57 governments and communities. In addition, they may provide ongoing support to children in permanent
placements andor older adolescents living independently andor caring for young siblings.
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Strengthening justice systems – Holding perpetrators of violence against children and GBV accountable
can be an empowering experience for survivors and a deterrent to future abusers. PEPFAR partners can work with legal professionals, train community-based paralegals to bring criminal and civil cases against
perpetrators, and guide and support survivors through the legal system. Partners can also work closely with traditional justice systems to address crimes in ways that both seek justice and restore harmony
within communities and families. Because many child protection response activities are statutory and require a high level of technical competence, only partners with strong expertise and experience should
pursue, in a limited and selective manner, activities in these areas, primarily with the goal of building government capacity to carry out such functions.
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These activities are sustainable only when supported by government structures, and replicability often depends on the strength of these
government structures. PEPFAR partners should support long-term residential care orphanages only as a last resort and include
measures that prioritize permanency solutions,
176
such as regular case review and transition to family care.
177,178
In addition, PEPFAR partners should facilitate individual interventions only for children and families requiring secondary and tertiary interventions andor families that are in immediate danger.
Individual interventions should be goal-oriented and time-limited. Once danger has passed, children and families should be encouraged to join group activities. Individual interventions include casework, home
visiting, and counseling.
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Partners should avoid establishing parallel, unlicensed child protection services, e.g., casework or care placement services, which must legally be managed by government.
9.2.3 Community-based protection
Throughout both prevention and response activities, partners should build upon and strengthen existing community-level structures. At the same time, partners must be sensitive to any disconnect between
the formal and informal child protection subsystems and how differences in values, beliefs, and expectations between the formal system and community knowledge and practices might create conflict
and put children at further risk. In some communities, any formal interventions that are not sanctioned, supported, and carried out in coordination with community leaders may result in the isolation,
stigmatization, and in some cases, expulsion of a child and his or her family. At minimum, PEPFAR partners should support efforts to build better collaboration between formal child protection services
and informal supports. There is a literature and experience base for community-based child
174
Oaks EJ, Fruendlich M. 2004. The Role of Emergency Care as a Child Welfare Service: Summary of Findings and Recommendations. Children Rights.
http:www.childrensrights.orgwp-contentuploads200806role_of_emergency_care_as_child_welfare_service_sept_2004.pdf
175
Neudorf K, Taylor TM, Thurman TR. 2011. A Case Study: The Greater Rape Intervention Program. New Orleans: Tulane University.
176
Desmond C, Gow J. nd. The Cost-effectiveness of Six Models of Care and Vulnerable Children in South Africa. Evaluation database. UNICEF.
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The rigorous design and implementation of a series of studies of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project BEIP provides substantial support for ensuring that infants and young children are placed in family-based care rather than in institutions. They show that infants and young
children risk profound harm e.g., reduced growth, developmental delays from institutional care. Bos K, Fox N, Zeanah CH, Nelson CA III. 2009. Effects of early psychosocial deprivation on the development of memory and executive function. Front. Behavioral. Neuroscience. 3:16,
doi: 10.3389neuro.08.016.2009
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Ainsworth M, et al. 1999. Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic. A World Bank Policy Research Report. revised edition, 1999. Washington, D.C.: Oxford University Press. See Chapter 4.
179
Barinbaum R. 2007. Child, Youth and Family Involvement in Case Planning. Information Packet, National Resource Center for Family-based Practice and Permanency Planning, Hunter College School of Social Work. Accessible at:
http:www.hunter.cuny.edusocworknrcfcppdownloadsinformation_packetschild-family-youth-involvement.pdf
58 protection
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that partners should draw upon in conjunction with child protection experts. The community network of PEPFAR OVC programs is an excellent foundation for this community-based child
protection work, but efforts should be undertaken building on past efforts and lessons learned.
9.2.4 Safeguards against organizational abuse
