The Illocutionary Acts in Fast & Furious 7 Movie.

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for

The Strata One Degree (S1)

ADI IMAM TAUFIK 109026000109

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2016

i

State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2016.

The purpose of this research is to describe the types of illocutionary acts in the dialogues are found in Fast & Furious 7 movie. It also aims to analyze the context and meaning of illocutionary acts used in the dialogues of the movie. The other goal of this research is to divide the direct and indirect speech acts that found in this movie. The writer used descriptive qualitative method by watching movie deeply, collecting all data which relate to the research, making some observations and analyze the types and meaning of illocutionary acts in Fast & Furious 7 movie with reference to the linguistics theories derived from related literature sources. The message of story is that all the differences in skin color, race, and language will be eliminated. the only thing we see is a brotherhood and family. The writer used theory by Searle and let the other theories to support the thesis. The writer found and analyzed 19 data of illocutionary acts. In this research the writer had nineteen data of illocutionary acts which is used by characters in Fast & Furious 7 movie, those are: five data of representatives, four data of directives, four data of expressives, five data of commisives, and one datum of declarative.

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MOVIE

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

ADI IMAM TAUFIK NIM. 109026000109

Approved by:

Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd 19640710 199303 1 006

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

iii NIM : 109026000109

Title : The Illocutionary Acts in Fast & Furious 7 Movie

The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on June 24th, 2016. It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

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I hereby declare that this submission is my own and that, to the best my knowledge and belief. It contains neither material previously published and written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award or any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been in the text.

Jakarta, June 2016

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ميح رلاا نمح رلا ه مسب

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful, and the most Beneficent

Praise is only for Allah SWT, lord of the world. First, the writer is deeply grateful to Him for His blessing to accomplish this thesis. Blessing is upon to our prophet Muhammad SAW, his descendants and his followers.

This research could not be completed without a great deal of help from many people. Therefore, the writer would like to give his sincerest gratitude to his beloved parents, H.M. Sobari and Hj. Babay Suharsih.

The writer also wants to give his gratitude to Mr. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd. as his advisors for his time, help, patience and motivation from the first to the final level of this research. The writer also would like to express deepest gratitude to the following persons:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil M.Ag. as the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd. as the Head of English Letters Department.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum. as the Secretary of English Letters Department.

4. All the lecturers of English Letters Department for teaching many things during the study.

vi ’

Juanda, Nunung Nurlaela, Asep Rahmatullah, and Wulan Siti Maryam. 7. The writer’s sweethart, Anida Qurrotul Aini.

8. The writer best friends in The Association of Banten’s Student (HMB): Usep Ardabily Muzani, MK. Ulumudin, Afifudin Fakel, Jhojon Suhendar, Sadam, Mufti Azmi, Adhiya, Fizma, Fikra, Candra, Neneng, Ecta and Deni Iskandar. 9. The writer best friends in Gema Mathla’ul Anwar Tangsel.

May Allah bless you in everything. The writer realizes that his paper actually has not been perfect yet, there are many mistakes in its contents. Therefore, the writer would like to receive any comments, suggestion, or criticism.

Finally, the writer hopes this thesis will be guidance for the reader and those who are interested in it.

Jakarta, June 2016

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APPROVEMENT………..….ii

LEGALIZATION……….………..……iii

DECLARATION…………..……….….iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………..…v

TABLE OF CONTENT………...viii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION……….…….….1

A. Background of Research...1

B. Focus of the Research..………..…..5

C. The Research Question………6

D. The Objective of Research……….…..6

E. Significance of the Research...………..…..6

F. Research Methodology....……….………...7

1. The method of Research………7

1.1. Unit Analysis………..7

1.2. Technique of Collecting & Analysis Data……….…….7

1.3. The Instrument of Research………8

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B. The Concepts of Pragmatics………...12

C. Context...14

D. Speech Act...17

1. Locutionary Act..…...………...19

2. Illocutionary Act...20

3. Perlocutionary Act...22

E. Classification of Illocutionary Acts... 23

1. Representatives...24

2. Directives...24

3. Commisives...25

4. Expressives...25

Declaratives...24

F. Direct and Indirect Speech...25

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDING AND DATA ANALYSIS...29

A. Data Description………..…..29

B. Data Analysis ………......31

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS…..………....…60

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1

A. Background of Research

Basically in our daily life, we always use language as means of communication with others. Such as making a dialogue, asking, joking, commanding, apologizing, and so on. In the study of language, there is meaning which is bounded with the context, on the other hand, there is meaning which does not need context. The study of linguistics which doesn‟t observe certain context is called semantics, whereas the study of linguistics which observes certain context is called pragmatics.

According to George Yule, pragmatics concerns with the study of meaning as communicated by speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener or reader. It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances

might mean by themselves. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.1 In this case, the writer is interested in discussing pragmatics as the

study of language meaning with the context. In daily life, we will find that when language is uttered, but doesn‟t fit the context, it will be ambiguous to understand. If we understand the meaning of language in any context, it will be easier for us to interact and communicate with others because the key of a good communication is to understand something in all situations.

1

In the study of pragmatic, there is an entity that is central and fundamental to be understood by the students. It is speech act. According to Austin, speech act is an act that a speaker performs when making an utterance.2 Speech acts as a form of communication has a function, contains a purpose, and specific purposes or effect to the hearer. Basically when someone says something, he/she also does something. By the time someone uses the word 'apologize', it is not only saying but also taking action

„apologize‟.

Speech has a purpose and a specific intention to produce communication. The purpose of speech is one aspect that should be present in a speech, because the purpose of speech is an effort to get the result that is intended by the speaker to the hearer. The goal is to convey information and news, persuade, advise, rule and so on. In this case the speaker should be able to convince partners of his speech purpose.

When we talk to our partner, we produce three types of speech acts, which are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts. Locutionary act is the act to express something. It is only giving an information to the hearer (the act of saying something). For example; humans have ten fingers, the fire is hot and ice is cold. Here, the speaker does not have the specific intention of his speech but only to provide information. We are from the utterance with some kind of function in mind.3

2

J.L. Austin, How To Do things With Words, (Oxford; Oxford University Press. 1962), p. 253.

3

The illocutionary act is performing via the communicative force of an utterance. 4 Illocutionary act is not only providing information to the partners, but it has the intention and purpose of what we told. It is not only expressing, but doing something (the act of doing something). For example; your hair is long. The illocutionary analysis of the sentence is a command to cut his hair because it was long.

According to Hurford and Heasley, perlocutionary act carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act of causing a certain effect to the hearer and others.5 Perlocutionary act has force to influence or effect for the hearer. For example; yesterday my father was ill. The perlocutionary analysis of the sentence is something that was uttered by someone who could not attend the invitation. Then locutionary acts just want to convey any information that my father was sick and illocutionary act meaning is to apologize.

From three categories of speech acts, the writer is interested in analyzing illocutionary act because it is the reality of utterance. Here we do not only study about the information which the speaker said to the hearer, but the intention of what he said. Sometimes an utterance has a specific purpose to get even if it is only a joke. The intention of the speech can be seen in a certain context. Therefore we need to understand the context in a conversation so that we can understand the intention expressed by the speakers to the hearer.

Illocutionary act is not only found in daily communication but also

4

Hurford and Heasley, Semantics: A Course book, (Cambridge: University Press, 1983), p. 244.

5

found in the film. The film is the copyrighted work of art and culture which is one of the audiovisual media of mass communication are made based on the principles of cinematography recorded on celluloid, video tapes, video discs, and/or projection system is shown with mechanical, electronic and other systems. Based on the reason above, the writer chooses the Fast & Furious 7 movie as the object of research.

The writer chooses this movie because this is the latest film in 2015. I want to analyze an object that has not been investigated previously by others in order to get the authenticity of a study. Studying more about the illocutionary acts from the movie is very interesting because it could be useful for further research in the future.

