❦➌ ➎ ➎➏➎➋ ➎➌ ❥➉❦ ➎ ➇ ➋➉❦ ➏ ➋➏ ➏ ➊❦

➔ →➣↔↕➙ →➔ ➛➜➔ ➙➝ ↕➙

➞→➣↔↕➙→➔➛→➟➙ ➣➠➡↕➢➔ ➛➟➤➥↕➦↕➧➡➟➥➣↔↕➙➨↕➙↔➔↕➠➧ ➟➙ ↕➩➧↕➙➨

❻ ⑨❼❽➅➫ ➄➑ ➭➑➭⑨➅❼➯⑨➀⑨➑ ➑⑨⑦

❼ ⑦ ⑨❽ ⑤➑➅➄➲❽➄➓➄⑧❼❽➑➀❸➳ ➄➓ ➓ ⑨⑦⑨❽➑ ➋

⑩⑥ ❽⑧❼❽➵⑦ ⑤⑥❹➄❽➲ ❻ ⑨❼ ❽ ➸ ➃⑨❽➄➅➆❼ ❸⑥

➺ ➌ ➍ ➋➏➍❥ ➉ ➐❼ ⑦ ⑨➑

➺ ➊ ➊➋➉ ➊❦ ➉ ➁⑨➑❼➄

➺ ➊ ➊➋➉ ➈ ➈ ➉ ❻❼❽➄➄

➻ ➍➈➋➏➏ ➏ ➉ ④ ⑨❽➲⑤❽

➞→➣↔↕➙→➔➛➡ ➼➙➠ ➟➙ ➛➤↕➠➣➽ ➼ ➤↕➡➠ ➛➟➤➥↕➦↕➧➡ ➟➥➣↔↕➙➨↕➙↔➔ ↕➠➧➟➙↕➩➧↕➙➨

❻ ⑨❼❽➅➫ ➄➑ ➭➑➭⑨➅❼➯⑨➀⑨➑ ➑⑨⑦

❼ ⑦ ⑨❽ ⑤➑➅➄➲❽➄➓➄⑧❼❽➑➀❸➳ ➄➓ ➓ ⑨⑦⑨❽➑ ➋

⑩ ⑥❽ ⑧❼❽➵⑦ ⑤⑥ ❹➄❽➲ ❻ ⑨❼❽ ➸ ➐⑤❽➅⑨❽➑⑦❼➅➄➒⑤ ⑦❼➆➅

➺ ➉➏➋ ➎➈ ❥ ➎❦ ➍ ➾

➻ ❥➊ ➋➌ ➊➍ ➎❦ ➎➏➾

(5)

➚➪

➶➹➘➴➷➬➹ ➮➱➘➬ ➱✃❐➷❒ ❮➘❰➷❒ ➱Ï❐➱✃❐ Ð➷Ñ➷ Ò❒ ✃ Ð➘➴➷➬Ó➷➬➴ ➮➷ ❮Ò✃➬ ➷Ô Ò➷➬ Ó