17 the appositional expressions is often defined as something unique. The deletion
restructures the apposition because it elevates the name to equal status with the description.
3. Stylistics Analysis Theory
Leech and Short 1981: 74 say that every analysis of style, in their terms, is an attempt to find the artistic principles underlying a writer’s choice of
language. Therefore, it is useful to have a checklist of features which may or may not be significant in a given text. The categories of analysis are placed under four
general headings: lexical categories, grammatical categories, figures of speech and cohesion and context.
The main focus of this research is one of the distinctive features which can be found in the newspaper named determiner. According to Leech and Short
2011: 75-78, there are nine categories which are placed under the grammatical categories, namely sentence types, sentence complexity, clause types, clause
structure, noun phrases, verb phrases, other phrase types, word classes and general.
The first category is sentence types. This category concerns about some points, among others are whether an author uses only statements declarative
sentences and whether an author also uses questions, commands, exclamations or minor sentence types. The function of the sentence type can be further
investigated under this category. The second category is sentence complexity. For this category, the
complexity of sentences are investigated. Some points that can be addresses under
18 this category are whether the sentences have a simple or complex structure,
whether the complexity of the sentence vary strikingly from one sentence to another and whether the complexity is due to coordination, subordination or
parataxis. The average sentence length can be also be addressed under this category.
The third category is clause types. In this category, there are some points which can be addressed. For example, what kind of clauses are favoured in the
text and whether reduced or non-finite clauses commonly used in the text. Further investigation on clauses like the use of infinitive clauses, -ing clauses, -ed clauses
can also be done under this category. The fourth category is clause structure. For this category, the stylistic
analysis can be done by following a point, such as whether there is anything significant about clause elements, for example frequency of objects, complements
or adverbials. Some other points that are useful under the clause structure category are whether there are any unusual orderings or whether special kinds of
clause construction occur. The fifth category is noun phrases. For noun phrases category, the issues
which can be addressed to get the data are whether the phrases are simple or complex or where the complexities of the phrases lie. Listing the occurrences of
the adjective sequences, the coordination or apposition also can be done under this category.
The sixth category is verb phrases. For verb phrases, the analysis can be done under issues such as whether there are any significant departures from the
19 use of the simple past tense. This can be done later by comparing the number of
past tense occurrences to other verb phrase types such as the present tense, the progressive aspect, and other verb phrases.
The seventh category is other phrase types. This category tries to find out about other phrase types and their significance for the text such as prepositional
phrases, adverb phrases, and adjective phrases. The eighth category is word classes. Since a major or lexical word class
has been already considered in the previous category, considering minor word classes is also important. The examples of minor word classes here are
prepositions, auxiliaries, determiners, conjunctions, pronouns, interjections. The ninth category is general category. For the last category, the point
that is possible to consider is whether any general types of grammatical construction are used to special effect, for example comparative or superlative
constructions, coordinative or listing constructions, appended or interpolated structures.
Crystal 2006 also adds that grammatical features also become one of the types of stylistic approaches in written language. Crystal explains that in
grammatical features, the many possibilities of syntax and morphology may become the object of stylistic study. Therefore, from all of the categories above, it
can be seen that stylistic investigation on determiner is possible to do. The reason is because determiner belongs to one of the distinctive features which is word
classes. Furthermore, what are important from these nine categories are the occurrences and the effects to the style of the text Leech and Short, 1981.
20
4. Determiners