The writer focuses on Searle‟s theory in the study of illocutionary acts to analyse the dialogue of the movie and let other theories support Searle‟s theory. The writer analyzes the types of illocutionary acts, explains the context and meaning in the dialogue, finds the function and divides the category into the direct and indirect speech act in this thesis.

The writer wants enrich the previous research because it only analyzed the types of illocutionary without classifying the direct-indirect speech act and giving more explanations about the function of illocutionary acts. To make us understand about the analyses, here one example of the movie‟s dialogues:

A conversation between Brian O‟Conner and the teacher in minutes 00:07:46 – 00:07:48, as follows:

In this context, Brian drove to the school of child in order that he could entrust the child to the teacher for studying with his friend. Then Brian thanked to the teacher due to the fact that she helped Brian to keep the child until the end of class. The Illocutionary act based on the context above is obvious that is expressive. Expressive is an action or an utterance that asserts our feeling.

In this case, it is clear that the utterance is praising and thanking, included in the paradigmatic of expressive. The example: “I appreciate it, thank you” as ilustrated in the example that the utterance is an illocutinary act which is said directly. As we know that direct speech act is used to say something, inform something, ask someone, beg someone, or give a command.

B. Focus of Research

In this research, the writer focuses on types and meaning of the illocutionary act which are found in Fast & Furious 7 movie. The writer uses

Searle‟s theory in the study of illocutionary acts to analyse the the types of illocutionary acts found in the film. The writer also analyzes the context and meaning in the dialogue, and divides the category into the direct and indirect speech act in this thesis.

The writer wants to enrich the previous research because it only analyzed the types of illocutionary without classifying the direct-indirect speech act and giving more explanations about the function of illocutionary acts.

C. The Research Questions

Here the writer found the research questions that will be analized in this thesis, there are:

1. What types of illocutionary acts which are found in Fast & Furious 7

movie?

2. What are the functions and the meaning of illocutionary acts used in the dialogues of the movie?

D. The Objective of Research

The writer wants to give the explanation about the aims of this research, those are:

a. To describe the types of illocutionary acts in the dialogues by the characters which are found in Fast & Furious 7 movie.

b. To analyze the meaning of illocutionary acts used in the dialogues of the movie.

E. Significances of the Research

Theoretically, it is expected to enrich the previous research and improve body of knowledge especially in linguistics field.

Practically, the results of this study are expected to make better understanding for the readers in the relation with illocutionary act that is often use in the daily life, especially in the Fast & Furious 7 movie. Thus, it can give the inspiration to other students who want to develop the same theory.

F. Research Methodology 1. The Method of Research

This research is in Pragmatics field. This research uses qualitative method, by analyzing and describing the corpus tha uses in the film. It is related to study of speech acts. Subroto says that qualitative method commonly used in humanities sciences to make a description of situation and interpret phenomenon.6 This method is suitable to analyze the content of research. The research describes the types and meaning of illocutionary acts in the dialogues by the characters which are found in Fast & Furious 7 movie.

The writer collected all data related to the research, made some observations and identified the types and meaning of illocutionary acts in

Fast & Furious 7 movie with reference to the linguistics theories derived from related literature sources. After identifying the data, the writer classified and analyzed the types of illocutionary acts according to the characters of Fast & Furious 7 movie.

Then the writer reduced some data according to the types of illocutionary acts in the movie dialogue. In this research the writer found nineteen data of illocutionary acts, those are: five data of representatives, four data of directives, four data of expressives, five data of commisives, and one datum of declarative.

6

Edi Subroto, Pengantar Metode Penelitian Linguistik Struktural (Surakarta, Sebelas Maret University Press, 1992) p.9

1.1. Unit Analysis

The analysis unit of this research is Fast & Furious 7 movie cassette, released in April, 2015 by Universal Pictures Company in assosiation with MRC & China Film Co., Ltd. An original film/One Race Film Production.

1.2. Technique of Collecting & Analysis Data

The writer divided technique of collecting and analysis data into three stages as follows:

a. The writer found some data and watched movie thoroughly.

b. The writer Chose and classified the types of illocutionary acts which are found in the film.

c. The writer Analysed the types and meaning of illocutionary acts contained in the movie and drawing the conclusions of them.

1.3. The Instrument of the Research

The instrument of this research is the writer himself by watching the movie thoroughly, identifying data, and analyzing the types and meaning of illocutionary acts which are found in Fast & Furious 7 movie.

1.4. Time and Place of the Research

The research started from April up to March 2016 in English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, the library of State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, some libraries around Jakarta as well as in boarding house where I contemplated with many books.

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A. Previous Research

There are many previous researches which have analyzed the study of pragmatics. The first research was written by Ana Laili Rahmah(2005). The research focused on illocutionary acts found in sign language used by Zhao shen-shen: the main character in the Silence movie in scope of pragmatics.

Searle‟s theory is used to analyze the data. The result of analysis would be dependent on such situation. This research used qualitative descriptive method. The main difference of this study from previous ones was the object and its focus of study: sign language.7

The second research was conducted by Jihan Rizky Widyasari (2008). This research focused on the directive types of illocutionary acts. The aim of the research was to know the directive types of illocutionary acts and its meaning. The research used the theory of directive speech acts by Yule and Searle. The method of the research is descriptive qualitative.8

The third research was written by Emy Hidayatullah Amanah (2007). The writer intended to perform the illocutionary force that was complicated because it was something different from what the speaker said orally and it relied on the context of situation. Regarding the complexity of illocutionary forces, this research was focused on the illocutionary act types and

7

Ana Laili Rahmah, Illocutionary Acts Expressed through Sign Language In “Silence

Movie, (Faculty Of Humanities and Culture, The State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, 2005)

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Jihan Rizky Widyasari, Directive Illocutionary Acts Used in I Am Sam Movie, (Faculty of Letter and Humanities, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2008)

illocutionary forces in the movie. The research used qualitative descriptive method and the research. The research used the theory of directive speech acts by Austin (1962) and Searle (1969 and 1979).9

Finally, the fourth research was conducted by Muhammad Tadarus (2007). The writer focused the research in the analyzing illocutionary act and its felicity condition in this movie. The aim of the research was to know the types of illocutionary act and its felicity condition. The research used the theory of speech acts by Austin, Leech and Searle. The method of this research is qualitative descriptive method.10

From the previous research above, we saw many differences from this research. It employed Searle‟s theory in the study of illocutionary acts to analyse the dialogue of the movie and used other supporty theories. The writer analysed the types of illocutionary acts, and explained the context & meaning in the dialogue.

And the last, this research is divided into the direct and indirect speech acts category. Hopefully it will give complete and authentic analysis. Moreover, it can give new information and contribution as the references of

study and improve reader‟s knowledge of understanding illocutionary acts.

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Emy Hidayatullah Amanah, Illocutionary Acts in Movie Script of Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, And the Wardrobe by Stuart C., (Faculty of Letters, Udayana University, Bali, 2007)

10

Muhammad Tadarus, An analysis of Illocutionary Act and Its Felicity Conditions in The Karate Kid Movie, (Faculty of Letter and Humanities, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta,2007)

B. The Concepts of Pragmatics

Pragmatics studies the use of language in human communication as determined by the condition of society.11 According to Gazdar, pragmatics is the study of deixis (at least in part), implicature, presupposition, speech acts and aspects of discourse structure.12 Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that studies words in utterances in order to give influence something is being talked about and sometimes in fact it has no meaning dearly.13

We need to understand the entire social context in which a sentence was uttered, a different level of interpretation that is studied within pragmatics, which explore the role that context plays in the interpretation of what people say.14 Victoria Fromkin describes pragmatics as the study of interpreting linguistics meaning in context.15

Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that is increasingly recognized in the present. Around two decades ago, this science is rarely or almost never

referred to by linguists. This is supported by the growing of linguists‟

awareness, that the attempt to uncover the nature of language will not bring the expected result without basic understanding of pragmatics, that is, how language is used in communication.16

In addition to the definitions above, a number of other definitions are

11

Jacob L. Mey, Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2nd Ed, (England: Oxford, 2001), p. 6.

