TRANSLATION SHIFT USED IN ECONOMIC BILINGUAL TEXT BOOK.

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

RATNA SORAYA

Registration Number: 8136112069

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITIY OF MEDAN 2017

i

English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan. 2016.

The aims of this study were to find out the kinds of translation shift in translation of Economic Bilingual Text Book, to describe the pattern of shift used by Economic Bilingual Text Book to bridge the different grammatical structures between Indonesia and English, and to explain about the reason of translation shift used in Economic Bilingual Text Book. The research was conducted by using qualitative descriptive design. The data of this study was clauses that were translated from Bahasa Indonesia into English by Mulyadi, E., and Mardiyatmo (2009) on an Economic Bilingual text book ‘Economics 1’ for Junior High School Year VII as the source of data. The data was analyzed by using the Theory of Translation Shift based on (Catford: 1965) to find the types and the ways of translation shift used in economic bilingual text book and the reasons of translation shift were used in Economic Bilingual Text Book based on Newmark (1988:85). The results of this study were (1) there were four types of category shifts namely structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra- system shift. (2) there were some ways of translation shift used in Economic Bilingual Text Book, namely an adjective may be translated into a noun, a conjunction shifted into a adverb, an adverb may be translated into an adjective, and (3) there were four reasons behind the occurrence of shifts namely: when SL and TL have different language systems, when the grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL so it is the matter of naturalness between SL and TL and to replace virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure.

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Ratna Soraya. Penggunaan Pergeseran dalam Penggunaan Buku Bilingual Ekonomi. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris.Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan.2017.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pergeseran di Buku Bilingual Ekonomi , dan untuk menemukan pergeseran yang di gunakan dalam Buku Bilingual Ekonomi.Penelitaian ini di lakukan dengan menggunakan design penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah klausa di dalam buku Buku Bilingual Ekonomi sebagai sumber data.Data di analisis dengan menggunakan teori Catford(1965) untuk menemukan pergeseran dalam terjemahan, jenis, dan alsan pergeseran terjemahan dalam buku bilingual ekonomi.Hasil dari penelitian ini (1) Ada empat jenis pergeseran katagori yang digunakan di AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual kedalam bahasa Indonesia yaitu structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift, (2) Ada 11 teknik yang digunakan di AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual, dan (3) Pergeseran yang dominan digunakan di AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual adalah structure shift. Sedangkan, teknik yang dominan digunakan di AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual adalah teknik terjemahan peminjaman (Borrowing).

1 1.1 Background of the Study

Translation is the process of transferring the meaning of a text from the Source Language (SL) into the Target Language (TL). Basically, the text is reconstructed by translating the words from the SL into the TL and is arranged based on the structures of the sentence in the TL, therefore, the structures are suitable with the TL and certainly there will be no loss of meaning.

There are several factors that should be remembered by the translator in order to produce a good translation in translating a text. As Nababan (1999:20) states that there are two factors in translation, they are linguistic factors that cover words, phrases, clauses and sentences and non linguistic factors covering the cultural knowledge on both sources and the TL cultures.

Each language has its own characteristics or even distinction. Therefore, the translation from the SL into the TL cannot be exact equivalents as both languages are widely different in structure and cultural background. The understanding of the structure and the culture in both languages is required by the translator as it makes the translator capable of grasping the meaning in the text accurately and allows him to transfer the same meaning. As Vinay and Dalbernet (1995:34) state that equivalence refers to cases where languages describe the same situation by the different stylistic or structural means. Meanwhile, the form in the SL has a new form or different form the TL; it is called a shift. According to Catford (1965:73), a shift is the departure from formal correspondence in the

process of going from the SL to the TL. It represents some changes occurring in a translation process. The element of the TL commensurate with the SL is always used by the translator in order to express the same message in the target text. Since every language has its own rules, differences in these rules will cause a shift.

A book entitled Economic Bilingual Text Book is one of the many books that discuss the scientific world of business and commerce. In it discusses about the way to run the business along with excellence in implementation. As a book of science, of course, this book will be much in demand by the public observers of the economy, given the purpose that Informs inside. As the new things in the form of scientific texts, books Economic Bilingual has unique characteristics in accordance with the purpose of writing. Nurdin (2014: 48) Explains that the writing of scientific texts, style guides or registers have Reviews their own characteristics. This is based on the issues Discussed, as well as the reader penggunanya.Oleh Therefore, the hallmark of scientific texts growing niche informative language, dense and accurate based on the findings of research or analysis. Characteristics of scientific is register. This is due to the type of the text contained in the economics term that is composed by the group of nouns. Halliday (161: 2005) Explains that "most technical terms are nominal group constituently, usually things Classifier ^ thing or compounds" . statement is largely formed from the technical term nominal groups, the which in general is the incorporation of a "classifier thing "(explanatory objects).

In general, the model of structure is not only a noun group "classifier thing (modified object).Halliday and Martin (2005: 171) also Explains that the structure of the noun group consists of four models. The first models is the classifier of "Realized as types of, kind of, sort of (Realizing hyponymy)". Hyponymy and hypernymy in linguistic dictionary (2009: 83) meaningful relationships between specific meaning and significance of generic or between members of taxonomy and taxonomic. The next noun group Pre-deictic. Purpose group of nouns are: "Realized as parts of, elements of, aspect of (Realizing meronymy)" (Halliday, 2005: 171) In the dictionary of linguistics (2009: 152) meronimi meaningful classification of language elements based on the relationship part of, for example, is steering and brakes are part of the bike. The next group is the classifier noun thing. According to Halliday (2005: 171) "Classifier ^ thing to Realize super ordinate. Examples of groups of nouns are black box. The adjective black represents the classifier or explanatory, and the box is a thing or a noun. Meanwhile, last noun group is possesive-deictic ^ thing, Halliday (2005: 172) refer to this as a noun group Realizing meronymy Structures "(2005:172). In the book Economic Bilingual Text Book there are a number of groups of nouns. The group Became constituent Because noun phrase in scientific texts, always Characterized by a number of registers / specific term.

As subtitles, of course nouns Reviews their own communications information as subtitles, of course nouns Reviews their own communications infrastructure change when converted into Indonesian. The form of the translation is the communication infrastructure itself based on these two examples of noun phrases, there was a difference. The difference is that the grammatical

arrangement. The composition of different grammatical English with Indonesian, considering both have their own systems. Yet the difference does not affect the accuracy of meaning. It can be said that the shift in the composition of grammatical noun phrases from English into Indonesian

Translation is closely related to the grammatical structure; therefore, the grammatical structure of both languages should be known to get a good translation. One of the language grammatical units is a phrase. It is usually inserted into a sentence. There are several types of phrases, such as noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, and preposition phrase. In this study, it focuses on clauses and phrase. Clausues and phrases oftenly found in the text book such novel, science book, newspaper and poem.one of the sample is noun phrase, it can be categorized into two types; they are simple noun phrase and complex noun phrase. Simple noun phrase is any group of words, which consist of modifier and head. Head here consists of noun itself and pronoun. There is a phrase longer than simple noun phrase, it is complex noun phrase. In total, complex noun phrase can be composed of four major components: determiners, premodifiers, heads, and post modifiers. When a word is translated into a phrase. For instance

SL : Tantangan Ekonomi Tl : Economic Challenges

Based on the data above, it can be seen that shifts occur in the translation because there is structure exchangedfrom the phrase “Tantangan Ekonomi” in Indonesian translated become “Economic Challenges” in English.The structure occursshift in a phrase becausethe both of the languages has different structure in grammatical, which the structure in English was Modifier+head and it shifted

intomodifier head qualifier in Indonesia.From this case make the translation product needs any consideration when it is translated into English as TL. It purposes so that the translation product is readiable.

