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[fi:] which contains just one morpheme into, say, [f] and [i:] means by itself since sounds in themselves do not have meaning.
Morphemes, the morphological building blocks of words, are defined as the minimal linguistics units with a lexical or a grammatical meaning. For
instance, the noun buyer consists of two morphemes, buy and –er. The verbal morpheme buy is called a free or lexical morpheme, because it can occur as a
word by itself, whereas –er is an affix. Based on the definition above it can be conclude that Morpheme is a
meaningful of linguistics unit consisting of a word such as dog; is a word or a word element such as the –s at the end of dogs.
Morpheme can be classified as either free or bound form.
1. Free Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent word. For example, people, pretty, through, big, man, red, cut. Katamba
1993:41 stated that many words contain a root standing on its own. Roots, which are capable of standing independently, are called free morpheme.
2. Bound Morpheme
Another type of morpheme is the bound morpheme, which occurs only when attached to another morpheme. In other words, bound morpheme is
dependent form. Katamba 1993:42 stated on his book while only roots can be free morphemes, not all roots are free. Many roots are incapable of occurring in
isolation. They always occur with some other word-building elements combine to them.
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The types of bound morphemes include prefixes and suffixes. For examples:
suffix –ful in
faithful prefix -re
in return
suffix –ty in
safety
2.1.3 Words
Katamba 1993: 21 says that word is unit of language that comes meaning and consist of one or more morpheme which are linked more or less tightly
together and has a phonetically value, typically a word will consist of root or stem and zero or more affixes word can be combine to create phrase, clause, and
sentence. Words can be chopped into smaller pieces. At the phonological level,
words can be divided into syllables or segments, and segments into their constituent phonological features. At the morphological level, words may consist
of more than one unit as well. Words are usually the easiest units to identify in the written language. So
words are units composed of one or more morphemes; they are also the units of which phrases are composed.
For example in all right, English speaker might not agree whether all right is one word or two and as a result disputes may arise as to whether alright is the
correct way of writing all right.
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2.1.4 Roots, Bases and Stems
Coates 1999:27-29 says that when we look at words that have some internal structure, we may decide that the elements they consist of are not all
equal: that some are more central than others. In sending, for instance, we see the structure send-ing and conclude that
the free morpheme send has had the bound morpheme –ing attached after it, and not vice versa.
The key element to which others are added is called the Root of the word. In other word, Root is a morpheme on which the rest of a word is built. For
example, faith, frog, clean, hard, window. A base is the any structure to which an affix may be added. A base can be
a plain root. For example, switch, bottle, vanilla. A base can also consist of a root plus one or more affixes corny, ex-husband. That we knew, not all affixes are
lexical- some are grammatical. What that is added grammatical affixes to is called Stem. A Stem is
therefore a special kind of base. All stem are bases, but not all bases can be stems in English. For example: faith, window-clean, hardship.
2.2 The Process of Morphology 2.2.1 Affixation
Affixation is the adding of bound morphemes to the base to form a word. For example, be-head, discuss-ion, pre-pay, un-familiar-ity, form-al-is-able.
Katamba 1993:44 stated on his book an affix is a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other morpheme or morphemes such as root or
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stem or base. Obviously, by definition affixes are bound morpheme. No word may contain only an affix standing on its own, like –s or –ed or –al or even a number
of affixes strung together like –al-s. Bauer 1998:25 says that only some of recurrent sequences of letters or
sound, in the spoken form of the language which are not words are affixes. Affixes must also have their own meaning although it may be difficult to specify
precisely what that meaning is. For example, the un- in unfamiliarity means something like ‘not’, and is also found in other words like unnatural, unlikely,
uninspiring, etc. But although there are other words such as uncle, undercoat, uniform, unit which begin with the same letters and in some cases, the same
sounds as well, these words do not have the affix un- because the bit that is left if the affix is removed is not a word of English and the un- does not have the
appropriate meaning. According to Katamba 1993:47-48 Affixes can be divided into two
major functional categories, namely inflectional and derivational. This reflects
recognition of two principal word building process: inflection and derivation.
While all morphologists accept this distinction in some form, it is nevertheless one of the most contentious issues in morphological theory.