12

F.X. Nadar, Pragmatik dan Penelitian Pragmatik, (Yogyakarta; Graha Ilmu, 2013), p. 5.

13

Stephen C. Levinson, Pragmatics: An Introduction, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.5.

14

Charles F. Meyer, Introducing English Linguistics, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 48.

15

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams, An Introduction to Language 7th Ed

(Boston: Thomson Place, 2003), p. 207.

16

also noted by Levinson that pragmatics is one of those words that give the impression that something quite specific and technical is being talked about when often infact it has no clear meaning.17 Searle, Kiefer and Bierwisch asserted that pragmatics has as its topic those aspects of the meaning of utterances which cannot be accounted for by straightforward reference to the truth conditions of the sentences uttered.18

Katz and Fodor suggested that a theory of pragmatics would essentially be concerned with the disambiguation of sentences by the context in which they were uttered, causing the using context of language created interpretations in contexts.19

Pragmatics deals with a particular aspect of human communication, namely the relationship between language and the context in which is used, and as result it is concerned with analyzing and explaining particular types of data. It is often described as being a branch or field of linguistics. Linguistics is the academic subject that is concerned with the analysis, description and explanation of human language and pragmatics contributes to this project by focusing on the interaction between language and context.20

What we have returned to here is the gap which exists between language and the world, or human experience. We have many more meanings than we have exact syntactic forms to express them. In an ideal world perhaps every possible speech act, whether direct or indirect, would have its own

17

F.X, Nadar, op. cit, p. 5.

18 Ibid. 19

Stephen C. Levinson, op. cit, p. 8.

20

corresponding syntactic form. Ambiguity, confusion, and misinterpretation would then be eliminated from our language use.

In brief, pragmatics is the study of language use which is bounded with contexts. In other words, within the meaning of pragmatics determined by the context, ie, who is speaking to whom, where, when, how, and what the function of the utterance. Pragmatic studies the purpose of speech, that what

is „X‟ utterance done for. And basically pragmatics asks "What do you mean

by X?” Not “What X means?”

Therefore, by studying pragmatics, we can understand what people intended, their assumptions, and their goals or purposes when they speak in certain context. So that pragmatics comprehension is really important for us in order to make good communication between one and each other.

C. Context

The context is very important in understanding the illocutionary force of utterance. For example: if a debt collector who lends you money says “I

promise to visit you tomorrow.” This utterance can be understood as a

threat.21The term „context‟ defined by Mey as the surrounding, in the widest of sense, that enables the participants to interact in the process of communication, and that make the linguistic expressions of their interaction understandable. The importance of context in pragmatic is also emphasized by Wijana who states the pragmatics examines the contextual meaning.22

Moreover, Leech defines the context as background knowledge

21

Ralph Fasold, An Introduction to Language, ed. Jeff Connor-Linton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 163.

22

assumed to be shared by speaker and hearer and which contributes to hearer interpretation of what speaker means by given utterance. Thus, the context is things that relate to the physical and social environment of a speech or background knowledge that is owned both by speaker and hearer, and with the context, the hearer can easily understand and interpret the meaning of an utterance.23

Furthermore, Leech explains reference to one or more of the following aspects of the speech situation with the following criteria.

(i) Addressers or addressees

Following the practice of Searle and others, Leech shall refer to addressers and addressees, as a matter of convenience, as S (Speaker) and

H (Hearer).

(ii) The context of an utterance

Context has been understood in various ways, for example to include relevant aspects of the physical or social setting of an utterance. Leech consider context to be any background knowledge assumed to be shared by speaker and hearer, which contributes to the hearer‟s interpretation of what speaker means by a given utterance.

(iii) The goal(s) of an utterance

Leech finds useful to talk of a goal or function of an utterance, in preference to talking about its intended meaning, or the speaker‟s intention in uttering it.

(iv) The utterance as a form of act or activity: a speech act

Pragmatics deals with verbal acts or performances which take place in particular situation, in time.

(v) The utterance as the product of verbal act

There is another sense in which the word utterance can be used in pragmatics. It can refer to the product of a verbal act, rather than to verbal act itself.24

Context and pragmatics are like birds with wings. Birds can not fly

23

Ibid. p. 4

24

Geoffrey Leech, Principle of Pragmatics, (New York: Longman Linguistic Library, 1983), p. 13-14.

without wings; otherwise the wings are not too perfect function if there are no birds to fly. That means if we are talking about pragmatics automatically we have to talk about the context or otherwise. For context, it is good for us to refresh our memories with explores a pragmatics constraint. This is considered necessary because pragmatics can not be separated with the context.

In brief, we can say that context is a condition where a situation occurs. To fully understand the meaning of a sentence, we must also understand the context in which it is uttered. Communication will not be perfect if it does not involve the context (with the characteristics mentioned above) as a lingual extra element that should not be ignored in a speech. Context is very important to do with pragmatics, because communications involving context could make it more communicative, effective, and efficient.

D. Speech Act

Speech acts are verbal actions happening in the world. Uttering speech act means I do something with my words: I perform an activity that (at least intentionally) brings about a change in the existing state of affairs.25 When

people communicate each other, they don‟t only produce utterance containing

words that are grammatically structured; they also perform actions through their utterances.26

For example; when we were in the forest with our brother, and we said to him “there is bear behind you” may be intended as a warning in

25

Jacob L. Mey, op. cit, p. 95.

26

certain contexts, or may in other context be a statement of fact.27

Speech act theory emerged in the 1960s by John Austin and John Searle. According to their theories, when the speaker utters a sentence, he is

doing something according to what he is saying. The Austin‟s opinion is „by saying something we do something’. Austin began his note by pointing out that not every speech seems to lead the statement. The speech that is a sentence or half of a sentence to do common act for saying something; is

performative speech, and he distinguished it from constantive speech, a declarative statement in which truth or falsehood can be accounted.28

Most of the implementation of speech acts are not so “official”, but

they all depend on the speaker using an utterance so that the hearer can infer

the speaker‟s utterance and carries out some actions that are intended by the

speaker through his/her utterances.29

Austin developed his theory of speech acts. He made important observation. Austin observed that there are ordinary language declarative sentence that resist a truth-conditional analysis in similar fashion. The point of uttering such sentences is not just to say things, but also actively to do things. In other words, such utterances have both a descriptive and an affective aspect. Accordingly, Austin called the performatives and he distinguished them from assertions, or statement making utterances, which he called constantives.30

According to Searle, speech acts as the units of linguistics

27

Victoria Fromkin, op. cit, p. 595.

28

Deborah Schiffrin, Ancangan Kajian Wacana, (Terjemahan) (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2007), p. 64.

29

Ralph Fasold, op. cit, p. 162.

30

communication is not the symbol, word or sentence. But rather the production of the symbol or word or sentence in the performance of the speech act.31

In addition to Austin‟s opinion (1962) about performative, Searle (1975) expended the hypothesis saying that basically, all utterances contained

„act‟, and not only that have performative verbs. In addition with developing hypothesis that every utterance contains action, Searle also divides speech acts into three different kinds of actions; locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.32

Based on the description above, it can be concluded that speech act is theory that examines the meaning of language based on the relationship between speech and action taken by the speaker to hearer in communication. It means the speech will be meaningful if it is realized in real communication actions.

Thus the essence, Speech act is an entity that is central to the pragmatic so that is a staple in the pragmatics. The nature of the speech act is an act that is expressed with meaning or function (purpose and objectives) are attached to the speech.

In other words, we can simply say that the speech act is an utterance that contains an action. Here more explanation from Searle about locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act;

31

Jacob L. Mey, op. cit, p. 95.