Shift is a huge phenomenon when the translator is still confused in differentiating the word order of head words and also the change in a part of speech. As stated in the previous example, in a complex noun phrase which is translated into structure modifier head qualifier in Indonesianthe change into Modifier+head takes place. Related to the explanation above, this topic is interesting to be discussed as known that shifts sometime occur in the process of translation and the form of the message is acceptable because of translation equivalence. For instance:

SL : Mulai dari memberikan susu dan makanan, memakaikan bajudan celana, hingga mengenalkan bahasa dan etika berlaku.

TL : They have provided us the food, milk, clothes, and introduced us to language and behaviour ethnics.

From the sample above, it can be seen that there is a shift in a class. It is marked with SL“memakaikan baju” translated into “clothes” in TL. The shift is occured here as Class shift. It means that class shift occcurs when SL “memakaikan baju” as Verb but it undergo an exchange in TL to be “Noun” namely “Clothes”. So it is clear that when translated runs the translator must make an equivalent of SL.

Translation is a process of finding the textual equivalence of the SL in the TL to convey the meaning. A text, first of all, conveys“textual meaning” that refers to the way of the text in which it is organized as apiece of writing (or speech) (Eggins, 1994:12). A text is usually constructed byseveral sentences

transmitting some informative messages. Each sentence has itsown meaning shown by the use of verb as the center of sentence; hence, the verbbecomes the most important part of a sentence. By considering the verb, weshould get the information of sentence in the text. In a sentence, verb is usually in the form of verb phrase as the predicate of the sentence that occurs after the subject.

Nowadays, many of English books such as novel has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia. This surely brings a great advantage to Indonesian people. Nevertheless, it is possible that shifts also occur in the translated science such bilingual book. It also impact to the translation which certaitly found shift. The shift is useful to convey an idea or meaning in SL so that the idea or meaning in TL can be understood correctly by the readers.

One of the Bilingual Book that has been translated from Indonesian into English is Economic Book. In the translation in English the bilingual book contains shift to establish equivalent and the exact structure in TL so that the translation could be natural and communicativeso that to find the same equivalent in TL, it’s translated by repeating the base form sometimes.

The fact that the translator faces the condition that forces him/her to make shifts to keep the meanings constant so that the messages can be conveyed naturally and communicatively makes me interested in analyzing it. That is shifts usually occur in the translation from English into Indonesian or Indonesian to English. In this thesis, the researcher will analyze the translation shift used in Economic Text Book Bilingual.

1.2 The Problems of the Study

The problems of the study are formulated as the following :

1. What types of translation shift are used in the translation of Economic Bilingual Text Book?

2. How are the pattern of shift used by Economic Bilingual Text Book? 3. Why are the shifts realized in Economic Bilingual Text Book?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems of the study, the objectives of the study are as following :

1. To find out the types of translation shift in translation of Economic Bilingual Text Book

2. To describe the pattern of shift used by Economic Bilingual Text Book tobridge the different grammatical structures between Indonesian andEnglish

3. To explain the realizedin EconomicBilingual Text Book

1.4 The Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is limited to kinds of translation shifts which shown in Economic Bilingual Text Book. But in this study just focused on one volume. This book consists of five chapters but in this study just limited on two chapters. The aspect will be analyzed by using the theory of translation shifts provided by Catford (1965). He divides into two major types, namely level shifts and category shift. This study is just limited to category shifts, namely structure

shift, class shift, unit shift and intra system shift that occur in the process of translation from Indonesian into English in Economic Bilingual Text Book which is written byMulyadi, E., and Mardiyatmo (2009).

1.5 The Significance of the Study

The findings of the study are expected to be relevant and significant theoretically and practically. The findings will give some contributions to all the readers for those who are concerned with this field. In the following significances of the study are stated theoretically and practically.

a. Theoretically

Theoretically, the usefulness of the findings is described as the following:

1. The study will explore the science about translating SL to the TL, particularly from Englishinto Indonesian.

2. The study will introduce of the betterprocedures in translating from SL to the TL ones.

b. Practically

Practically, the usefulness of the findings is described as the following:

1. By knowing the translation procedures, it is expected that the translators will be able to apply the appropriate using the method or theory in translating the English into Indonesian.

2. It also would like to contribute information to the practitioners, prospective translators, students of translation courses and any other readers who are interested in studying translation especially in translation shifts.

9 2.1 Translation

Translation has become a main topic among the linguists for many years. A lot of theories about translation are set forth in different approaches by them in the field of translation in line with their different points of view concerning translation as a solvent art, as a puposive activity or something else. These different theories denote general guidelines provided for the translators and the translation students in working with translation profesionally.

Beside that, the translation itself is not only about the equivalent word which is accurate, acceptable and readeable but also connecting the word with the culture where the language belong to. This opinion is supported ny Newmark (1988:94) by stating that frequently where there is cultural focus, ther is translation problem due to the cultural ‘gap’ or distance between SL and TL. Many famous linguists from different countries denote their thought and oponion due to translation issues.

According to Catford (1965:1), translation is an operation perfomed on languages; a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another. While Nababan (1999:19-20) emphasizes that translation, stylistic is urgently brought into consideration because in hierachy; diffrent disciplines, such as, literature, science and others have their own stylistic in expressing meaning. The author’s ides is in line with Kridalaksana’s concept that translation is the transfer of the message from the SL to TL by firstly expressing its meaning and secondly its stylistic.Inspired by Catford’s and Newmark’s concepts of translation,

Rochayah Machali comes to a conclusion that: (1) translation is an endavor of replacing a SL text by the equivalent TL text, and (2) what is meant ‘meaning’ of the translation is the natural meaning as intended by the author. Consequently, in translation, a translator deals with reproducing the meaningof a SL text in a TL text. It means that the translator’s goal is to create a new communication in the natural form of the TL; hence, he must be aware of the sociolinguistic context of the translation and assertively manages to bridge the space between the source author and the target readers.

According to Munday ( 2001: 5) translation is ....as changing of an original written text in the original verbal language into a written text in a different verbal language.

Relate to the equivalence matter as a keyword, Catford defines translation as replacement of source language text to equivalent text in the target language.“ the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) and the term equivalent is a clearly a key term”. (Catford, 1965: 20-21). Although it is very rarely, the equivalent in a word from source language to the target language, but it can function as equivalently when it is interchangeable.

Based on the two definitions of translation above, there is an agreement that translation is a process that involves relationship between two or multy language which it emphasizes a similarity. It is called as equivalence. In translatin which then occur of transfer in meaning from source language to the target langua ge, by message accuracy, readable, and acceptability product (Nababan 2010).

From a different perspective but it is still relevant to translational as “ The translation is intended to restate in one language what someone else said or wrote in another language” (Ernst & Gutt in Hickey, 1998: 46). It means that transaltion is an effort to restate what has been spoken or written from one language to another language.

Related about meaning, Larson (1984) defines translation is as transfer the meaning from the source language to the target language through three steps approach, namely: 1) studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text; 2) analyzing the source language text to find its meaning; and 3) reveal the meaning of the same by using the lexicon and grammatical structure corresponding language target.

Is there any relationship between the translation wit an art ?. Bell argues in a debate about the status of translation process as a science or an art. Both lead to two different things, it means that where science is identical with an objectivity, while art tends to refer not amenable to objective. Beside of the dichotomy of art and science, Bell asserts the notion of translation similar with Catford,“ Translation Is the expression in another language or target language of what has been Expressed in another, the source language, preserving the semantic and stylistic equivalences” (Bell, 1991: 4-5).

