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are both bilabials, but [b] has the features of [+voice, + stop] and [p] has the features of [-voice, +stop]. [d] has the features of [+ voice, + stop] while [t] has
[-voice, + stop]. [s] and [z] are both alveolar sounds but [z] is composed of [+ voice, +fricative] while [s] is composed of [- voice, +fricative]. It is to be noted,
however, that classes of sounds can also be described in terms of the features of which they are composed. [m], [n], [ŋ], where there is no opposition between
voiced and voiceless, are simply referred to as [+nasals]. The class of stops p, t , k, b, d, g can be specified simply as [+stop]. However, the voiceless stops p, t ,
k as a class may have features such as [- voiced, + stop]. On the opposite end, b, d, g have the features of [+voiced, + stop], etc Ladefoged, 1993: 89.
4.1.2.2.2 Nasals
Nasal sounds ŋ,m,n are produced when the air is stopped in the oral cavity but the soft palate is down so that air can go out through the nose
Ladefoged, 1993: 89. Such sounds are heard in the Nataia words such as:
Table 4.13 Nasal Sounds Nasal Sounds
Distribution Examples
Meaning m
initial muzi muzi
life, alive medial
kumu k
h
umu already
n initial
negha neɣa say, admonish
medial mona mona
no negation ŋ
initial ngasi
ŋasi say
medial nenga nəŋa
remember care PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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4.1.2.2.3 Stops
According to Ladefoged 1993:8, stops sounds b, d, g, p, t, k, ß, ɗ, Ɂ are produced if in addition to the articulatory closure in the mouth, the soft
palate is raised so that the nasal tract is blocked off, then the air stream will be completely obstructed. Pressure in the mouth will build up and an oral stop will be
formed. In the Nataia, the stops sounds are heard in words such as:
Table 4.14 Stops Sounds
4.1.2.2.4 Fricatives
The way fricative sounds z, ɣ, f, s,h are produced involves close approximation of two articulators so that the airs-tream is partially obstructed and
turbulent airflow is produced Ladefoged, 2003: 10. In the Nataia, fricative sounds are heard in words such as:
Stops Sounds Distribution
Examples Meaning
b initial
bana bana
walk medial
sabu sabu
meet
d initial
duki duk
h
i push down
medial teda
t
h
əda chasm
g initial
geta gət
h
a mention
medial mege
mege put on the waist
p initial
pema p
h
ema fat
medial sepa
səp
h
a eat vegetables
t initial
tepa t
h
əp
h
a shoulders
medial kate
k
h
at
h
e itching
k initial
ka’u k
h
a’u sew
medial aku
’ak
h
u hold in one’s grasp
ß initial
bhada ßɑdɑ
buffalo medial
tebha təßɑ
spank
ɗ initial
dhedhu ɗeɗu boil
medial sedho
səɗɔ pound of maize