32

1. Locutionary Act

“Locutionary act is the act of saying something that is understable and reasonable in language and follows the rules of pronunciation and grammar”. 33

For example:

“I have just made a cup of tea”

Mostly we don‟t just produce well-formed utterances with no purpose.

Another example is when someone says “there is an elephant in the zoo”, in this case, he is just making a statement that there is an elephant in the zoo without any intention. He does not warn or ask the hearer to move or shut the gate. From pragmatics perspective, the role of illocutionary act is actually less important in understanding speech act.34

Based on the opinion above, it can be concluded that basically

locutionary acts doesn‟t matter about the speech function because of the

meaning contained in the sentence which is uttered.

We can say that locutionary act is a speech act that expresses things as they are. Moreover, locutionary act is a speech act that relatively easy to identify because its identification could be done without the context of utterances which are discussed in speech event.

33

John I. Saeed, Semantics, (UK: Blackwell Publishing Inc.1997), p. 228.

34

2. Illocutionary Act

According to Yule, illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of utterance.35

For example:

“It‟s hot in here!”

From example about, it means we want some fresh air.36 The illocutionary act is an utterance which is intended by by the speaker under his/or her full control. An illocutionary act refers to the type of function the speaker intends to fulfill, or the type of action the speaker intends to accomplish in the corse of producing an utterance. It is an act accomplished in speaking. Example of illocutionary acts include accusing, apologizing, blaming, congratulating, giving permission, joking, nagging, naming, promising, ordering, refusing, swearing and thanking.37

According to Bloomer, illocutionary act is the act which is carried out when the speaker makes an utterance. The illocutionary act in its implementation has a certain communicative purpose. When we say “I’ve just made some coffee” to make a stetement, an offer, an explanation, or some other communicative purposes, the intention or purpose of an utterance is generally known as the illocutionary force of the utterance.

An utterance can have more than one illocution; it is useful to introduce the distinction between direct and indirect illocutions. Direct illocution of an utterance is the illocution most directly indicated by a

35

Geogre Yule, loc. cit.

36

Jenny Thomas, Meaning and Interaction: An Introduction to Prfagmatics, (London: Longman Group Limited, 1995), p. 49.

37 Ibid.

literal reading of the grammatical form and vocabulay of the sentence uttered. While the indirect illocution of an utterance is any further illocution the utterance may have.38

The direct illocution of “can you pass the river?” is an enquiry

about the hearer‟s ability to pass the river. The indirect illocution is a

request that the hearer pass the river.

Based on the explanation above, when a person delivers something, it does not only convey information but the majority of utterances are expected to get a response in actions. So, the writer can say that illocutionary acts besides giving information about something, also the implication of the speech which is uttered.

3. Perlocutionary Act

A perlocutionary act is the act by which the illocution produces a certain effect in or exerts a certain influence of addressee. Still another way to put it is that a perlocutionary act represents a consequence or by-product of speaking, whether intentional or not. It is therefore an act performed by speaking.39 Some perlocutionary acts are always the producing sequel of alerting or even alarming.40

According to Austin “perlocutionary act is the actual effect

achieved by saying”. According to Wijana, this act is known as an act of

38

James R. Harford,Semantics: A Course book, ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 259.

39

Yan Huang, op. cit, p. 103.

40

J.L. Austin, How to do things with words. In Adam Jaworsky and Nikolas Coupland (ed), The Discourse Reader, (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), p. 62.

affecting someone.41 For example:

“Shoot her!”

One may say of this utterance that, in appropriate circumtances, it had the illocutionary force of variously, ordering, arguing, advising, the address to shoot her. But the perlocutionary effect of persuading, forcing, or frightening the addressee into shooting her.

In other words, perlocutionary act is the act that has an influence or effect on the partner or who heard the speech. In perlocutionary act, the speaker hopes to get the attention of the hearer about what he conveys. This is often experienced by every person with different goals and interests, such as the aim to apologize, pay for attention, understand person situation and so on.

E. Classification of Illocutionary Acts

Many theories of speech acts have been described and classified by the linguists especially by Austin and Searle who concern on analyzing the speech act. Austin suggested that the illocutionary act always contains explisit meaning throughthe use of performative sentences. Austin categorized the illocutionary acts into five basic categories of verdictive, expositive, exersitive, commisive and behabitive.42Austin‟s five classes, a brief explanation of each, and a few examples of each are as follows:

41

F.X. Nadar, op. cit, p. 15.

42

John R. Searle, Expression and Meaning: Studies in The Theory of Speech Acts, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 1.

1. Verdictives: acts that consist of delivering a finding, e.g., acquit, hold (as a matter of law), read something as, etc.43

2. Exercitives: acts of giving a decision for or against a course of action, e.g., appoint, dismiss, order, sentence, etc.44

3. Commissives: acts whose point is to commit the speaker to a course of action, e.g., contract, give one’s word, declare one’s intention, etc.45 4. Behabitives: expressions of attitudes toward the conduct, fortunes, or

attitudes of others, e.g., apologize, thank, congratulate, welcome, etc.46 5. Expositives: acts of expounding of views, conducting of arguments, and

clarifying, e.g., deny, inform, concede, refer, etc.47

Searle criticized Austin for operating with overlapping criteria. As we saw in the preceeding section, Searle finds fault with Austin taxonomy of speech act for various reason (inconsistency, incompleteness, and so on). The five category that Searle ends up establishing are representatives (or assertives), directives, commisives, expressives, declarations (or declaratives).48 I will discuss the categories in this order:

1. Representatives

These speech acts are assertions about a state of affairs in the world (hence they are also called assertives; Leech 1983:128), and thus carry the

values „true‟ or „false‟. This is their „point‟; as to fit, they should of course,

43

Jerrold Saddock, The Handbook of Pragmatics, (Blackwell: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004), p. 64.

44 Ibid. 45

Ibid. 46

Ibid. 47

Ibid. 48

match the world in order to be true.49 It is including asserting, stating, claiming, concluding, and reporting.

In performing this type of speech act, the speaker represents the world as he or she believes it is, they make an utterance according to what they believe and in accordance with the fact. E.g. The Berlin Wall came down in 1989.50 The example above is entered to stating.

2. Directives

These are kinds of speech acts in which the speaker wants the

hearer to do something. They express the speaker‟s desire to the hearer to do something. Examples of directives are action such as advising, commanding, ordering, questioning, and requesting. In using a directive, the speaker intends to to obtain some future action of the hearer. E.g. Close the door!51

3. Commisives

These are kinds of speech acts that require the speaker to perform some future actions. That expresseed the speaker‟s desire to do something. Examples of commisives are actions such as offering, pledging, promising, refusing, and thretening. E.g. I‟ll give you money tomorrow.52

4. Expressives

These are kinds of speech acts that express a psychological attitude or state of speaker such as exitement, sadness, and likes/dislikes.

49 Ibid. 50

Yan Huang, op. cit, p. 1004.

51 Ibid. 52

Examples of expressives are actions such as apologizing, blaming, congratulating, praising, and thanking. E.g. Well done, Elizabeth!53

5. Declaratives

These are kinds of speech acts that cause immediatechanges in some situations, in performing this type of speech act, the speaker brings

about changes in the world; the propositional content of the speaker‟s

utterance changes the state of hearer in reality. Examples of declaratives are actions such opening a bridge, declaring war, excommunicating, firing from employment, and nominating a candidate. E.g. I object, Your Honor.54

So, we can take the conclusion based on the explanation above. First, representative is a speech that binding the speakers of the truly utterance. Second, directive is binding speaker to take the actions mentioned in the speech. Third, commissive is the act that binding the speaker to do somethingin the future. Fourth, expressive is the act that expresses feelings of the speaker. And the last, declarative is the act which may cause new situations or status.