Based on some definitions concerning the translation above, there is an agreement that translation is an activity that concerns relation between two or multy language then occur transfering process of meaning from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL), by accuracy message, legibility, and acceptance that will lead to the translation products are good, as stated Halliday in

Steiner ( 2001 : 17) that “A good translation is a text the which is a translation (ieis equivalent) in respect of Reviews those linguistic feautures the which are most valued in the given transalation“, it means that a good translation is a text which is equivalent translation associated with the linguistic features of value in the context of translation.

Other hand, Nida and Taber (1969) states that translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language massage, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. From the statement, it can be concluded that translation translation process is reflection and stress to dynamic equivalent.

Newmark (1981) also states that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written massage and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. And Pinchuck (1977:38) states that Translation is a process of finding a TL equivalent for a SL utterance. It is clear that translate a text not only transfer a meaning but a translator mush have skills,art and so that its translation product can be equivalent and easy to understand.

Brislin (1976) states that translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf.

Venuti (1991:1) defines that I see translation as the attempt to produce a text so transparent that it does not seem to be translated.

According to Wills and Noss (1982) states that translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntatic,the systematic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the SL.

2.2. Types of Translation

Basically, the translation can be divided into three types: (1) translation intralingual or rewording, the interpretation of verbal signs by using Another sign of the same language; (2) interlingual translation or translation proper, is an interpretation of verbal signs by using language (language) other; and (3) intersemiotic translation or transmutation, namely `interpretation verbal sign with a sign in the system of non-verbal signs (Jakobson in Venuti, 2000: 114). Type the first translation or intralingual, it is regarding the process interpret verbal signs with other signs in the same language. In the second type of translation (interlingual translation) is not only a match / compare symbol, but also the equivalent of two symbols and layout rules or in other words, knowing the meaning of the whole speech. The third type of translation that transmutation, regarding the transfer of a message from a kind of symbol system into another system of symbols as is usual in U.S A Navy a verbal message can be sent via message flag by raising the appropriate flag in the correct order ( Nida, 1964: 4 ). Type translation intended in this case is the interlingual translation or translation proper.

While Larson in Choliluddin (2005: 22) classifies translation in two types, namely Form-based translation and Meaning-based translation.Translation based forms, it tends to follow the form of the source language is known as the

literal translation, while meaning based translation tends to communicate the mea ning from the source language text in the target language naturally.This translation is known as idiomatic translation.

The devision types of translation theory based on Larson has the same shifts with theory from Catford. He develops Form Based Translation becomes category shifts into four types, namely:

1. Structural shifts

2. Class shifts

3. Unit shifts

4. Intra-System shifts

2.3. Complexity Translation

Translation is not a simple thing, but something that can be categorized as something complex. It is caused that translation can not be separated from the various factor that relate to the linguistic and cultural factors. The complexity of the translation that has been mentioned in the background previously confirmed by Hatim that “A translation work is a multi-faceted activity; it is not a simple matter of vocabulary and grammar only but that it can never be separated from the culture “ (Hatim,2001: 10). It means that translation does not include process but it covers vocabulary,grammar and culture.

Beside a translator must masters in Sl and Tl. He must be required to have another skill and knowledge in different discipline field. It depends on the text

that he will be translating. At this argument is supported by Richards“ Translation as very probably the most complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the cosmos” (Hatim.2001: 11).

The complexity is faced by the translator as explaination above. It is required more skill to apply the twon main pillars as a profesional translation. At the first is the application of techniques translation and the second is the application of the shifts on the translated text.

Because of the complexity of the translation process, the professionalism is something that is absolute. Professionalism in this case is characterized by several competence, namely:

1) Ideal bilingual competence

2) Have expertise in the basic knowledge of text genre and skilled concluded / inference), and

3) Competence in communication (Bell, 1991: 38-41).

Having skills and competencies above can be marked as the ideal translator or ideal interpreter, which later he/she will master or able expertly by applying translation techniques in work. In carrying out the translation activities, the translator cannot be separated from technical problems. various types of translation techniques mentioned above are a necessity that must be possessed.

To solve the complexity of translation as described in the previous, then a translator is required by the application of various techniques translation as mentioned above, in practicing is applied tentatively. In addition by application of

various techniques translation, the second thing, which is commonly applied are shifts in the translation process.

2.4. Equivalence in Translation

The target language becomes a product or translation process. Ideally, it is kind of is a equivalent product by the accuracy message from the source language, legibility, and product acceptance. The equivalence concerns at the level lexeme (word), phrases (above word level), grammatical, textual, or at the level of pragmatics. But in this case, (Mona Baker, 1992: 6) stated that .” it is used here with the proviso that Although equivalence can usually be obtained to some extent, it is influenced by a variety of linguistic and cultural factors and is therefore always relative”, it means that the overall level used on condition that although equivalence can be practiced, it remains influenced by a variety of linguistic and cultural factors; which therefore nature is relative.

Due the concept that the translation is a representation of a text placement or equivalent from one language to another, so the different languages text can be equivalent in different levels.“ Text In different language can be equivalent in different degrees, the level of presentation, and ranks”. (Bell, 1991: 6).

In contrast to Baker, Mary Snell and Hornby use parallel terms text as a substitute equivalent. A translation results are always obtained from the text other; parallel text, which is the result of two independent text from the linguistic and derived from a situation which is very identical. “A Translation is always derived from another text. Parallel texts are two linguistically independent product arising from identical situation”. (Snell, 1998: 86). But in substance they are same,

because the equivalence with the parallels are two synonymous terms - namely, that a message contained in the source language to the target language through the reader.

Inaccuracies in translation characterized by unequivalent between of soure language to the target discussed, it is then referred to as not good translation product because of both the source language and the target language does not contain the same idea, as proposed by Halliday in Systemic Functional Grammar “ that translation equivalence is define in ideational terms; if a text does not match its source text idetionally, it does not quality as a translation, so the question whether it is a god does not arise translation” (Halliday, 2001: 16).

2.5. Translation Shifts

Catford (1965:73-82) syas that shifts in translation are known as those changes which occur or may occur in the process of translation. They result, more of the time, for the attempt to deal with the systemic differences between ST and TT languages. The notion ‘translation shifts’ has been directly or indirectly investigated by every theorist who has ever mentioned linguistic translation in their studies, since the process of translation itself may be regarded as a transformation when a system of a certain code is substituted with another by preserving identical communication function, reporting the same message and its functional dominant. However, the most prominent name in this field is Catford. According to translation descriptive studies. Catford is the first scholar using this term in his ‘A Linguistic Theory of Translation’. He uses it to refer to those small

linguistic changes that occur between ST and TT, He defines it as “departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to TL”(19965:73).

Hatim and Munday (2004:27) see that Catford’s formal correspondence’ and ‘textual equivalence’ are crucially related to Saussure’s distinction between ‘langue’ and ‘parole’. Formal correspondence refers to the fairly ‘stable langue’, and textual equivalence has to do with ‘a variable parole’,i.e, all that which language user might say, write or understand the actual situation. Shifts within Catford’s framework occur at grammatical and lexical levels. Therefore, their investigation is pursued within or beyond the boundaries of the sentence as an upper rank. He limits his theory of shifts to textual equivalence. In other work, he sees that shifts tend to occur when there is no formal correspondence between two linguistic codes. These shifts are seen as those utterances of translation which can be identified as textual equivalence between ST and TT utterances.

Catford ( 1965:73-82 ) divides shifts into major types, i.e.: 2.5.1 Level Shifts

Shifts of level occurs when a SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level. It includes shifts from grammar to lexis and vice-versa. Catford points out that, cases of shifts from grammar to lexis are quite frequent in translation between languages.

