defined by Ormrod as “…. a pattern of responding with anxiety even in
nonthreatening situations”
10
In addition Huberty defines “Trait Anxiety refers to
anxiety that is chronic and pervasive across situations and is not triggered by specific events.
”
11
Thus, in trait anxiety terms, it means that people will feel anxious for any situations they face.
To sum up, some experts mostly divides anxiety into two types, state and trait anxiety in which state anxiety is temporary anxious feeling depends on specific
situation. Besides و trait anxiety is an anxious feeling severed by people in every
situation.
3. The Anxiety Factors and Symptoms
a Anxiety Factors
According to Jeffrey S. Nevid, some factors which can make people feel
anxiety are:
1 Over self-prediction toward fear 2 Irrational faith
3 Over sensitivity toward threat 4 The sensitivity of anxiety
5 Wrong attribution body signal 6 Low self-efficacy.
12
b Anxiety Symptoms
1. Emotional Symptoms 1 Feelings of tension
2 apprehension 2. Cognitive Symptoms
1 Worry 2 Thoughts about inability to cope
3. Psychological symptoms. 1 Increased heart rate
2 Muscle tension
10
Ormrod, loc. cit.
11
Huberty, loc.cit.
12
Nevid, Rathus Greene, op. cit, pp. 180-183.
3 Other autonomic arousal symptoms. 4. Behavioral symptoms
1 Avoidance of feared situations 2 Decreased task performance
3 Increased startle response.
13
Another anxiety factors and symptoms also described by Thomas J. Huberty as follow:
Table 2.1
The Primary Characteristic of Anxiety
14
Cognitive Behavioral
Physiological
Concentration problems Motor restlessness
Tics Memory problems
Fidgets Recurrent, localized pain
Attention problems Task avoidance
Rapid heart rate Oversensitivity
Rapid speech Flushing of the skin
Difficulty solving problem Erratic behavior
Perspiration Worry
Irritability Headaches
Cognitive dysfunction - Distortion
- Deficiencies Withdrawal
Muscle tension
Attributional style problems Perfectionism
Sleeping problems Lack of participation
Nausea Failure to complete task
Vomiting
13
Michael W. Passer and Ronald E. Smith, Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour, New York: McGraw Hill Companies Inc. 2004, 2
nd
Edition, p. 513.
14
Huberty. op. cit , p. 14.
