Review of Literatures REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL

A similar undergraduate thesis which takes speech act as the topic discussion is “The Analysis of Directive Illocutionary Act in the Radiotelephony of Air Traffic Service Control” done by Trisnaputri 2004. This paper focused on the directive illocutionary act in the conversation that happened in the radiotelephony of air traffic control at Ngurah Rai airport. The strength of this study is this study gives readers new information about radiotelephony and the function of each utterance as commonly used and it is explained in detail. However, there is also the weakness of this study, the analysis in Trisnapu tri’s work is very complicated because there are many technical terms used in her study. It is hard to understand because not all the readers understand terms used in Radiotelephony air traffic. The similarities and the differences of Trisnaputri work to this study is almost the same like the previous undergraduate thesis reviewed. Tris naputri’s undergraduate thesis above is relevant to this study’s topic which takes speech acts as the topic. But, there is a slight difference because the study reviewed above discussed specifically about directive illocutionary acts while this study concerns with five basic kinds of speech acts proposed by Searle 1969 Another relevant undergraduate thesis to review comes from Sapitri in 2004 “The Directive Act in the Novel Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone.” Sapitri’s study gives some contributions to this study, mainly in the area of theory used to analyze the data and Sapitri’s study gives a good example of elaborating theory used in analyzing data. In her paper, Saputri describes the meaning or the utterance using the affective meaning by Leech. The study reviewed is relevant to this study which takes speech acts as the topic of discussion. The difference of Sapitri’s study to this study is her study only concerns about one type of illocutionary act that is directives illocutionary act while this study focuses on all types of illocutionary act, in addition to the object used in the study. Sapitri uses novel as her object, while in this study uses movie as the object to find out the illocutionary acts. The strength of this study is that Sapitri explains the context of situation clearly in her work to make readers more easily understand what speech act is. The next undergraduate thesis under review is from Purwaningsih 2006 entitled “Illocutionary Act in ‘My Fair Lady’ by Alan Jay Lerner”. This is a good study because the strength of this study is easy to understand even by the new learners of speech act. It also contains good classifications with clear explanation. However, there is also weakness in Purwaningsih’s work in the sense that she does not explain about the context of the situation that support the illocutionary utterances in the drama ‘ My Fair Lady’ which did not support her classification of illocutionary speech act. The difference in Purwaningsih’s work with this study is from the data source. Purwaningsih data were taken from drama entitled My Fair Lady, while the data used in this study is taken from the movie Divergent. The study reviewed is relevant to this study which takes speech acts as the topic of discussion. The study conducted by Widiani 2008 entitled “Commissive and Expressive Illocutionary Acts in Morinelli’s ‘The Sins of the Mother’ is also reviewed here. The difference between Widiani’s study with this study is Widiani only focuses on two kinds of illocutionary acts: commissive and expressive, while this study tries to get all kinds of illocutionary acts found in the movie script Divergent. Her study is a good study because it easy to understand and worth reviewing because it has a similar topic about illocutionary acts, although Widiani’s work more specifically discussed about commissive and expressive illocutionary acts. The difference of Widiani’s work and this study is still in the data sources. Widiani chose a play as her data source, while this study chooses a movie as the data source. The study reviewed above is relevant to this study’s topic which takes speech acts as the topic and it gives contribution in theoritical aspect. An article from the international journal to be reviewed here entitled “A Sociopragmatic Analysis of Griping: The Case of Iranian Students” by Hamid Allami, Yadz University, Iran in The Linguistics Journal, January 2006. This study is an attempt to investigate the responses provided for griping in term of six major categories: 1 topic switchblank reply, 2 question, 3 contradiction, 4 jokingteasing, 5 advice, 6 agreementcommiseration. The strength of this paper is that this paper chooses unique kind of communication happens in our daily life and it has an interesting discussion. The weakness found in Allami’s study is that his study is considered complicated because it is a field research when the readers did not know the exact situation of Iranian students and also his data is written in Arabic alphabet. Although his data is written in Arabic alphabet, the writer translated his data into English. So, the reader could understand the analysis in Allami’s study. The study is relevant to this study’s topic which takes speech acts as the topic.

2.2 Concepts

In this subchapter, there are three concepts that are related and relevant to speech acts which are need to be explained. The concepts which are going to be described cover the understanding of speech acts, the understanding of illocutionary acts and the understanding of movie.

2.2.1 Speech Acts

According to Austin 1970, communicate by speaking a language is performing speech acts. The acts would be various kinds such as giving commands, making statements, making promises or asking questions. These kinds of acts named speech acts. The specific formulation of speech acts theory by Austin, open with a distinction between what he called the ‘constative’, an utterance used for ‘stating’ things, for conveying information, and the ‘performative’, an utterance used for ‘doing’ things for performing acts. Searle 1969 stated that speaking a language is engaging in a role governed form of behavior. In “Speech Act: An Essay in The Philosophy of Language” Searle also stated that speaking a language is performing speech acts such as making statements, giving commands, asking questions, asking promises, etc. Yule 2000 stated that in producing utterances, the utterances itself is not only consists of grammatical structures and words, it also contained the performing act. In pragmatics, the act performed by utterance is called as speech act.

2.2.2 Illocutionary Acts

According to Austin 1970, illocutionary acts can be identified by emphasizing that “by saying something, we do something.” Illocutionary act is the issuing of the utterance with conventional communicative force achieved in saying something. Searle 1976 in his book entitled A Classification of Illocutionary Acts briefly convey the classification of illocutionary acts proposed by Austin 1962. In his book, Searle stated that Austin divided his five categories of illocutionary acts they are: Verdictives These consist in the delivering of a finding, official or unofficial, upon evidence or reasons as to value or fact so far as these are distinguishable. Examples of verbs in this class are: acquit, hold, calculate, describe, analyze, estimate, date, rank, assess, and characterize. Exercitives . One of these is the giving of a decision in favor of or against a certain course of action or advocacy of it. . ., a decision that something is to be so, as distinct from a judgment that it is so. Some examples are: order, command, direct, plead, beg, recommend, entreat and advise. Request is also an obvious. Example, but Austin does not list it. As well as the above, Austin also lists: appoint, dismiss, nominate, veto, declare closed, declare open, as well as announce, warn, proclaim, and give. Commissives .The whole point of a commissive, Austin tells us, is to commit the speaker to a certain course of action. Some of the obvious examples are: promise, vow, pledge, covenant, contract, guarantee, embrace, and swear. Expositives are used in acts of exposition involving the expounding of views, the conducting of arguments and the clarifying of usages and reference. Austin gives many examples of these, among them are: affirm, deny, emphasize, illustrate, answer, report, accept, object to, concede, describe, class, identify and call. Behabitives This class, with which Austin was very dissatisfied a shocker, he called it includes the notion of reaction to other peoples behavior and fortunes and of attitudes and expressions of attitudes to someone elses past conduct or imminent conduct. Among the examples Austin lists are: apologize, thank, deplore, commiserate, congratulate, felicitate, welcome, applaud, criticize, bless, curse, toast and drink. But also, curiously: dare, defy, protest, and challenge Searle, 1976:7