2.5.2 Category Shifts

Category shifts refers to unbounded and rank-bounded translation. The first being approximately normal or free translation in which SL and TL equivalents are up at whatever rank is appropriate. It is clear that category shift is

unbounded, which might be normal of free translation, depends on what rank is appropriate. It includes, structure, class, and intra-system shifts.

2.5.2.1 Structure Shifts

Languages exhibit a considerable amount of differences both in the realization of similar structures existing in the languages and in the types of structure existing in each language. Structure, where one element is typically obligatory while other elements are optional and an agreement between the head and its modifiers are usually observed in some languages. However, languages vary so widely in the restriction. In the English nominal group, for instance, this agreement is observed between articles and nouns but overlooked between noun and adjectives. This is a potential area of structural shifts in translation. Another type of dependency relations is that of the exclusion relation which is useful for defining some grammatical classes such as the verb of state in English which do not agree with auxiliaries for the progressive aspect, and proper nouns which do not take the definite article ‘the’. Catford considers structure shifts, the most frequent type of shifts, may occur at all ranks. Structure shifts is said to occur when there is no formal correspondence between the two languages involved in the process of translation. Structure shifts Mau occur at other ranks. For instance, from active to passive voice.

SL : You can come in now ( intransitive voice )

TL : Anda dipersilahkan masuk sekarang ( passive voice ) 2.5.2.2 Class Shifts

By a class, it is meant the grouping of the constituents of a unit according to the way they operate in the structure of another unit next higher in rank. In

other words, a class refers to any set of items having the same possibilities of operation in the structure of a particular unit. Class shift occurs when the translation equivalence of an SL items is a member of a different class from the original item. It is a change in word class. Catford defines class shifts following Haliday’s definition “that grouping of members of a given unit which is defined by operation in the structure of the unit next above” (in Hatim and Munday, 2004:45). Structure shifts entail class shifts. This is because of the “logical independence of class on structure” (Catford, 1965:119). Class shifts occur in other classes, from adjective to verb, verb to noun, noun to adjective,and so forth. For instance, from adverb to verb.

SL : You should be on time ( adverb ) TL : kamu harus datang tepat waktu ( verb ) 2.5.2.3 Unit Shifts

The descriptive units of the grammar of any language arranged into meaningful, stretches’ or patterns. One single instance of these patterns is called unit. Unit shifts occur when translation equivalent of a ST unit one rank in is a unit at a different rank in the TL. It includes shift from morpheme to a word, word to phrase, clause to sentence, and vice versa. To sum up, textual equivalence may required changes in units, number, person, structure etc. These grammatical changes are seen as those obligatory shifts when dealing with two different linguistic code in his/her translation of each element in discourse, so that to succeeded in reading the text as a whole unit of discourse. Any change of grammatical function or category of the lexical elements may have a certain effect

on the TT lexical cohesion network and meaning. For instance, from phrase to word :

SL : His brother is a naughty boy TL : Saudaranya nakal

2.5.2.4 Intra System Shifts

By a system, it is meant the close number of elements among which a choice must be made. In fact, the terms available in each system in one language can show fundamental differences from the terms of the same system in another language. This can be considered as a major source of shifts at this level of language description. In other words, intra system shifts refer to those changes that occur internally within a system. They are regarded only on the assumption that is formal correspondence between two languages, i.e. SL-TL should poses approximate systems. The equivalence is said to occur at a non corresponding term in the TL system. All languages have their systems of number, deixis, articles, etc. Intra system shifts happen when a term is a singular in the ST and its textual equivalent is plural, or vice versa (a change in number even though the languages have the same number system). It is worth noting here that the translator is compelled to be bound by the SL writer’s choice; otherwise, her/his performance is destined to be erroneous. In cases where compatible terms with the source system are taking place in the target system, the translator has to bridge the gap by using some other means. For instance, from the system to describe a singular or plural noun.

SL : stone (singular),stones (plural) TL : batu (singular), batu-batu (plural)

2.6 Shifts in Meaning

In the context of a shift in meaning, words, phrases, clauses are fixed, but the shift is its meaning. The shifts in meaning occur to cause to one word has the primary meanig and secondary meaning. It can be seen in a shift in meaning of morpheme ‘run’. in the following example:

His firm runs in export-import = Perusahaannya bergerak di bidang export import.

A shift in meaning, the word meaning, phrases, and clauses shift from a primary to a secondary meaning in the changing context .

2.6.1 Shifts in Form

Larson (1984: 3) associates the word “Meaning” in defining translation sta tes that “translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is be ing transferred and must be held constant”. It means that when we try to translate a text,it is possible the form is change, but the meaning may not change, shift or maintain.

Catford gives more complete description about theory shifts in form, but it is more than just a change in the grammatical context. According to Catford (1965: 20) translation as “ the replacement of textual material in one lannguage (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). According Catfords’s principles, the central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL translation equivalent. It means to transfer the source language by expressing

same message in the target language.

In translation process, a common problem is found a factabout unabsolute synonymy between lexemes in the same language. In practice this needs as importantly shifts as an alternative.

To shifts from one language to another is to alter the forms. Further, the contrasting forms convey meanings which cannot but fail to coincide totally; there is no absolute synonymy between words in the same language. (Bell, 1991: 6).

According Hornby and Snell (1998) states “The text is not purely a linguistic phenomenon, but also be seen in terms of its communicative function” (Hornby and Snell, 1988: 69). It is confirmed that as a means of communication, related to the subject of translation, it is required the various of approaches to render the source language to target language communicatively, in this case, the shifts is one of absolute approach in the implementation.

Newmark (1988: 85-86) defines “A translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from the source language to the target language”. Newmark gives the limitation shifts in grammatical terms, and then he outlines it into three types : 1) the shift in singular to plural form, 2) changes SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL, and 3) a shift as Literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the the target language.

Other theories relates with translation shifts described by Simatupang (2000: 74) states that “Every language is unique and has its own rules. Because every language has its own rules, then the difference of these rules will lead to a shift”. Furthermore Simatupang (2000: 82) mentions the types of shifts in translation as follows:

1) The shift at the level of morpheme Impolite Tidak sopan

2) The shift in the level of syntactic words to phrases Kitty Anak kucing

3) The shift at the level of phrases to clause

SL : Not knowing what to say, (he just kept quiet)

TL : (Karena) dia tidak tahu apa yang hendak dikatakannya. 4) The shift at the level of phrases into sentences

SL: His misinterpretation of the situation (caused his downfall)

TL: Dia salah menafsirkan situasi (dan itulah yang menyebabkan kejatuhannya).

5) The shift in the level clause to sentence

SL: Her unusual voice and singing style thrilled her fans, who reacted by screaming, crying, and clapping.

TL: Suaranya yang luar biasa dan gayanya bernyanyi memikat para penggemarnya. Mereka memberikan reaksi dengan cara teriak dan bertepuk tangan.

Furthermore, Moentaha (2006: 57) describes the problems with the same substance with different designations. Terminology shifts is like as Catford and Simatupang mentioned, it is called replacements by Montaha. Furthermore.

Moentaha divided replacement techniques in the process translation into five parts, namely:1) the replacement of the word class, 2) replacement parts of the sentence, and 3) the replacement of lexical.

Among of the three sections, replacement of word classes have in common with two shifts category Catford’s version; namely structural shifts and class shifts as in the example at the level of reimbursement the following words:

1 2 3 4 SL: Severe acute respiratory syndrome

4 3 3 1

TL: Sindrom pernafasan akut parah

In the example above substitution positions where the word level in Catford version of the phenomenon in the category of Structural shifts. While the replacement of the word class in the following example, the Catford version incoming on class shifts.