F. Direct and Indirect Speech

The speech acts can also be said directly and indirectly. Direct speech act can be directly recognized from its syntactical form. 55 When an interrogative structure such as “Did You....? Are They....? or Can We....?” is used with the function of a question it is described as a direct speech act. But

53 Ibid. 54

Ibid. 55

when it is used as a request or command, it is described as an indirect speech act. 56 Direct speech act is used to say something, inform something, ask someone, beg someone, or give a command, if the utterance is conveyed directly. The example: “Bring me my coat!” As ilustrated in the example that the utterance is an illocutinary act which is said to vary directly. It means that the speaker wants the hearer brings his coat.

The direct speech act above is different from the indirect speech act. As a sentence with the phrase “Can you bring my coat?” is an indirect illocutionary act. Indirect speech used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact word. The tenses of the verbs are often changed. Indirect speech acts are generally associated with the greater politeness in English than direct speech act.57 The study of indirect speech act (or indirect illocutions) brought a challenge both to the classical speech speech act theory of Searle, and to grammatical version of speech acts attempted by means of the performative hypotesis.58

As discussed above, Searle (1969) distinguished between effects that areachieved by getting the hearer to recognize that the rules governing the use of an illocutionary force indicating device are in effect, which he called illocutionaryeffects, and those effects that are achieved indirectly as by-products of thetotal speech act, for which he reserved the term perlocutionary effects. But the effect might be very similar and we might use the same words to describe it, whether it is an illocutionary or perlocutionary effect.

56 Ibid. 57

F.X. Nadar, op. cit, p. 18.

58

Sadock (1970, 1972) argued that, in certain cases, there were some conventional indications in the form of the utterance of what might be taken as an indirect, perlocutionary effect. The central sort of example is the utterance at a dinner table of an apparent question like “Could you pass the salt?” The utterance appears to be a question, but when produced at a dinner table, a commonly achieved effect is to arouse in the addressee a feeling of obligation to pass the salt.59

Sadock noticed that the question “Could you pass the salt?” can also include the word please sentence internally, which indicates clearly the intention of the speaker to produce the kind of effect that illocutionary acts of requesting typically do. It is important to notice that not all questions that can provoke such a feeling in the addressee can felicitously include this word. Thus Isn’t it cold in here can give the right circumstances, because an addressee to feel obligated to close a window, light a fire in the fireplace, fetch a blanket, or the like. But even when intended to produce such results, one cannot say in idiomatic English *Isn’t it please cold in here. Sadock argued that examples of the former kind are conventionalized in a sense sufficient to justify analyzing the intended effect as directly illocutionary rather than as an indirect perlocutionary effect.60

Thus, from the explanation above, we can conclude that direct speech act is the speech that reflects the appropriate communication between the speech with expected action, such declarative utterances to inform something

59

Jerrold Saddock, op. cit, p. 69.

60 Ibid.

and interrogative utterances to ask. Indirect speech act is the utterance that reflects inappropriate communication between the speech with the expected action interrogative utterances in order to get utterance that considered more polite, for example interrogative utterances to command or order something.

28

A. Data Description

In this data descripion, the writer compiles and classifies the data from the dialogue scripts of Fast and Furious 7 movie. And then tabulates the collected data classification into the following table accrording to Searle categories of illocutionary acts. The data are grouped based on types, direct & indirect, and functions of the illocutionary acts found in the movie scripts as described below.

TABLE 1: THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF REPRESENTATIVES

No Data Illocutionary _{classification} Timeline 1. Letty: It's not fair. You know

I don't.

Representative

(Asserting) 00:03:19 - 00:03:35 2. Elena: You're a terrible liar!

See you tomorrow, boss.

Representative

(Asserting) 00:10:07 - 00:10:28

3.

Roman: They don't suppose to look... like that. I'm just saying, like how they normally wear them li'l weird glasses... that's all crooked, with pimples all over they face from drinking soda.

Representative

(Stating) 01:00:57 - 01:01:12

4. Zafar: Impossible. Representative

(Claiming) 01:06:41 - 01:06:43 5. Dom. Torreto: I don't have

friends. I got family.

Representative

TABLE 2: THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF DIRECTIVES

No Data Illocutionary

Classification Timeline 6.

Dom. Torreto : Keep it under 9000 RPMs. Kid's gonna fire

his pistons after the first 200.

Directive

(Ordering) 00:04:37 - 00:04:50 7. Ramsey: There's a cliff. Cliff!

Cliff!

Directive

(Commanding) 00:52:08 - 00:53:00 8. Dom. Torreto: Let’s get to

work.

Directive

(Ordering) 01:12:59 - 01:03:12 9. Roman: Letty, the football‟s

on fire! We need help!

Directive

(Ordering) 01:47:18 - 01:47:24

TABLE 3: THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF EXPRESSIVES

No Data Illocutionary

classification Timeline 10. Elena: Thanks, Hobbs.

Thanks for everything.

Expressive

(Thanking) 00:11:04 - 00:11:13

11.

Ramsey: And then break in when they access it. So you're talking about hacking my hacking device. That's brilliant.

Expressive

(Praising) 01:31:08 - 01:31:19

12. Ramsey: I'm sorry. Expressive

(Apologizing) 01:20:54 - 01:21:03 13.

Mr. Nobody: You just changed the face of manhunts forever. Congratulations.

Expressive

(Congratulating) 01:23:31 - 01:23:42

TABLE 4: THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF COMMISIVES

No Data Illocutionary

classification Timeline

14.

Hobbs : You sure as hell ain't the IT guy so you better start talking, before I break that finger six different ways... and stick it straight right wherethe sun doesn't shine.

Commisive

15. Mando: You’ll be safe. Commisive

(Promising) 00:21:46 - 00:22:00

16. Brian O’conner: I won't let you

down, Mia.

Commisive

(Promising) 00:24:06 - 00:24:16

17.

Mr. Nobody: No, you're not. I carry my own health

insurance. SOCOM Medics on standby. They're already

inbound.

Commisive

(Refusing) 01:29:27 - 01:29:38

18. Dom. Torreto : I'll come back for that.

Commisive

(Promising) 01:31:53 - 01:32:16

TABLE 5: THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS OF DECLARATIVES

No Data _{Classification} Illocutionary Timeline

19.

Hobbs : You just earned yourself adance with the devil, boy.

You're under arrest.

Declarative

(Declaring) 00:12:17-00:12:20

B. Data Analysis

The writer used the data from the dialogues of Fast and Furious 7 movie. Four stages for the writer to analyze the data. First, the writer observed the context which supports the analysis. Second, he identified the classification of illocutionary acts found in the dialogues. Third, he divided into direct and indirect illocutionary acts. And the last, he analyzed the functions used in the dialogues of the movie. In this analysis, the writer selected 19 numbers of data to be analyzed. So the data description above can be analyzed as follows.

DATUM 1

A conversation between Letty and Dominic Torreto in minutes 00:03:19 – 00:03:35, as follows:

Dom.Torreto: They say an open road helps you think about where you've been... where you're going. So you don't remember any of this yet.

Letty Ortiz : It's not fair. You know I don't. a. Context

Context is something important that must be understood by the writer before he begins with the research because it will give some information outside language which must be understood in a conversation. These are aspects which support analysis of the context:

1) Addresser & Addressee : Letty Ortiz & Dominic Torreto 2) Setting : In the sport car– Day

3) Context : In this context, Dom asked to letty whether she still remembered the place that was used to be the race wars. In fact, Letty still didn‟t remember anything at all, and she also emphasized that it was unfair to her because Letty still forgot what happened in the past.

b. Illocutionary act

From the dialogues above, Letty said “It’s not fair. You know I don’t.” Letty asserted to Dom that she couldn‟t remember about something happened in the past because she had amnesia. It was really not fair for her because it was hard to make her memory back as before, but Dom was still trying to remind her about their past due to the fact that he knew that it was not easy as he thought.

