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This type of formula presents a character dealing with the most frightening menace to achieve some triumphs. The basic moral fantasy that exists in this type
of story is either victory over death or triumph over justice. There are two primary ways in which the hero can be characterized, which are as a superhero with
exceptional strength or ability or as ordinary human being with flawed abilities and attitudes. Furthermore, Cawelti described the type of superhero by stating,
“In the case of the superhero, the principle of identification is like that between children and parent and involves the complex feeling of envious
submission and ambiguous love characteristic of that relationship. This kind of treatment of the hero is most characteristic of the adventure stories
constructed for children and young people” 1976: 40. The story of a girl who has complex relationship with her parents and then
tries to seek justice for herself fitted in with Cawelti‟s explanation about the hero.
3.2 Extrinsic Elements
Extrinsic elements are the elements that come up from the outside of the literary works. This thesis will explain about patriarchal ideology.
3.2.1 Patriarchal Ideology
Initially used to describe the power of the father in a family, patriarchy has been expanded to describe a broader system in which men hold control of everything.
The following statement is the definition of patriarchy by Wheedon. The term „patriarchal‟ refers to power relations in which women‟s interest
are subordinated to the interests of men. These power relations take on many forms. From the sexual division of labour and the social
organization of procreation to the internalized norms of feminity by which we live. Patriarchal power rests on social meaning given to biological
sexual difference 2001: 3.
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According to Lerner 1986: 45, there are many theories to explain this phenomenon which ranges from biological explanations to psychological ones.
The biological explanation is that men are more aggressive because they have higher testosterone levels and greater strength. Meanwhile, the psychological ones
are that men use sexual dominance over women and aggression toward other men to compensate their inability to bear children. In other word, men use every
possible reason to dominate women. According to Walby as quoted by Godon in Transforming Capitalism and
Patriarchy: Gender and Development in Africa, “patriarchy is “a system of
interrelated social struc tures which allow men to exploit women” 1996: 18.
Walby uses such a strong word „exploit‟ to refer to a negative meaning and accurately describes patriarchy.
Adrienne Rich In Encyclopedia of Women’s Autobiography: K-Z gives
more detail about patriarchy by saying “[p]atriarchy is the power of the fathers: a
familial social, ideological, political systems in which men-by force, direct pressure, or through ritual, tradition, law and language, customs, etiquette,
education, and the division of labor, determine what part women shall or shall not play” 1995: 87. It can be concluded that men dominate women in every aspects
in order to control the movements of the women. Giddens and Griffiths quoted Walby classify two forms of patriarchy,
private patriarchy and public patriarchy. Private patriarchy is when men dominate women within the household of an individual patriarch. Meanwhile, public
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patriarchy is more of a mutual form. Women are allowed to involve in public realms, such as politics and the labor market, but they remain excluded from
wealth, power and status 2006: 473. Men dominate the public domains. Although women are allowed to have some freedom by being able to have career
or join politics, the gap is still visible in the matter of wage and the quantity of workers between the two genders.
Consequently, patriarchy can be defined as a series of social relations between men and women, which have a material base and also arouse or evoke
independence and solidarity among men that concede them to dominate women Jagger and Rosenberg, 1984: 172.
According to Sultana “Patriarchy, which pre-supposes the natural superiority of male over female, shamelessly upholds women‟s dependence on,
and subordination to, man in all spheres of life” 2011: 7. Subordination is the condition in which one holds the position of controlling the other. Therefore
women‟s subordination means the social situation in which men hold the position of controlling women.
As a consequence of patriarchy, women were hindered from their legal right and put aside their freedom over their property as well as themselves. To
keep men controlling women, patriarchy operates some social customs, traditions and social roles by socialization process.
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3.2.2 Characteristics of Patriarchal System