SL

They insist on higher wages, better living conditions and shorter working hours.

TL

Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji, perbaikan syarat-syarat kehidupan dan pengurangan jam kerja

In the example above, the adjective of higher, better, and shorter shift to become kenaikan, perbaikan and pengurangan.

Neither Catford, Simatupang and Moentaha have same oponiom about shift in form, but it is different that Simatupang and Moentaha do not categorize shift as detail as Catford conducted in shifts, such as structural shifts, shifts unit, class shifts, as well as intra-system shifts.

The complexity faced by an interpreter as described in previous section, require more skill to apply the shifts. Shift is a formal process in translating the bridge two concepts in two different languages to get the translation results

equivalent. ...” Departures. from formal correspondence in the process of going from the the source language to the target language; A translation shifts is deemed to have occured “(Catford, 1965: 73). Shifts in lexical, phrase or clause are believed to overcome deadlock caused by the differences between two different languages. To convey the information contained in a text or implicit message. In the source language an interpreter should also pay attention translation procedure. Catford (1965: 82) suggests a shift form as a translation procedure commonly found.

While the translation technique is text processing procedure locally and individuals who operate on a small scale (in the translation unit) which smaller than the text and it used to achieve the linguistic result as real, i.e transpo sition, paraphrase and disappearances. Both the method and goal oriented techniqu es, whereas problem-oriented strategies, namely used when a translator realized that the usual procedure is not enough to achieve certain goals (Setia, 2010).

Another thing to be considered in translation are two models that are technical emphasis of the two sides, the Source Language Emphasis and Target Language Emphasis.

SL Emphasis TL Emphasis

Word-for-word translation Adaptation

Literal translation Free translation Faithful translation Idiomatic translation

Semantic translation * Communicative translation Diagram V Translation Method (Newmark, 1998: 45)

Translation method-oriented from source language, it is represented by the word-by-word, literal translation method, the method faithful translation and semantic translation methods. Oriented translation method is represented by a target language translation method adaptation, free translation method, the method idiomatic translation, and communicative translation method.

2.8 Definition of Text

According to Riyadi Santosa (2001: 15) language always appears in text form, as language in this text always realize that a good verbal behavior that is central or dominant as contained in the social process of language or that are peripheral or that complement the social processes of non-linguistic. Meanwhile, according to Tri Wiratno (2003: 3-4), the text is a unit of language that expresses meaning contextually. Text has the organizational system, which is often called the structure of the text. This text structure is determined by the objectives, functions and cultural backgrounds that reflect the way of thinking. So, the text is not seen from the number of sentences or pages contained but of meaning and context surrounding disclosed.

While accprding to Julian House (2006:2) ‘text’ is a unit of a discourse whose function is communicative and which forms the object of analysis and description, while context is regarded as the circumstances relevant to the discourse under consideration.

The author defines text as “the wording of something written or printed, the actual words, phrases, and sentences as written”, a sequence of two or more words arranged in a grammatical construction and acting as a unit in a sentence.

Word is a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation that functions as a principle carrier of meaning. Wors are composed of one or more morphemes and are either the smallest units susceptible of independent use or consist of two or three such units combined under certain linking conditions, as with the loss of primary accent that distinguishes black-bird from black-bird. Words are usually seperated by spaces in writing, and distinguished phonologically as by accent in many languages. Phrase is a sequence of two or more words that does not contain a finite verb and its subject or complement, as a preposition and a noun or pronoun, an adjective and noun, or an adverb and verb wxpression refers to a particular word, or form of word: pld-fashion expression.

2.8.1 Bilingual Text

Hadaway& Young (2013) states bilingual books also known as dual language books, are available across genres and age groups, including classics and picturebooks in fiction and nonfiction. Since they involve translations from one language to another, we point out that the quality of translation is an important consideration. Literal translations may not maintain the integrity of a story; the ways that idioms, humor, culture, and syntax are expressed across languages requires special attention so that the intent of the story is communicated as naturally and accurately as possible. Bilingual texts can expose all students to culturally relevant reading that provides opportunities for students to see themselve reflected in what they read, to look into other cultures that may be quite different from their own, and to step into the place of others in a vicarious experience with books set in new places and with new cultures. This mirrors,

windows, and doors framework is at the heart of teaching in ways that demonstrate respect and acceptance, while providing rich cultural experiences through books (Bishop, 1990; Botelho& Rudman, 2009).

The term of “ Bilingualism ” in English as literally is the use of two languages or two of code language. In sociolinguistics of bilingualism has meaning the use of two languages in everyday interaction interchangeably. The limitation used of two languages, there are several opinions. According to Bloomfield said that bilingual people who are able to use two languages, if he can be proficient in two languages simultaneously. Good at using his mother tongue (L1) or any other language which is the language of both (L2). However, these restrictions are many who disagree, because a person may not be able to use two languages perfectly together. In ordinary circumstances, the opportunity to use B1 is more open than the opportunity to use L2. Or conversely, a person will be able to use its L1 L2 than when he lived in the environment regardless of its L1, making him better able to use L1 L2 than his.

2.8.2 Economy Bilingual Text

Dworin (2006) states that in contexts where bilingual books are not as available, bilingual books can be created by students and shared in school and at home to foster appreciation of both languages. Teachers can enlist community translators to help create dual-language books; text can be printed or typed on labels that are affixed to book pages alongside the first language, and dual-language audio recordings can be made as another means of accessing the books (see Rowe & Fain, 2013).To model the writing of narrative-focused (story-like) bilingual texts, bilingual books which tell a narrative story and/or draw on the life

experiences of the author can be used as mentor texts (cite) and as examples for writing lessons. For instance, through a read-aloud,the teacher can point out how an author might get ideas for writing, organize their thinking to tell a story, and draw on their culture to have voice and style. To use these texts effectively.

2.9 Relevant Studies

Translation theories can be applied in any field. Several relevant studies had observed and researched about translation. Especially translation procedure. Some relevant studies are needed to support and build the theories and development of this research. The first relevant studies conducted by Bánhegyi (2016) in this article tittled “Translation Shifts and Translator Strategies in the Hungarian Translation of Alice Munro’s “Boys and Girls”. This study deals with examined Alice Munro’s “Boys and Girls” and its Hungarian translation entitled “Fiuk, lanyok”. As part of a contrastive and text linguistic three-stage approach, some types of translation shifts have been identified first. Second, the function of these shifts has been examined with respect to the treatment of culture-specific realia, short story specific vocabulary and idiolect typifying characters and exposing social differences. Finally, the translator’s translation strategies have been explored. It has been concluded that Borbas applies a domesticating translation strategy in “Fiuk, lanyok”. In addition, a novel contrastive and text linguistics-based three-stage approach to the analysis of literary works has also been introduced, described and illustrated.

