Objectives compilers and compiler generators 1996
1.1 Objectives
The use of computer languages is an essential link in the chain between human and computer. In this text we hope to make the reader more aware of some aspects of Imperative programming languages - their syntactic and semantic features; the ways of specifying syntax and semantics; problem areas and ambiguities; the power and usefulness of various features of a language. Translators for programming languages - the various classes of translator assemblers, compilers, interpreters; implementation of translators. Compiler generators - tools that are available to help automate the construction of translators for programming languages. This book is a complete revision of an earlier one published by Addison-Wesley Terry, 1986. It has been written so as not to be too theoretical, but to relate easily to languages which the reader already knows or can readily understand, like Pascal, Modula-2, C or C ++ . The reader is expected to have a good background in one of those languages, access to a good implementation of it, and, preferably, some background in assembly language programming and simple machine architecture. We shall rely quite heavily on this background, especially on the understanding the reader should have of the meaning of various programming constructs. Significant parts of the text concern themselves with case studies of actual translators for simple languages. Other important parts of the text are to be found in the many exercises and suggestions for further study and experimentation on the part of the reader. In short, the emphasis is on doing rather than just reading, and the reader who does not attempt the exercises will miss many, if not most, of the finer points. The primary language used in the implementation of our case studies is C ++ Stroustrup, 1990. Machine readable source code for all these case studies is to be found on the IBM-PC compatible diskette that is included with the book. As well as C ++ versions of this code, we have provided equivalent source in Modula-2 and Turbo Pascal, two other languages that are eminently suitable for use in a course of this nature. Indeed, for clarity, some of the discussion is presented in a pseudo-code that often resembles Modula-2 rather more than it does C ++ . It is only fair to warn the reader that the code extracts in the book are often just that - extracts - and that there are many instances where identifiers are used whose meaning may not be immediately apparent from their local context. The conscientious reader will have to expend some effort in browsing the code. Complete source for an assembler and interpreter appears in the appendices, but the discussion often revolves around simplified versions of these programs that are found in their entirety only on the diskette.1.2 Systems programs and translators
Parts
» compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Objectives compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Systems programs and translators
» The relationship between high-level languages and translators
» T-diagrams Classes of translator
» Phases in translation compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Multi-stage translators compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Interpreters, interpretive compilers, and emulators
» Using a high-level host language Porting a high level translator
» Bootstrapping Self-compiling compilers compilers and compiler generators 1996
» The half bootstrap compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Bootstrapping from a portable interpretive compiler A P-code assembler
» Simple machine architecture compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Addressing modes compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Machine architecture Case study 1 - A single-accumulator machine
» Instruction set Case study 1 - A single-accumulator machine
» A specimen program Case study 1 - A single-accumulator machine
» An emulator for the single-accumulator machine
» A minimal assembler for the machine
» Machine architecture Case study 2 - a stack-oriented computer
» Instruction set Case study 2 - a stack-oriented computer
» Specimen programs Case study 2 - a stack-oriented computer
» An emulator for the stack machine
» Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
» Languages, symbols, alphabets and strings Regular expressions
» Grammars and productions compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Classic BNF notation for productions
» Simple examples compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Phrase structure and lexical structure -productions
» Semantic overtones The British Standard for EBNF Lexical and phrase structure emphasis
» One- and two-pass assemblers, and symbol tables
» Source handling Towards the construction of an assembler
» Lexical analysis Towards the construction of an assembler
» Syntax analysis Towards the construction of an assembler
» Symbol table structures The first pass - static semantic analysis
» The second pass - code generation
» Symbol table structures The first pass - analysis and code generation
» Error detection compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Simple expressions as addresses
» Improved symbol table handling - hash tables
» Macro processing facilities compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Conditional assembly compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Relocatable code compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Further projects compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Equivalent grammars Case study - equivalent grammars for describing expressions
» Useless productions and reduced grammars -free grammars
» Ambiguous grammars compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Type 1 Grammars Context-sensitive The Chomsky hierarchy
» The relationship between grammar type and language type
» EBNF description of Clang A sample program
» Context sensitivity Deterministic top-down parsing
» Terminal successors, the FOLLOW function, and LL1 conditions for non -free grammars
» Further observations Restrictions on grammars so as to allow LL1 parsing
» Alternative formulations of the LL1 conditions
» The effect of the LL1 conditions on language design
» Construction of simple recursive descent parsers
» Case studies compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Syntax error detection and recovery
» Construction of simple scanners
» LR parsing compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Automated construction of scanners and parsers
» Embedding semantic actions into syntax rules
» Attribute grammars compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Synthesized and inherited attributes
» Classes of attribute grammars
» Case study - a small student database
» Installation Input file preparation
» Execution Output from CocoR Assembling the generated system
» Case study - a simple adding machine
» Character sets Comments and ignorable characters
» Pragmas User names The scanner interface
» Syntax error recovery Parser specification
» Grammar checks Semantic errors
» Interfacing to support modules The parser interface
» Essentials of the driver program Customizing the driver frame file
» Case study - Understanding C declarations
» Case study - Generating one-address code from expressions
» Case study - Generating one-address code from an AST
» Case study - How do parser generators work?
» Project suggestions compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Overall compiler structure compilers and compiler generators 1996
» A hand-crafted source handler
» A hand-crafted scanner Lexical analysis
» A CocoR generated scanner Efficient keyword recognition
» A hand-crafted parser A CocoR generated parser
» Syntax error handling in hand-crafted parsers
» Error reporting The symbol table handler
» Other aspects of symbol table management - further types
» The code generation interface
» Code generation for a simple stack machine
» Machine tyranny Other aspects of code generation
» Abstract syntax trees as intermediate representations
» Simple optimizations - constant folding
» Simple optimizations - removal of redundant code
» Generation of assembler code
» Source handling, lexical analysis and error reporting Syntax
» The scope and extent of identifiers
» Symbol table support for the scope rules
» Parsing declarations and procedure calls
» Hypothetical machine support for the static link model
» Code generation for the static link model
» Hypothetical machine support for the display model
» Code generation for the display model
» Relative merits of the static link and display models
» Syntax and semantics compilers and compiler generators 1996
» Symbol table support for context-sensitive features
» Actual parameters and stack frames
» Hypothetical stack machine support for parameter passing
» Semantic analysis and code generation in a hand-crafted compiler
» Semantic analysis and code generation in a CocoR generated compiler
» Scope rules Language design issues
» Function return mechanisms Language design issues
» Context sensitivity and LL1 conflict resolution Fundamental concepts
» Parallel processes, exclusion and synchronization
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