CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
PROJECT TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
I INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Project Background 1
1.2 Project Objectives 1
1.3 Problem Statements 2
1.4 Scope of work 2
1.5 The advantages of the project 2
1.6 Overview of the report 3
II LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1 Counter 4
2.2 BCD to 7 Segment Decoder 6
2.3 Variable Resistor 7
2.4 DC Motor 9
2.5 Voltage regulator 7805 12
2.6 PIC 16F877A microcontroller 13
2.7 7408 AND Gate 14
2.8 7404 NOT Gate 16
2.9 Comparator 16
2.10 Light Dependent Resistor LDR 18
III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
19
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2 Hardware Design 22
3.2.1 The Flow of Processing Circuit 22
3.2.2 Voltage Regulator Circuit Design 24
3.2.3 Colour Detection And Conveyor Motor Circuit 25
3.2.4 PIC Microcontroller Circuit 27
3.2.5 Counter Circuit 28
3.3 Software Design 30
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
31
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 The Results For The Colour Detection Circuit 31
4.2.1 Experimental Results Of Output Voltage 31
For 4.7kΩ Resistor In Series Connection With LDR1 Sensor
4.2.2 Experimental Results Of Output Voltage 33
For 4.7kΩ Resistor In Series Connection With LDR2 Sensor
4.2.3 Experimental Results Of Output Voltage 34
For 4.7kΩ Resistor In Series Connection With LDR3 Sensor
4.2.4 Result Of Output Signal Of AND A Gate 35
7408 From LDR1 Sensor Of Colour Detection Circuit Is „LOW‟ Or Logic „0‟
4.2.5 Result Of Output Signal Of AND A Gate 36
7408 From LDR1 Sensor Of Colour Detection Circuit Is „HIGH‟ Or Logic „1‟
4.2.6 Results For Output Signal Of AND A Gate 38
7408 From Colour Detection Circuit By Using Digital Oscilloscope
4.3 The Results Of Counter Circuits
40 4.3.1 Results For Output Signal Of Counter Circuit
42 By Using Digital Oscilloscope
4.4 The Results Of DC Motor Response From PIC
44 Microcontroller Circuit
4.5 Discussions
46
V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
49
5.1 Introduction
49 5.2
Conclusion 49
5.3 Recommendation
50
REFERENCES 51
LIST OF TABLES
NO TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Results at output of Decade Counter CD 4510 when
6 pulses is triggered
2.2 Comparison of method for switching the outputs from
7 the decoder
2.3 Comparison between DC motor and AC motor
12 2.4
Truth table of AND gate in 7408 IC 15
2.5 Truth table for NOT Gate
16 2.6
Voltage across inputs and output terminal of comparator 17
4.1 Maximum output voltage V
max
of GREEN colour toy balls 32
across series connection of 4.7kΩ resistor with LDR1 sensor 4.2
Maximum output voltage V
max
of BLUE colour toy balls 32
across series connection of 4.7kΩ resistor with LDR1 sensor 4.3
Maximum output voltage V
max
of RED colour toy balls 32
across series connection of 4.7kΩ resistor with LDR1 sensor 4.4
Maximum output voltage V
max
of BLUE colour toy balls 33
across series connection of 4.7kΩ resistor with LDR2 sensor 4.5
Maximum output voltage V
max
of RED colour toy balls 33
across series connection of 4.7kΩ resistor with LDR2 sensor 4.6
Maximum output voltage V
max
of RED colour toy balls 34
across series connection of 4.7kΩ resistor with LDR3 sensor
LIST OF FIGURES
NO TITLE
PAGE
2.1 Decade Counter CD 4510
5 2.2
Arrangement of 7 Segment Display 7
2.3 Real image of a variable resistor