The second was conducted by Rezvani & Nouraey (2014) their international journal Iran entaittled “A Comparative Study of Shifts in English

Translations of The Quran: A Case Study on “Yusuf” Chapter. Based on the findings of the study, there was a statistically significant difference between US and LS, SS, IS and CS (i.e. all other groups of the shifts). This was true for all seven translations studied. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between LS and SS, IS and CS in all seven translations studied. Moreover, the uses of the last three groups of shifts, namely SS, IS and CS held similar frequencies. Thus, there were not any statistically significant differences observed among these groups of shifts in all seven translations studied. As mentioned before, the use of a shift has always been considered an inseparable element of a good and readable piece of translation. This could be due to the differences languages hold in nature (Yule, 1996). In other words these are the dynamics of languages; thisphenomenon functions as a tool aimed at achieving a better piece of translated text. Finding the relationship between different languages could be of considerable assistance to linguists, translators, researchers, etc., working in the realm of TS and other related disciplines. As the results of the present study revealed, the most frequently found shift types encountered in translating from Arabic into English were US and LS respectively. The other three shift types did not show any significant level of difference within the texts studied. Another important issue to be pointed out here is that nearly all of the seven translators whose works were studied had used these two top shift types with the highest frequencies in their translations. Comparing the results of shift-bound investigations in different languages of the world provides the readers with further data, which often contrasts the results of the present study (see for example Komijani 2005). The need for collecting empirical data on the frequency and type

of shifts in several translation contexts was previously highlighted. As translation shifts are known to act as the means to achieve a better translation, becoming familiar with their nature could be beneficia to the translation researchers, critics, etc. Thus, the results obtained from the present study are assumed to provide a better understanding of the act of translating from Arabic into English.

The third was conducted by Maasoum and Shahbaiki (2013) in their journal tittled “Translation Shifts in the Persian Translation of a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens”. It disscussed that translators use different strategies and approaches in the process of translation. One of these approaches is shift in translation. This study intends to find the realization of Catford’s shifts in the Persiantranslation of Charles Dickens’ “A Tale of Two Cities” by Ebrahim Younesi. The aim of this study is to find which types of shifts the translator uses, to compare the SL and the TL versions, and to investigate how faithful the translator is to the original text. Furthermore, it intends to find the problems translators face during the translation process. This paper analyses different kinds of category shifts which Catford divides into four subgroups: structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts and intra-system shifts in translation. To this end, forty sentences ofthe first six chapters of the novel were selected randomly and compared with their corresponding parts in the Persian translation. This study shows that among forty sentences that include forty-three shifts, unit shift is the most frequent type of shift. 37.5% of shifts are unit shifts, 30% class shifts, 12.5% structure shifts and 27.5% intra system shifts. It also shows that shifts are inevitable in some places in the translation process and this is because ofdifferent natures of languages and

variations that exist among them, so the translator is forced to deviate from the source text.

The fourth was conducted by Akbari (2012). In his International Journal of Linguistics was tittled “Structural Shifts in Translation of Children'sLiterature”. It disscussed about every language has its own linguistic characteristics and features, and that is why there are different languages. To convey a message, each language has its own wording system and forms, and these are to be changed when the same message is to be conveyed into another language, and it is this process of change which is called translation. It is true that the main task of the translator is to transfer the message of the source – language text into the receptor language, but finding absolute equivalence is almost impossible to be actualized. The ideal and absolute equivalence of structure is a chimera, because languages have distinct codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical stretches of languages and these forms have different meaning. The contrasting structures in two languages convey meanings which cannot but fail to coincide totally, and it is not the total meaning which is reproduced in the target language; something is always “ lost”, “added” or “altered” in the process of translation. Although translation is not a form of synonymy, it is possible to translate a sentence from one language into another in numerous corresponding sentences which are synonyms of one another. This means that translation is not a prescribed thing without any alternative. Rather, the translation of a certain statement can be reworded or restructured in numerous lexical or grammatical synonyms conveying the same message in different wordings or structures. The phenomenon of structural shift is a positive consequence of the translator s effort to establish

equivalence between two different language systems; that of the SL and that of the TL. It is the occurrence of structural shifts that affects the translator's awareness of structural discrepancies between the SL and TL. In this sense, structural shifts which result from re-arrangement,addition,omission, change of sentence tense can be defined as problem-solving strategies adopted consciously by translators of literary texts, may minimize the inevitable loss of meaning, through explicitation and compensation when rendering a text from English into Persian.

The fifth was conducted by Vossoughi & Pourebrahim (2010). In their journal was tittled “Applying Catford’s Shifts to the Farsi Translation of Psychology Texts”. In this study dealed with an attempt to investigate the realization of Catford’s shifts in the Farsi translation of English psychology texts, from a product-oriented point of view, shedding light on the areas where Farsi is different from English. Inspired by a study conducted by Khorshidi (2010), the two questions raised in the study sought to detect the kinds of shifts applied in the translation of English psychology texts according to Catford’s theory, and to explore the most frequently used shifts in those texts which include the normal aspects of Farsi psychology texts. To this end, five books on psychology (originally written in English) and their Farsi translations were chosen and a total of six chapters were selected randomly for the analysis. Through a contrastive analysis, 307 coupled pairs of source text and target text segments were detected and extracted from these six chapters and thence tabulated and analyzed, being observed as instances of the realization of Catford’s model of shifts. The obtained results of the corpora demonstrated that all types of shifts were used in the

translation of psychology texts from English into Farsi according to Catford’s theory. Furthermore, the results proved that structural shifts were the most frequently employed kinds of shifts.

The sixth was Alzuhdy (2013). In this journal was tittled “Analysis Of Translation Shifts In Bilingual Book From English-Indonesia”. It was found that Although considered a classic concept, the translation shift theory introduced by J.C. Catford through his book – which was a collection of lectures – A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965) is still frequently used in analyzing translation research. However, some references discussing this translation shifts contain some differences, inaccuracies, or at least limitations in applying the analysis. Therefore, it may result in some problems for the researchers to apply this theory in their studies. Catford distinguishes the translation shifts into two types, i.e. level shift and category shift, which aim to achieve good equivalence for the quality of resulted translations. These shifts may result from the lack of formal correspondence or other reasons, such as the style of writing, diction, or the translator’s willingness.The second type, category shifts, is further differentiated into four parts, i.e. structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-system shift. In this article, the writer tries to review the classic theory of translation shifts introduced by Catford by applying them in the samples taken from English into Bahasa Indonesia translations and vice versa.

The seventh was Jamal Al-Qinai (2009). In his study was tittled “Style Shift in Translation”. It disscussed that the phenomenon of style shift in translated texts is ascribed mainly to textual incompatibility in terms of rhetorical asymmetry and divergence at the formality level. Mandatory shifts result from a

systematic dissimilarity between the source language and the target language in terms of the underlying system of syntax, semantics and rhetorical patterns. At the textual level, shifts become more frequent in terms of cohesive relations which are manifest in endophoric references, substitution, ellipsis, conjunctions and punctuation. On the other hand, optional shifts are carried out by the translator's personal preferences under the influence of idiolect and level of proficiency in the target language. It is argued that diglossic divergence leads to an increase in the level of formality in translating and subtitling casual dialogues and conversations from English into Arabic. To demonstrate this, samples are taken from a corpus of translated texts to show how various stylistic patterns operate across cultures.

The eighth was conducted by Widarwati (2015). In her journal was tittled “An Analysis of Rank-Shift of Compound Complex Sentence Translation”. It was found that to describe the rank-shift of compound complex sentence translation in Harry Potter and the Orde of the Phoenix novel translation by Listiana Srisanti and also to describe the accuracy of those translation. This research belongs to qualitative descriptive research which document and informants are being the main sources data. The research findings are as follow. First, the form of rank-shift in the translation of compound complex sentences are: simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence and compound complex sentence. Second, the accuracy of translation is classified into three, namely: very accurate translation, accurate translation and inaccurate translation.

