v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak
i Abstract
ii Dedication
iii Acknowledgement
iv Table of Content
v List of Tables
viii List of Figures
ix List Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclatures
xi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Project Objectives 3
1.4 Project Scope 3
1.5 Project Significance 4
1.6 Report Outline 4
1.7 Conclusion 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2.1 Solar Energy Power
6 2.2
Energy Harvesting by Photovoltaic Cells 9
2.2.1 Types of Photovoltaic Cell 10
2.2.1.1 Mono-crystalline Silicon 10
2.2.1.2 Poly-crystalline Silicon 11
2.2.1.3 Amorphous Silicon 11
2.2.1.4 Copper Indium Diselenide CIS 12
2.2.1.5 Comparison Between All Types of PV Cells 12
2.2.2 An I-V Characteristics of PV Modules 13
2.2.3 Factors Influencing the I-V Features of A PV module 14
vi 2.3
Microcontroller System 17
2.4 Automatic Self-Watering System
18 2.5
Electric Fencing 19
2.6 Automatic Lighting System
21 2.7
Conclusion 22
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 24
3.1 Project Development Process
24 3.2
Planning 27
3.3 Analysis
27 3.3.1 Solar System
28 3.3.1.1 Solar panel
28 3.3.1.2 Solar Charger Controller
29 3.3.1.3 Rechargeable Battery
29 3.3.2 PIC Microcontroller
30 3.3.3 Electric Fencing System
30 3.3.4 Automatic Plant-Watering System
31 3.3.4.1 Humidity Sensor
32 3.3.4.2 DC Water Pump
32 3.3.5 Automatic Lighting System
33 3.3.6 Estimate Cost
34 3.4
Design 35
3.4.1 Charger Controller Circuit 35
3.4.2 PIC Microcontroller Circuit 36
3.4.3 Automatic Plant-Watering System 37
3.4.4 Automatic Lighting Circuit 37
3.4.5 Electric Fence Circuit 38
3.5 Constructing
38 3.5.1 Circuit Development
39 3.5.2 Programming the PIC
42 3.5.3 Construct Prototype
43 3.6
Testing 44
vii 3.7
Conclusion 45
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 46
4.1 Result 46
4.1.1 Solar Charger Controller Circuit 47
4.1.2 Electric Fence Circuit 48
4.1.3 PIC Microcontroller Circuit 49
4.1.4 IR Dual Obstacle Sensor Circuit 50
4.1.5 Flowchart of system operation 51
4.2 Discussion
52 4.2.1 Solar System
52 4.2.1.1 Power Calculation
55 4.2.1.2 Implement of System to Actual Land Area
56 4.2.2 Electric Fencing System
60 4.2.3 Automatic Plant Watering System
61 4.2.4 Automatic Lighting System
62 4.3
Conclusion 63
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 64
