Theories of Competence Representing Those of Mastery. Singular and Plural Noun Concepts

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d. Theories of Competence Representing Those of Mastery.

According to Hutchinson and Waters competence is something that enables learners to do something performance with the language. In other words, competence is what the learners know about the language and how to use it. The performance represents the competence that the learners have.

e. Competence Standard

The competence standard in the research is based on Panduan Akademik Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris 2006. Table 2.9: Competence Standard Letter Range Meaning A 80-100 Very good mastery B 70-79 Good mastery C 60-69 Sufficient D 50-59 Insufficient mastery E 50 Poor mastery

II. Indonesian Grammar Theory

There are also several Indonesian theories elaborated in this chapter. Those theories were selected based on their similarities to English grammar theories discussed previously. The discussed Indonesian grammar theories are: 1 theories of singular plural, 2 theories of articles, 3theories of pronominal penunjuk

a. Singular and Plural Noun Concepts

Almost all languages in the world have singular and plural concept Moeliono and Dardjowidjojo, 1988 . Thisconcept elaborates the form of singular and plural nouns. Both Indonesian and English language have singular-plural concepts. 24 Although the functions of the concepts of singular-plural noun in English and Indonesian language are similar, these concepts of the word indicating the nouns are different in terms of consistency. 1 Singular Concept Indonesian language normally use se- or suatu to indicate a singular noun. The example of a sentence containing singular nouns is that 30 Seorang murid sedang membaca sebuah buku. The sentence illustrates that there is one student who is reading a book. Se- in seorang murid refers to one student. However, the used of se- or suatu is not an obligation in Indonesian language rules. In other words, se- and suatu can be omitted. For example, in the sentence 31 Seorang murid sedang membaca sebuah buku. 32 Seorang murid sedang membaca buku. In example 31 , eventhough the word sebuah is omitted, its meaning is the same with that of example 32. Despite it no longer uses sebuah, it is understood that it is impossible for the students to read more than one book, even without witnessing the condition. 2 A Plural Concept A plural noun is normally indicated with a repeated word, kaum, and para. 33 Murid-murid sedang membaca buku. 25 Murid-murid in the sentence above means the readers are more than one student. Besides those three indicators of plural noun a repeated word , kaum , para, a word can also mean plural, for example, 34 Anjing suka tulang. The example was taken from Moeliono and Dardjowidjojo’s book. The word anjing in the sentence is more than one dog since it represents all dogs in the words. Nonetheless, it is unacceptable among Indonesian people to say anjing- anjing suka tulang-tulang. Moeliono and Dardjowidjojo, 1988 The examples in the previous discussion show that Indonesian language does not have a strict rule of singular and plural noun. Whether a noun is singular or plural depends on the meaning of a sentence.

b. Definition of articles