2.2.1.2 Inflectional Affixes
The purpose ofinflectional Affixes is to show the grammatical function of a form. For instance, Affixes –s is needed to change singular form to be plural
form. Affixes –ed is needed to change the base verbal form to be past form. While
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affixes –er and –est is needed to show that it is degree of comparison. In other word, it is changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached.
2.2.1.3 Derivational Affixes
In this term is different from inflectional affixes. In this form, it is changing the word-class from one word-class to another. For example, the
addition of –ly to the adjectives kind and simple produces the adverbs kind-ly and simp-ly. As rule, it is possible to derive an adverb by adding the suffix –ly to an
adjectival base. Affixes consist of suffixes, prefixes and infixes.
1. Suffixes
Suffixes sometimes called postfixes are the affixed morpheme goes after the stem. There some of suffixes in English:
a suffix –able
e,g:suit + -able = suitable consider + -able = considerable
b suffix –al
e,g : tradition + -al= traditional emotion + -al = emotional
globe + -al = global c
suffix –er e,g :play + -er = player
bank + -er = banker build + -er = builder
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d suffix –or
e.g :edit + -or = editor invest + -or = investor
moderate + -or = moderator e
suffix –tion e,g :cooperate + -ion = cooperation
decorate + -ion = decoration contribute + -ion = contribution
2. Prefixes
Prefixes are the affixed morpheme goes before the stem. There are some of prefixes:
a prefix dis-
e,g:dis- + agree = disagree dis- + cover = discover
dis- + like = dislike b
Prefix re- e.g :re- + write = rewrite
re- + construct = reconstruct c
Prefix un- e.g :un- + certain = uncertain
un- + aware = unaware un- + lucky = unlucky
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2.2.2 Reduplication
Reduplication:repetition copying. For example: Malay language orang ‘man’, orang-orang ‘men’. Reduplicatives are used in a variety of ways. Some
simply imitate sounds: ding-dong, bow-wow. Some suggest alternative movements: flip-flop, ping-pong. Some are disparaging: dilly-dally, wishy-washy.
And some intensify meaning: teeny-weeny, tip-top. Reduplication is not a major means of creating lexemes in English, but it is perhaps the most unusual one.
2.2.3 Compounding
Yule 1965:54 states that compounding is a joining of two separate words to produces a single form Thus, lehn and wort are combined to produced
lenwortin German. On the other wordsthis process is a compounding two or more base form and get word or form in new meaning. In English, this compounding of
words are very variation and complex form. There is some of variation form:
1. Compound Noun
a. noun + noun
For example: hand book
= handbook ‘buku pegangan’
mail box =
mailbox ‘kotak masuk email’ post office
= postoffice ‘kantor pos’
b. Adjective + Noun
For example: greenhouse
= greenhouse ‘rumah kaca’
red cross =
redcross ‘lambang Plang Merah’
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c. verb + Noun
For example: kill joy
= killjoy ‘orang yang suka merusak kesenangan orang lain’
break water =
breakwater ‘pemecah gelombang’ cut throat
= cut-throut ‘persaingan yang kejam’
2. Compound Adjective
Noun + adjective For example:
letter perfect = letter-perfect ‘melakukan hal yang pasti dan benar’
garden fresh = garden-fresh ‘kebun yang udaranya sejuk’
3. Compound Verb
Adjective + Noun For example:
bad mouth =
bad-mouth ‘mengatakan hal buruk tentang seseorang’ black list
= black-list ‘daftar hitam’ dicoret, tidak digunakan lagi
cold shoulder = cold-shoulder ‘acuh tak acuh’ selalu menghindari orang
yang tak ingin ditemui
2.2.4 Conversion
The conversion process is particularly productive in modern English, with new uses occurring frequently. The conversion can involve verbs becoming
nouns, with guess, must and spy as the sources of a guess, a must and a spy. Phrasal verbs to print out, to take over also become nouns a printout, a
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takeover. One complex verb combination want to be has become a new noun, as in he isn’t in the group, he’s just a wannabe.
2.2.5 Backformation
Backformation is a very specialized type of reduction process known as backformation Yule 1965:56. Typically, a word of one type usually a noun is
reduced to form a word of another type usually a verb. A good example of backformation is the process whereby the noun television first came into use and
then the verb televise was created form it. Other examples of words created by this process are: donate from ‘donation’, emote from ‘emotion’, and enthuse
from enthusiasm.
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3. THE ANALYSIS