Based on the context, it is obvious that illocutionary act is representative. The illocutionary force of this utterance is to assert

something. In this case, representative is an action or an utterance that describes the speaker‟s truthful proposition. Letty expressed what she felt to Dom about inequity. In this case, it is clear that the utterance is asserting, included in the paradigmatic case of representative.

c. Direct & Indirect Speech Act

Based on the context above, the illocutionary act is uttered directly. Direct speech act is used to say something, inform something, ask someone, beg someone, or give a command. The utterance is conveyed directly. Letty asserted to Dom about her truthful proposition. She tried to explain her condition to Dom by saying “It's not fair. You know I don't.”

The utterance: is an illocutinary act which is said directly.

DATUM 2

A conversation between Elena and Hobbs in minutes 00:10:07 – 00:10:28, as follows:

Elena : You're disappointed, aren't you?

Hobbs : What are you talking about?

Elena : The last arrest. It was too easy. Target didn't even run.

Hobbs : Ah, it's okay. Give me a chance to hit the iron. Also, lets me work on my stamping skills.

Elena : You're a terrible liar! See you tomorrow, boss. a.Context

These are aspects which support analysis of the context: 1) Addresser & Addressee : Elena & Hobbs

2) Setting : In Diplomatic Security Service Los Angeles Division - Night

because he could not hit the enemy. He said that he just needed more time to hit the iron. Elena knew that he was lying to her. So, she asserted by the statement “You are terrible liar”because Hobbs was not a good liar.

b. Illocutionary act

In the dialogues above, Elena‟s uttered “You are terrible liar!” In this context, Elena wanted to assert that Hobbs was not good to lie because he could not cover his disappointment with his lying. Actually Elena knew that Hobbs was still disappointed about the last arrest, but in order to convince her thinking of truthful proposition, she asked to Hobbs immediately.

Based on the context, it is clear that the illocutionary act is representative of asserting. The illocutionary force of this utterance is to assert something. In this conversation, Elena wanted to represents the world that she believed. She made an utterance according to what she believed and in accordance with the fact. In this case, it is obvious that the utterance is asserting, included in the paradigmatic case of representative. c. Direct & Indirect Speech Act

Based on the context above, the illocutionary act is uttered directly. The utterance “You are terrible liar!” is an illocutinary act of representative which is said automatically. In the dialogue, the utterance of Elena in truthful proposition is said to Dom immediately.

DATUM 3

A conversation between Roman and Tej in minutes 01:00:57 – 01:01:12, as follows:

Roman : She don't look like a hacker to me.

Tej : Oh yeah? And what do hackers look like?

Roman : They don't suppose to look... like that. I'm just saying, like, how theynormally wear them li'l weird glasses...that's all crooked, with pimples all over they face from drinking soda.

a. Context

These are aspects which support analysis of the context:

1. Addresser & Addressee : Roman & Tej

2. Setting : In a hut beside a ravine – Day

3. Context : In the context, Roman said to Tej that the girl didn‟t look like a hacker for him. Then Tej asked what hackers look like to him? Roman answered and emphasized that hackers normally wore those li'l weird glasses...that's all crooked, with pimples all over they face from drinking soda.

b. Illocutionary act

From the dialogue, Roman said to Tej “They don't suppose to

look... like that.” In this context, Roman wanted to give a statement that the real hacker didn‟t look like that girl, Ramsey. He believed that the real hacker normally wore the little weird glasses with pimples all over they face from drinking soda.

Based on the context, it is obvious that Roman‟s illocutionary act is representative of stating. The illocutionary force of this utterance is to state something. It describes the speaker‟s truthful proposition. Hence, that utterance is representative of stating included in the paradigmatic of representatives.

c. Direct & Indirect Speech Act

In this context, the illocutionary act is uttered directly. The utterance “They don't suppose to look... like that”in normal condition is an illocutinary act of representative which is said automatically. In the dialogue, Roman stated immediately about what he believed in truthful proposition. In his mind, saying of that is a truth, not an illusion or falsehood.

DATUM 4

A conversation between Dominic Torreto and Zafar in minutes 01:06:41 – 01:06:43, as follows:

Dom. Torreto : We're gonna need it back.

Zafar : Impossible. a. Context

These are aspects which support analysis of the context:

1) Addresser & Addressee : Dominic Torreto & Zafar

2) Setting : In Abu Dhabi‟s foreshore – Day

3) Context : In this context, Zafar has sold the speed driver to the prince of Jordanian. Dominic Torreto got anger and wanted to get it back because it was important for the team. Zafar answered calmly “it’s impossible”due to the fact that the device was very safe, and it was put in the super car in the top floor of the apartment.

b. Illocutionary act

From the dialogue, Dominic Torreto said to Zafar that he needed it back. And Zafar said calmly by saying “Impossible” to Dom. In this context, Zafar wanted to claim that was impossible to get the speed drive back. He believed that it was really difficult to take because device was very safe, and it was put in the super car in the top floor of the apartment.

Based on the context, it is obvious that Zafar‟s illocutionary act is representative of claiming. The illocutionary force of this utterance is to claim something about his belief in the truthful proposition. Zafar Expressed what she believes to Dom about impossibility. In this case, it is clear that the utterance is claiming, included in the paradigmatic case of representative.

c. Direct & Indirect Speech Act

In the dialogue, Zafar uttered something immediately to Dominic Torreto. The utterance “impossible” in the normal condition is representative illocutionary act of claiming which is said directly. In the dialogue, Zafar claimed about what he believed in truthful proposition.

DATUM 5

A conversational between Deckard Shawand Dominic Torreto in minutes 01:26:17 – 01:26:24, as follows:

Deckard Shaw : Have you ever heard the saying:"The enemy of my enemy...is my friend"?

a. Context

These are aspects which support analysis of the context:

1) Addresser & Addressee : Deckard Shaw & Dominic Torreto

2) Setting : In the factory – Night

3) Context : In this context, Deckard Shaw wanted to inform Dominic Torreto that he was not alone anymore because he got a lot of friends. But Dominic Torreto emphasized him by saying “I don't have friends. I got family.”He wanted to assert that he only has a big family in his life.

b. Illocutionary act

From the dialogue, Deckard Shaw said to Dominic Torreto by saying “Have you ever heard the saying: The enemy of my enemy... is my

friend?” It meant that he was not alone in the actions, because a lot of friends backed him up. But Dominic Torreto emphasized him by saying “I don't have friends. I got family.”

Based on the context, we can see that Dominic Torreto‟s illocutionary act is representative of asserting. The illocutionary force of this utterance is to assert that he has no friend at all, but family. In his principle, family would always stay closer to use in the pleasure and sorrow, but friends sometimes just came only when in need. In this case, it is obvious that the utterance is asserting.

c. Direct & Indirect Speech Act

In the dialogue, Dominic Torreto said “I don't have friends. I got family.” In this utterance, it is clear that the utterance is spoken directly.

The type of illocutionary act is representative of asserting which is said to really directly. In the dialogue, Dominic Torreto asserted his principle about family because he has only big family in his life. In this context, he believed his saying in truthful proposition.

DATUM 6

A conversation between Dominic Torreto and Letty in minutes 00:04:37 – 00:04:50, as follows:

Dominic Torreto : Keep it under 9000 RPMs. Kid's gonna fire his pistons after the first 200.

Letty : You know that's not my style, I got to ride or die, right?

Dom. Torreto : How about you just ride on this one. a. Context

These are aspects which support analysis of the context:

1) Addresser & Addressee : Dominic Torreto & Letty

2) Setting : In the race wars– Day

3) Context : In this context, Dominic Torreto reminded Letty to keep the speed under 9000 RPMs because kid was going to fire his pistons after the first 200.

b. Illocutionary act

In the dialogue, Dominic Torreto ordered Letty to take care about the speed because he wanted Letty to get safe in the race. Dominic Torreto said “Keep it under 9000 RPMs. Kid's gonna fire his pistons after the first

200.” In this context, Dominic Torreto only needed her darling to ride for this time not to die, because he didn‟t want to get left by Letty twice.

