2.2.4. Vocabulary
Vocabulary refers to the words used in a language. Phrases, clauses, and sentence are built up by vocabulary. Wilkins 1993 says vocabulary is very important
because without words we cannot speak at all.
2.2.5. Comprehension
Comprehension denotes the ability of understanding the speaker’s intention and general meaning, good comprehension refers to good understanding. Heaton
1991 also says so, it means that if a person can answer or express the ideas well and correctly, it shows that he comprehends or understands well. If someone’s
language understanding is good, it will affect the speaking ability. Those five aspects of speaking should be mastered by the learners in order to
master speaking ability. If those five aspects of speaking are mastered by the learners then it will be easier for the learners to improve their speaking ability.
2.3. Types of Speaking
Brown 2001 classifies the spoken language into two types they are monologue and dialogue. Those types of speaking will be explained in detail bellows:
2.3.1. Monologue
The meaning of monologue itself is the spoken language involves only one person in it. It is used when someone uses spoken language as in speech, news cast, radio
broadcast, lecture and others. In this type of speaking the listener does not interrupt the steam of the speech. The speech will go on whether the listener
comprehends or not. Monologue is divided into two types they are planned and
unplanned. The planned monologue means the speaker prepares the text to help his speech so he can speak fluently. The second is unplanned monologue which
means the speaker does not prepare any text for his speech, all words spoken comes from speakers’ mind spontaneously and naturally.
2.3.2. Dialogue
The second type of spoken language by Brown 2001 is dialogue. The meaning of dialogue is there are two or more speakers that involves in the speech. In the
dialogue there is an interaction between the speaker and also the listener who gives the feedback so there will be a conversation between them. Based on the
function dialogue is divided into two types they are interpersonal and transactional. The interpersonal dialogue is used when the speaker speaks in order
to promote the social relationship. Meanwhile the transactional dialogue is done when then conversation is done to convey factual information, so in the
transactional dialogue is used to get information from each other. In this research the type of speaking that was used during the speaking test was
monologue, since the students had to present their result of discussion using information transfer task.
2.4. Teaching Speaking
Teaching speaking is an important part in teaching language. Teaching speaking means teach people to be able to interact with the others verbally or communicate
in the right way. Teaching speaking is the way of teacher to teach their emotions, communicative needs, and how to interact with other people in any condition or
Kategori