CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This part discusses the related literatures of the study. It explains 1 translation, 2 types of translation, 3 pragmatics, 4 deixis, 5 politeness. Those
relevant theories are used to analyze and support this study in order to find out the types of person deixis in the short story Regatta Mystery, how person deixis are
translated into Indonesian, and kinds of politeness strategies used to translate person deixis in this short story.
2.1 Translation
Translation is a process of transferring the meaning of the text from the SL to the TL. Newmark says that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to
replace a written message andor statement in another language 1981:7. He also conveys his idea that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text 1981:5. According to Mildred L. Larson, translation is basically a change of form.
The form of a language is the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the
surface structure of a language. It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech. In translation the form of the source
language is replaced by the form of the receptor target language. Translation
consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language 1984:3. The main goal of translating is finding the equivalence of the
words and makes the sentences of the text sound natural in the TL. There are some types of translation. The explanation as follows.
2.2 Types of Translation
Newmark 1981:45 distinguishes several kinds of translation. They are:
1. Word-for-word translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TT immediately below the ST words. The ST word-order is preserved and the words
translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to
understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
2. Literal translation
The ST grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TT equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a
pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
3. Faithful translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TT grammatical structures. It
„transfers‟ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical
„abnormality‟ deviation from ST norms in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intention and the text-realization of the ST writer.
4. Semantic translation
Semantic translation differs from „faithful translation‟ only as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the ST, compromising on
„meaning‟ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by
culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership.
5. Adaptation
This is the „freest‟ form of translation. It is used mainly for plays comedies and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the ST
cultures converted to the TT culture and the text rewritten.
6. Free translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the
original, a so- called „intralingual translation‟, often prolix and pretentious, and not
translation at all.
7. Idiomatic translation
Idiomatic translation reproduces the „message‟ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these
do not exist in the original.
8. Communicative translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily
acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. In this research, the researcher does not only use translation theory, but it
is also combined with pragmatics theory. Here are some of the theories of pragmatics.
2.3 Pragmatics
There are some pragmatics definitions which help us to understand deeply. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics studying of the aspects of meaning and
language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance. Another definition of pragmatics given by Parker
1986:11 says that pragmatics is the study of how language is used for communication.
According to Levinson 1983: 3 pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language and the context, which is a basis in understanding the meaning
of language. Refers to this statement, pragmatics is the study of the aspect of the relationship between language and context that are relevant to the writing
grammar. It is dealing with language use and the relationship between language form and language use.
In addition, Leech 1983: 11 explains that general pragmatics is abstraction between the study of language in total abstraction from situation, and the study of
more socially specialized uses of language. Hence, it is clear that pragmatics is the study about relation between language and context that are used in community.
From the definitions above, we can understand more about pragmatics. It can be concluded that pragmatics is a field linguistics study which does not only
explain about language but also explains how to produce and understand the use of language in our real life following the factors that influence the language
choice. One of a subject which is discussed in pragmatics is deixis. Here is the
explanation about deixis.
2.4 Deixis
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