important for incidental learning. Furthermore, Gass 1999: 322 proposes three conditions where words are more likely to be learned incidentally; a there are
recognized cognates between the native and the target languages, b there is significant L2 exposure cf. Nagy, Herman, and Anderson, 1985, or c other L2
related words are known.
6. Lexical Mapping
Mukarto 1999:28 argues that vocabulary in this study known as lexical entry mapping refers to a learning strategy used by language learners to identify and
specify lexical properties and eventually incorporate them into their existing lexical system or networks of the lexical properties. On the other hand, lexical properties
include among others, the phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspect of the lexical items. Swan’s 1997 as quoted in Mukarto 1999
claims that foreign language learners in Indonesia mapping second language vocabulary onto mother tongue is a basic and indispensable learning strategy seems
to be a general phenomenon. It can be inferred from the above theory that while identifying and specifying
a word, foreign or second language learners have their first effort of recognizing lexical properties of that word i.e. syntactic categories whether the word is noun,
verb, adjective or adverb of that word may become one of their recognition.
7. Derivational knowledge
According to O’Grady 1996: 144 derivation forms a word with a meaning
andor category distinct which its base through the addition of an affix. He adds that once formed, derived words become independent lexical items that receive their own
entry in speaker’s mental dictionary. On the other hand, these derivational affixes is one of the processes in words formation. Knowing words formation involves the
understanding of words as one part of language elements or sometimes called linguistic knowledge.
Derivational knowledge also reflects on affix acquisition. There are two terms relate to affixation. Firstly, term of suffix, known as an affix that comes at the end of
word. Secondly, term of prefix, known as an affix that comes in the beginning of word. It is already mentioned that the result of derivative affixes is a new word
which has different lexical categories from its base. The table below provides derivates affixes and the changes of its lexical categories O’Grady, 1996:
Affix Change Example
Suffixes -able
V
→
A fix-able, do-able, understand-able
-ation V
→
N realiz-ation,
assert-ion, protect-ion
-er V
→
N teach-er,
work-er -ing
1
V
→
N the
shoot-ing, the danc-ing -ing
2
V
→
A the sleep-ing giant, a blaz-ing fire
-ive V
→
A assert-ive,
impress-ive, restrict-ive
-al V
→
N refusal,
disposal -ment
V
→
N adjour-ment, treat-ment, amze-ment
-ful N
→
A faith-ful, hope-ful, dread-ful
-ial N
→
A president-ial,
nation-al, medic-al
-ian
1
N
→
A Arab-ian,
Singapore-an, Mali-an
-ian
2
N
→
A Einstein-ian, Newton-ian, Chomsky-an
-ic N
→
A cub-ic, optimist-ic, moron-ic
Affix Change Example
-ize N
→
V hospital-ize,
crystal-ize -less
N
→
A penni-less,
brain-less -ous
N
→
A poison-ous,
lecher-ous -ate
A
→
V activ-ate,
captiv-ate -en
A
→
V dead-en, black-en, hard-en
-ity A
→
N stupid-ity,
prior-ity -ize
2
A
→
V modern-ize,
familiar-ize -ly
A
→
Adv quiet-ly, slow-ly, careful-ly
-ness A
→
N happi-ness,
sad-ness Prefixes
anti- N
→
N anti-abortion,
anti-pollution de-
V
→
V de-active,
de-mystify dis-
V
→
V dis-continue,
dis-obey ex-
N
→
N ex-president, ex-wife, ex-friend
in- A
→
A in-competent,
in-complete mis-
V
→
V mis-identify,
mis-place un
1
- A
→
A un-happy, un-fair, un-intelligent
un
2-
V
→
V un-tie, un-lock, un-do
re- V
→
V re-think, re-do, re-state
Table 2.1 Some English Derivational Affixes Hence, the understanding of derivational knowledge does not only applying the affix
to form a new word from its base but also knowing the changes of its syntactic category.
B. Theoretical Framework