The nineth was conducted by Herman (2014). The journa was “Category Shifts In the English Translation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone Movie Subtitle into Indonesia”. It disscussed that find out the shifts in movie

subtitle of Harry Potter especially for the Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s stone Movie Subtitle into Indonesia. In translating text, shifts are inevitable. According to Catford (1965: 80) in Hatim (2001:15) classified the translation shifts into two major types of shift are identified: ‘Level Shift’ and ‘Category shift. Category shift can be as structure, class, unit, and intra-system shift. Problems discussed in this research: 1) what kinds of category shifts found in the movie of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s stone into Indonesia subtitle? 2) what is the dominant category shift found in the movie of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s stone into Indonesia subtitle? The data of this research were taken from the movie subtitle of Harry Potter from English into Indonesia by Togap. Finally, the findings show: 1) all kinds of category shifts found in the subtitle from English into Indonesia, 2) the dominant category shift found in movie subtitle is unit shift.

The tenth was conducted by Bramono (2014). In his journal about “Shifting Accuracy And Translation Result On Nominal Group Structure In Scientific Text (Systemic Functional Linguistic Approach) (An Analysis Of Wireless Networking And The Developing World Book And Its Translation). It was found that Nominal phrase is easily found in scientific text. Mostly it consists of thing and classifier. Halliday (2005) explained that there are four different nominal phrases. They are pre-classifier, classifier thing, pre-deictic d possessive deictive^thing. This paper will analyze a number of nominal phrase in a book entitled Wireless Networking in the Developing World and the translation. This paper focused on shifting and translation accuracy. Based on the result analysis, it can be concluded that there have been found two kind of nominal phrases, they are classifier^thing and pre-classifier. It was also often found that classifier^thing

shifted into things^classifier. But there was one of this type nominal phrase shifted into pre-classifier. Meanwhile the shifted did not influence the translation text. The accuracy is good. In the meantime, the shifted in pre-classifier type lead into inaccuracies. The grammatical structure is ambiguous which do not suitable in target language linguistic system.

The elevent was conducted by Wulandari (2012). In her journal was ”The Analysis Of Translation-Shift Of The English Noun Phrase Used it Garfield “Takes up Space” Comic”.this study was found that There are 100 clauses which have 106 rank shifts of noun phrases found in the data. The first category is Phrase Downward Rank Shift. The second category is Phrase Upward Rank Shift. The third category is Phrase to Word Downward Rank Shift. The fourth category is Word to Phrase Upward Shift. The last category is Phrase to Clause Upward Rank Shift. The researcher does not find any phrases in Clause to Phrase Downward Rank Shift. The researcher found the rank shift category based on Catford’s frame work (1974: 8) used in bilingual comics “Garfield takes up space”. By using the theory of shifts by Catford, it can be seen clearly that shifts occur in the translation of English Noun Phrase into Indonesian. There are some shift in translation occurs in the English noun phrases which are also translated into noun phrases in Indonesian as the target language. From the data, the most dominant category is Structure Shift, the second level is Unit Shift, the third level is Intra System Shift, furthermore the forth level is Class Shift.

The twelfth came from Zulfikar (2015). In his journal was tittled “Translation Shift and Technique Used in AD688G Smarfren’s User Manual Book”. It that study disscussed that to describe the shifts and the techniques occur

in translating AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual, and to find out the dominant shifts and techniques are used in AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual. The research was conducted by using qualitative descriptive design. The data of this study was clause, phrase, word, and sentence in AD688G Smartfern’s User Manual book as the source of data. The data was analyzed by using Cartford’s Theory (1965) to find the translation shifts and the translation techniques based on Molina and Albir (2002). The results of this study were (1) There were four kinds of category shifts used in AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual into Indonesia namely structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intrasystem shift, (2)There were 11 techniques used in AD688G Smartfren’s User Manual, and (3) The dominant shift used in AD886 G Smarfren’s User Manual was structure shift. Whereas, dominant techniques use d in AD886G Sma tfren’s User Manual in the translation was borrowing technique.

The thirteenth was conducted by Prawita (2015). In the thesis was entittled “Shifts in Translation of Complex Noun Phrase rom English into Indonesian in Oprah”. It explained about focusing on the shifts in translation of complex noun phrase from English into Indonesian in Oprah. It is aimed at analyzing the types of translation shifts of complex noun phrases, explaining the factors causing shifts to occur, and identifying the types of loss, gain, and skewing of information.The data were taken from the book entitled Oprah which is used as the source language, as well as its Indonesian version that has the same title, Oprah, is used as the target language. The data was collected using observation method and it was supported by implementing note taking in order to find, identify, and classify the data. The data was analyzed by applying the qualitative descriptive method.

The categorization of the complex noun phrase was explained using tree diagrams.There are two theories applied in this study, they are the theory of translation proposed by Catford to analyse the types of shifts in translation and the factors causing shifts to occur, and the theory of translation proposed by Nida to describe the types of loss, gain, and skewing of information found.The result indicates that complex noun phrase in English can be translated into Indonesian in two forms; they are complex noun phrase and non-complex noun phrase. Level shifts, structure shifts, and intra system shifts consist of complex noun phrases in translation. Meanwhile, class shifts and unit shifts consist of non complex noun phrases in the translation. The factors causing shifts to occur in the data were linguistic factors and cultural factors. Moreover, the occurrence of loss, gain, and skewing of information cannot be avoided.

The fourteenth came from Aisyah (2015). In the thesis was “The Shift and Equivalence in the English Translation from Indonesian Noun Phrases in The Poem Pantun Terang Bulan Di Midwest By Taufik Ismail”. In This research, the writer focuses on translation study that is the translation shift and equivalence in the poem „Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest’. The aims of this research are to describe the types of shift translation that occur in the poem and to describe the result of equivalence both of source and target language. The writer uses qualitative descriptive method in order to reach the objectives of the research. She is collecting, classifying, and analyzing the data.The results of this research are: first, all of types of translation shift based on Catford‟s theory are used in translating the poem. They are structure shift, intra-system shift, unit shift, and class shift. Second, the most translation shift occur is structure shift. Third, formal

and dynamic equivalence was analyzed based on Nida‟s theory. Fourth, based on analyzing the data, it can be concluded that shift can be defined as problem solving to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language into another language. Also, the equivalence is not similar. Form and meaning are frequently not fully equivalent, but forms may change but meaning must not change.

The last came from Muhtalifah (2011). The thesis was about “An Analysis of English – Indonesian Translation Shift in the Hannah Banana Short Story by Ribut Wahyudi “.in this study was analysis to know translation shift of Hannah Banana from English into Indonesia. In doing this research, she makes notes to find the differences and compares them certainly translation shifts analysis in the Hannah Banana. Then, she makes conclusion that translation shifts is a procedure involving a change in the grammar from the source language text to the target language text.In this research, the writer uses qualitative descriptive method. The writer reads the novel and then analyzes and identifies translation shift forms which appear in Hannah Banana. In the analysis of the translation shift in the Hannah Banana, it appears that the transposition used mostly to replace one word class with another word class and to compare the source language and the target language structures. From the results of analysis, the writer found the first shift (singular – plural; adjective +noun – noun + adjective); the third shift (noun + adjective - noun + clause; adjective + noun – noun + noun) and the fourth shift (the replacement of a verbal lexical gap in Bahasa Indonesia).

Those previous studies are relevant to this study since the theories and the finding can give some contributions to lead the better understanding on the

translation shifts and techniques used by researcher and translator in translation field. It is expected that this study will give the potential contribution for the people who wants to be a profesional translator or an intrepreter. Bacause translation is not only about shifts and techniques but it relates about culture, pragmatic, semantic and including sociolinguistic and other discipline knowledge.