Based on conversations above, it is obvious that the illocutionary act is directive of ordering. That is the act which involves someone else to do something. In this case, Dominic Torreto ordered Letty to keep the speed under 9000 RPMs. It is clear that the utterance is ordering, includes in the paradigmatic case of directive.

c. Direct & Indirect Speech Act

In this conversation, Dominic Torreto said his order immediately to Letty. The utterance “Keep it under 9000 RPMs” is obviously directive illocutionary act of ordering which is said to very directly because the utterance causes the hearer to take a particular action.

DATUM 7

A conversation between Ramsey and Dominic Torreto in minutes 00:52:08 – 00:53:00, as follows:

Ramsey : What are you doing? This is crazy!

Dom. Torreto : Keeping you alive!

Ramsey : There's a cliff. Cliff! Cliff! a. Context

These are aspects which support analysis of the context:

1. Addresser & Addressee : Ramsey & Dominic Torreto

2. Setting : In the edge of cliff– Afternoon

3. Context : In this context, Ramsey got shock and asked Dom to drive slowly by shouting “There's a cliff. Cliff! Cliff!”

b. Illocutionary act

car carefully because there was a cliff at the front. She desired to explain her feeling of getting shocked by saying “There's a cliff. Cliff! Cliff!” From that utterance, Ramsey wanted Dominic Torreto to do something for her by commanding him.

Based on the context, Ramsey‟s utterance is directive illocutionary act of commanding. The illocutionary force of this utterance is to involve someone else to do something. In this case, she commanded Dominic Torreto to ride carefully in order to get safe. It is obvious that the utterance is commanding, included in the paradigmatic case of directive.

c. Direct & Indirect Speech Act

From the dialogue, Ramsey uttered “There's a cliff. Cliff! Cliff!” It is clear that the utterance is indirect illocutionary act. She didn‟t say something immediately to Dominic Torreto but he said indirectly by shouting “cliff!” in purpose of commanding him to turn left the car and ride carefully for safety. In the conversation, Ramsey‟s utterance is commanding because that causes the hearer to takea particular action.

DATUM 8

A conversation between Dominic Torretoand Brian O‟conner in minutes 01:12:59 – 01:03:12, as follows:

Dominic Torreto : Let’s get to work.

Brian O’conner : You got this, right?

Dom. Torreto : Go.

Brian O’conner : All right. a. Context

1) Addresser & Addressee : Dominic Torreto & Brian O‟conner

2) Setting : In the top of Jordanian prince apartment – Afternoon

3) Context : In this context Dom and Brian initiated the action to retrieve the device in a super car. Dom ordered Brian to start working, because they did not have a lot of time.

b. Illocutionary act

In the conversation, Dominic Torreto asked Brian O‟conner to get started in a work because they didn‟t have much time. Dom said “Let’s get

to work” to Brian in order that he could get faster to do his job. But Brian replied with a silly question “You got this, right?” Then Dom got mad and said “Go” because the time is over. From the dialogue, Dominic Torreto wanted Brian O‟conner to do his order.

Based on the context, it is clear that the utterance is directive illocutionary act of ordering. The illocutionary force of this utterance is to order someone else to do something. In this case, Dominic Torreto ordered Brian to get hurry up to take the speed driver in the super car. Dom‟s utterance is obviously directive illocutionary act of ordering.

c. Direct & Indirect Speech Act

In that conversation, Dominic Torreto said his order immediately

to Brian O‟conner. The utterance “Let’s get to work” is clear that the utterance is directive illocutionary act of ordering which is said directly. In the dialogue, Dominic Torreto‟s utterance caused Brian O‟conner to take a

particular reaction. In this situation, the speaker intended to obtain some future action of the hearer.

DATUM 9

A conversation between Roman and Letty in minutes 01:47:18 – 01:47:24, as follows:

Roman : Letty, the football‟s on fire! We need help! Letty : Hang on! I‟m coming!

a. Context

These are aspects which support analysis of the context:

1) Addresser & Addressee : Roman & Letty

2) Setting : on the street – Night

3) Context : In this context, Roman's car was being chased by a predator or a rocket launched by international terrorists, Deckard Shaw‟s team. Roman really got phanic, so he called Letty to help him. Then Letty Immediately responded and asked romance to wait a moment that she would come a soon as possible.

b. Illocutionary act

From the dialogue above, Roman ordered Letty to help him because he was being chased by a predator or a rocket launched by international terrorists. Roman got really phanic and called Letty to give him a hand by shouting“Letty, the football’s on fire! We need help!” He wished Letty can come as soon as possible.

Based on the dialogue above, it is obvious that the illocutionary act is directive of ordering. That is the act which involves someone else to do

something. In this case, Roman ordered Letty to give him a hand faster. c. Direct & Indirect Speech Act

From the dialogue, Roman said “Letty, the football’s on fire! We need help!” It is clear that the utterance is direct illocutionary act because he stated something immediately to Letty in phanic situation in order to get help. In this situation, the speaker intended to obtain some future action of the hearer.

DATUM 10

A conversation between Elena and Hobbs in minutes 00:11:04 – 00:11:13, as follows:

Elena : Thanks, Hobbs. Thanks for everything.

Hobbs : Come on, way too sentimental right now. a. Context

These are aspects which support analysis of the context: 1) Addresser & Addressee : Elena & Hobbs

2) Setting : in front of Diplomatic Security Service Los Angeles Division – Night

3) Context : Elena felt glad because Hobbs gave a letter of recommendation to her. Then Ellena thanked to Hobbs for his kindness because recommendation letter was very important to her. b. Illocutionary act

From the dialogue, Elena said “Thanks, Hobbs. Thanks for everything.” Here, she felt glad that Hobbs gave a letter of recommendation that she asked for. Then Ellena thanked to Hobbs for his

ready to rock and roll. Here we go. Weapons hot. You ready for this?

Yeah.

I hope you're enjoying your last meal.

This is it?

This is all you want? A dozen men?

I think you'll find it's more than enough.

I'm ready to meet my maker. Are you?

What were you expecting, Toretto? Catch me off guard?

Me standing here, waving a white flag?

Have you ever heard the saying: "The enemy of my enemy... is my friend"?

I don't have friends. I got family.

Well, I got a lot of friends. Keep your formation! Sheppard, clear one!

Brian, leave it! Get down! I got you. The God's Eye.

You didn't really think I was gonna walk in there naked, did you? You got hit bad.

Look. Toretto.

I know you won't listen to me. You're not gonna wanna hear what I have to say. But the truth is...

you really ought to... try that Belgian ale, man. It's something special.

Belgian ale, huh?

We gotta get you to a hospital. No, you're not.

I carry my own health insurance. SOCOM Medics on standby. They're already inbound. Pull over, kid.

Dom, you got to protect Ramsey. As long as she's alive,

she can lock them out of God's Eye and they know that.

That means, they're not gonna stop coming until they've got her. And this time when they come... They're gonna come with

everything they've got. I'm not leaving you. You're not.

I'm leaving you. Go now, Dom.

A war is coming to us whether we like it or not. But if a war's coming... We're gonna face them on the streets we know best. I'm all for winging it, but this is crazy, man. We got mercenaries with some real heat on us.

I mean I ain't scared of nothing but... I don't even have a gun.

Gun?

We got a whole city.

And we may have more than that. If they use God's Eye...

it will tap the cameras around to find our location.

Which means we could plant a virus. And then break in when they access it.

So you're talking about hacking my hacking device. That's brilliant.

Yeah, but there's one problem. The signal strength.

We can't start a hack on them until they're within a two mile range. - That's really close. - Close? These guys are military. If they're within two miles of us, we already dead. I don't know about y'all, but I didn't really plan on dying today. Only one way to stay alive. We play keepaway with Ramsey. What?

They can't hit us if we keep moving. And I'll take Shaw.

So basically we're just gearing up for a big game of hot potato, huh? Why does it feel like I'm

not gonna see you again? I'll come back for that. Promise?