2.10 Conceptual Framework

This research refers to translation shifts based on Catford (1965). In his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of Translation. He states that translation shift consists of two types namely level shift and category shift. And it tends refering to source language and target language. The theory which is used in analyzing this research is based on category shifts of Catford (1965) states that translation shifts has proposed which are used for sentences, clause, phrase and words. The translati on shifts are also able to be applied to overcome cultural untranslatablity which o bstructs the translators in doing translation activity.They are stucture shift, clas s shift, unit shift and intra system shift. While data are taken from bilingual taxt book namely Economic text. Afterwards the data collect by selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and transforming. All the data will displayed by tabulation table. It is usefull to find out the public finding so that it can be take a conclussion and varification.

The reason of translation shift occurred in Economic Bilingual Text Book was based on the Newmark (1988) which the target language is closer the souce language itself. It means that the translation must be readable in order to make

possible for the speaker/writer to orient himself in the context of situation. The translator must try and maintain the target language.

The data selection based on word, clauses, phrase and sentence. It is analy zed by using interactive model analasyis that consists of three steps, namely conde nsation includes selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and transforming. Af terward the data is displayed by tabulation. And then It is aimed to find the public finding so that creat the result analysis.

Figure 2.1 The Illustration of Conceptual Fraework Translation Shift Used in Economic Bilingual Text Book

Types of Translation

The Reason of Translation

Shift English The Pattern of

Translation Shift

Theory of Translation Shift Catford

(1965)

Structure Shift

Class Shift

Unit Shift

Intra System Shift

Data : Clauses Pharses and words

Translation Product

51 4.1 Data Analysis

This study deals with types of translation shift used in Economic Bilingual Text Book. The subject of the study were Economic Bilingual Text Book by Mardiyatmo (2009). While the data of the study were word, phrase and clause in translating of Economic Bilingual Text Book. The types of translation shift were divided into four types namely, structure shift, unit shift, class shift and Intra-system shift. Those types were existed and found out in analyzing data.

The data analysis were taken by listing, bold, recording the English teacher when she was teaching English in classroom. Afterwards the data were transcribed. The transcription of the data were analyzed based on Mile, Huberman & Saldhana (2014) by condensation which consists of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and transforming and then data display by using table in order to get easy analyzing the data and also answer the problem of the study as had been mentioned in the problem of the study at the first chapter, namely types of translation shift was based on ( Catford:1965) in order to answer the question number one and two. The reason of translation shift were used in Economic Bilingual Text Book. The last steps of data analysis were drwaing conclussion or data varification.

To find out the types of translation shift, the researcher firstly analyzed data by condensation consists of selecting, simplifying, focusing, abstracting and

transforming. And then the data was displayed by tabulation and then it was converted by explanation

4.1.1 The Types of Translation Shifts occur in Economic Bilingual Text Book Translation shifts were divided into two major types namely level shift and Category shifts. In this study concerned with Category shifts that consisted of four types namely structure shift, class-shift, unit shift, and intra system shift.

To find out the types of translation shifts in this study, the researcher firstly analyzed by condensation consists of:

1. Selecting

The Selection in data analysis was the words, phrases and clauses by using the bold type for source language and underline was used for target language. For instance:

Data 3

SL : Kebutuhan yang penting saja TL : Only the important needs

Based on the data above the clouse of “Kebutuhan yang penting saja” of source language shifted into “Only the important needs as target language. Shift was occurred in the structure. Which the structure of source language was as Modifier+head in SL and those were shifted into modifier head qualifier in English.

Data No 5

SL : Potongan harga bagi pelanggannya TL : Discounts for his customers

Based on the data above it was clear that the source languge “Potongan

harga was translated into “Discounts”. Here there was a change in the each of unit

namely “potongan Harga in source language consisted of two units. But in tthe target language shifted to be one unit namely “Discounts”. The next sample showed as below:

Data 11

SL : Tindakan yang dilakukan TL : That one performs

Based on the data above it could be seen that there was found the shift in class form. It was marked by SL “ Tindakan yang dilakukan” as pasive sentence

but it was translated to be active sentence namely “ That one performs” in target

language.

2. Focusing

Focusing in data analysis was to focus with the types of translation shift contained in the in Economic Bilingual Text Book. For Instance:

Table 4.1 Translation Shifts Used in Economic Bilingual Text Book

No Category Shifts Data Percentage (%)

1 Structure shift 91 51.1

2 Class shift 6 3.4

3 Unit shift 6 3.4

4 Intra- system shifts 75 42

Total 178 100

From the above table 4.1, it could be seen that the translation shifts used in Economic Bilingual Text Book, and there were 4 category shifts found namely:

structure shift, class shift, unit shift, intra-system shift. The researcher discovered 91 structure shift in Economic Bilingual Text Book. The researcher also gave the explanation why those translation shifts were applied in Economic Bilingual Text Book. The following part will show the explanation of the findings. According to the findings, there were some classifications taken the data from words, phrase and clause of the translation shifts used in Economic Bilingual Text Book.

3. Simplifying

The process of simplifying to analyzed and sharpened the the data based on the total number of translation shift used in Economic Bilingual Text Boo. It means that to find out the exact number of data which the shifts occured.

Table.4.2 The Number Data of Translation Shift Used in Economic Bilingual Text Book

N o

Types of Translation Shift

Number Data

1.

Structure Shift

1,2,3,4,7,12,15,16,17,18,21,22,24,25,27,29,30,31,32, 34,36,37,39,40,45,47,49,50,51,53,56,57,59,60,70,71, 73,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93, 94,95,96,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,1 09,110,111,112,113,114,116,117,118,119,120,121,1 22,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,1 34,135.

2.

Class Shift

3.

Unit Shift 5,6,9,10,13,14,20,23,38,61,68,69,84,85,98,136,137,6 7.

4.

Intra Sytem Shift 35,43,46,52,54,62,63,65,72,74,83,97,115.

4. Abstarcting

The process of abstracting data in this study was concluded and summerized the result of data analysis which types of translation shifts were used in translation of Economic Bilingual text Book.From all of data existed in translation of Economic Bilingual Text Book, it was found out that there were four types oftenly found, such as Struture shift, Class shift, Unit shift and Intra-system Shift. From all of those data were included as category shifts. And it also was consisted of word, phrase and clouse.

5. Transforming

By transforming the data were converted and changed to continoue after the fieldwork was overdone. In the analysis, the researcher gave the explanation why those shifts were used in gtranslating of Economic Bilingual text Book. The following part showed the explanation of the findings that showed by chart dipslayed below.

Chart 4.1 The Translation Shift Used In Economic Bilingual Text Book

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Structure Shift Class shift Unit Shift Intra System Shift

Translation Shifts

Based on the chart displayed above it could be concluded that the structure shift was the highest types found in translating of Economic Bilingual Text Book namely the total data was about 91 (51.1%), and the second type was Intra system shift was the total data about 75 (42 %), while Class shift and Unit Shift which both had the total number data about 6 (3.4%).

4.1.2 The Way of Translation Shift Used in Economic Bilingual Text Book (1) Structure shift

Structure shift happens because there is any grammatical shift occur It happens because the demand of the language structure of the SL to TL and it tends so much to the translator or the style of the certain translation. The examples are as the following:

Curriculum vitae

Ratna Soraya was born in Medan on August, 29 th, 1988. She is the first child of H. Sulaiman Effendi SH and Hj. Tuti Wildani SH. She graduated her formal education from Elementary School of Sd Kemala Bayangkari in 1994, Junior High School of SMP of Negeri 7 Medan in 2000, and Senior High School of SMA Negeri 12 Medan in 2003. Then, continued her Bachelor Degree majoring English Department at USU Medan, graduated in 2006, then she continued her study (SI) at the State University of Medan (UNIMED) majoring English Applied Linguistic Study Program for 2013-2017.

She had been teaching English since 2007 until 2017. Now she works at MAN 2 Model Medan. She prouds to be an English teacher.