Promise.

Brian, are you okay? Mia, listen to me.

Something's about to go down. If you don't hear from me in 24 hours...

I need you to take Jack and move on. You understand?

You understand what I'm saying? No I can't do that, Brian.

No, I can't.

We're gonna have another baby. It's a little girl.

And she's going to need her father. So you have to finish what you're doing...

and you have to come home to her. You have to come home to us. I'm sorry I didn't tell you before. I was scared you'd be

disappointed with domestic life. You know the best decision I ever made was stepping into that store... buying that first sandwich.

It was such a bad sandwich. I know.

But I ate a lot of 'em. I love you, Mia. Don't do that. What?

The way you said it. It's like goodbye.

Say something else. Okay. Kiss Jack for me. I will.

I love you, Brian. I love you, Mia. One last ride.

Boot up God's Eye, and find them. I'm getting something.

I got a positive ID. It's Toretto. God's Eye is placing him at Hill and Seventh. Should we follow him?

No. Let Shaw take care of him. Find Ramsey.

Yes, sir.

I don't know why we gotta keep driving around like this.

Why can't we just pull over somewhere...

park, gather our thoughts in like a bunker somewhere? Because it does not work like that. We gotta stick close

in order to get in range for Ramsey to hack 'em...

but we gotta be mobile enough not to get shot like fish in a barrel. So do me a favor, focus on the mission, keep us from getting killed. Got them. Target acquired.

She's riding shotgun in a blue GT-R. Guys, they're here.

How many cars? None.

And that's kind of the problem. Let's give them a tour.

Break on my mark. Three, two, one. Go!

Splitting up won't work.

You can't hide from God's Eye. In range.

Ramsey, start the hack. Initiating.

Now.

Sir, I think someone's trying to hack the system. It's Ramsey.

Send in the predator! Take her out!

Releasing predator.

I think we lost the chopper.

I think we got bigger problems than that!

Oh, my God.

What are you doing? Going old school! PUBLIC PARKING It's coming back around! The predator's back on 'em. Ready missiles!

Roger that.

Fire! Shit!

I need a lateral. Rom, where are you? Running back! Charging in. Meet me on Third and Spring. You got it!

I'm halfway there.

Grab your computer and get in the window!

- Why? - Do it, now! You gotta go! Right now! Fire!

No!

He made it!

Can't believe we pulled that off! Wait, we're still being hacked. What?

God's Eye is still tracking Ramsey. Keep the drone in pursuit of her. The signal has to be coming from somewhere.

Breaking news out of Los Angeles tonight.

In what can only be described as vehicular warfare,

police are engaged in a high speed pursuit...

I got it. The piggyback in the hack off that satellite tower right there. Take it out!

Toretto.

Wait, what happened? We were almost there.

They've cut the signal. I can't finish the hack. What do you mean?

Brian, they took out the tower! Dad, what's going on?

Alright, baby girl.

Elena's gonna be here in a little bit. You know our drill.

Give me three for the road. You thought this was gonna be a street fight? You're goddamn right it is. There has to be another way. Wait. I'm seeing half a dozen cell towers between Sixth and State. Brian, if you can get to the top of any one of those buildings around there... we can reroute the signal

manually and finish the job. I'm on it.

Sir, did you hear that?

O'conner is on foot heading for a repeater.

He's gonna try to reinitiate the hack. Keep the drone on the girl.

Kiet.

O'conner's on foot somewhere between Sixth and State. Don't let him make it there. Boys is on us!

And them boys ain't ready for this! Shit!

First a tank, then a plane... Now we got a spaceship?

That's not a spaceship, that's a drone! Oh it's a drone?

Now you gonna break it down and be articulate... like you already know what the hell is going on?

Shut your ass up and drive the car! Letty, the football's on fire!

We need help!

Hang on! I'm coming!

Ramsey, get ready to go again.

Drone has missile lock. Fire!

Target destroyed.

Wait! God's Eye still has her. How can that be?

Get up. Come on. Let's go! Let's go.

They switched her under the bridge. What?

You gotta get outta here, it's on your trail and it's coming fast. Got it.

So if this car goes south, who's coming to save us? Save us, honey? We're it. Where are they now? Six blocks east, hauling ass. Where we heading, Tej? There's a service elevator past the maintenance center. It will take you directly up to the repeater. Brian, you gotta hurry! Too slow!

It's coming back.

We'll lose them in the tunnel. Got it!

Fire!

I can't shake this thing! The predator has missile lock. Take it out!

No way.

Wait! What happened?

Sir, someone just double tapped our drone.

What?

Hey, did you bring the cavalry? Woman, I am the cavalry. Who is that?

I'm at the repeater.

The access cable's in the base. Just plug it into your phone and Ramsey will be back online. Ramsey, go!

Brian did it. We're back in. We've got God's Eye back. - We lost the God's Eye! - What? Shit!

Military's inbound. Three minutes and closing.

We need to get the hell outta here. Tej, Roman, I'm on my way. Alright, homie. I'll see you there. I have eyes on Toretto.

Shaw's in the way.

Then it seems our friendship is at an end.

Do it.

The thing about street fights? The street always wins. Goodbye, Toretto. Take him out! Son of a...

I need some help out here! We're getting killed. I need some backup! No! Son of a bitch. He's getting away! No, stop them. Don't miss. Dom! Come on. C'mon, buddy. Is he breathing?

Here's what I need you to do. Keep his head tilted up.

All right. Keep it back like this. Clinch his nose, keep his head tilted. Breathe in him now. Go.

That's good. Come on, Dom. Come on, goddammit! You come on, you breathe! Go, go, breathe!

C'mon, dammit. Let's go. Come on, Dom!

I need you to breathe.

Come on, Dom. Come back, c'mon. Come on, buddy. Dom, come on! Back off!

Will you stop? Breathe into him. You breathe into him.

- You breathe into him. - Back off! Please, please, Dom.

Dom, baby.

I know you're hurting right now. But I want you to listen.

Stay awake and focus on me. I remember everything. It came to me like a flood. That night, in the Dominican Republic.

The night we got married. Who has the ring?

Will this do?

With this silver necklace, love... We have eternity in this moment. You will never be alone again. I vow, wherever you go, I go. You ride, I ride.

You fight, I fight. And if you ever die on me, Dominic Toretto... I'm gonna die with you. I love you, Letty. I will always love you. If you die, I die.

And I'm not ready to leave this place yet.

This moment, still ours. I remember everything. I remember it all. It's about time. Oh, God.

Why didn't you tell me we were married?

Because you can't tell someone they love you. Holy shit.

BLACK SITE... CIA

You sure you brought enough backup with you, Hobbs? Oh, they ain't mine.

They're here to protect you. From me killing your ass. You do know, none of this will keep me, right?

Well I want you to dig through and my fist and a bodybag will be waiting for you on the other side. So I suggest you get to digging, boy. - Daddy, come play. - Yeah.

Look at him, look at him. Yeah, buddy.

- Duty calls. - It does.

- Come on... - Let's get momma... Y'know we gotta tan because... the sun is out, you know... medium rare, but I can get like... well done, like really dark. - What you nudging me for?

- Close your mouth for two seconds. Just open your eyes, man.

Beautiful.

That's where he belongs. Home.

Where he's always belonged. Things are gonna be different now. You got it. What...

One more time.

You aren't going to say goodbye? Yeah! Good job!

My man.

It's never goodbye.

Hey, thought you could leave without saying goodbye? I used to say I lived my life a quarter mile at a time.

And I think that's why we were brothers.

Because you did, too. - This is your car. - My car? You're all free.

Home, sweet home. - What's happening, boy? - Thanks for the invite. Wanna go for a drive? No matter where you are,

whether it's a quarter mile away, or halfway across the world... The most important thing in life will always be the people in this room. Right here, right now.

Salud, mi familia.

You'll always be with me.

And you'll always be my brother. FOR PAUL