f. Reactions To describe a person, the author can show how the person reacts to various
situations and events which allow the readers to get a clue to his character. g. Direct comment
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. h. Thoughts
The author can describe a person’s character by giving the readers knowledge of what the person is thinking about.
i. Mannerism It suggests that the author can convey something about a person by describing
his mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies. Characterization must follow three principles in order to be convincing.
Firstly, the characters in the story must have a consistency in the way they behave. This consistency might be broken if only there is a sufficient reason to explain this
change of behaviour. Secondly, whatever the characters do, they must have clear motivations especially when they break the consistency of their behaviour. Finally,
the characters must appear life or plausible Perrine, 1974: 69.
3. Theory of Personality and Personality Change
The theory of personality and personality change are used to help the author in understanding and finding Soroku Okamoto’s personality change. Those theories give
the contribution toward the writer in doing the analysis of Soroku Okamoto’s personality change.
Personality according to Carver and Scheier in Perspective on Personality is “a dynamic organization, inside the person of psychological systems that create the
person’s characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings” 1996: 17. Alport in Personality: a Psychological Interpretation said “personality is that a man really
is” 1953: 185-186. Meanwhile, in Hall’s Theories of Personality, one’s personality is clarified as an effectiveness by which he can get all supports he needs from people
around him 1957: 245. Bryne and Kelley in An Introduction to Personality considered that one’s
personality can always change at any time and circumstances 1981: 87. Someone’s personality can change when there is a situation which leads to new emotional,
informational, or imaginative responses. Therefore, one’s personality in a story can change at the end of the story. They also said that when an individual gets a new fact
in his life, dramatic changes may be happened in the info-belief system, new experiences, his concept of life and his way of thinking will develop 1981: 91.
Elizabeth Hurlock in her book, Personality Development 1976: 108, it is stated that the meaning of change is “to alter or to vary, it does not necessarily mean
that the alteration or variation will be complete. The personality pattern can change in some areas and remain persistent in others.”
According to Hurlock 1974: 19, an individual’s personality pattern is the product of learning during the course of social relationships with people both within
and outside his home. She classifies two groups of people who have the role in influencing one’s personality. Those groups are “one’s family and one’s
environment” 1974: 234. In her opinion, one’s environment is the people outside the home. She said that “people outside the home may have a role to shape one’s
personality.” 1974: 234 Elizabeth Hurlock in her book, Personality Development 1976: 108, it is
stated that the meaning of change is “to alter or to vary, it does not necessarily mean that the alteration or variation will be complete. The personality pattern can change in
some areas and remain persistent in others.” To find the possible factors which can influence someone’s personality to
changes, there are eight personality pattern determinants according to Hurlock 1974: 137-315. The patterns are:
a. Physical Determinant Physical appearance will give an influence toward the personality
development of somebody if that person tries to compare his or her physical appearance with the ideal concept that is built in the societies or families
environment. b. Intellectual Determinant
It shows that the increasing or the decreasing of someone’s intellectuality will give influence on the way of him or her facing the world. It means that the
developme nt of intellectuality of somebody can change the perception of those people about something in their environment.
c. Emotional Determinant Emotions give influence to the individual physical and mental functioning and
his attitudes, interests, and values. The age of somebody can also affect the emotion’s intensity that can give the contribution on the changes of the personality of
somebody. d. Social Determinant
Everything that is built in the society like rules, norms, etc. can give influence toward the development of somebody’s personality. Everyone in this universe as
human being cannot be separated from the society. Their choice or their decision to follow the rules that is built in the society or not can give the contribution on their
personality deve lopment. Social roles are learned and internalised by the person become self-expectations as well as social expectations. It implies that when we enter
a society and let ourselves plunge to its internalisation, we have to be ready to determine our steps in deciding whether we will take or leave that society’s
expectations, norms, and idealism. Variations of what are included in this social determinant can influence one’s personality, such as early social acceptance,
prejudice and discrimination, group status, and social mobility. e. Aspirations and Achievement Determinants
The aspirations and achievement include the ego-involved goal of person and the success or the failure of a person related with his training, experience, past
achievements, flexibility, independence, risk taking and motivation. The aspirations and achievement certainly can result good or bad effects in people’s personality.
f. Sex Determinant The direct influence of sexuality on personality comes from the inside of the
body as a real phys ic. While the indirect influence of sexuality on personality comes from the outside of the body, like for example the cultural aspects on the society
about gender. g. Educational Determinant
Educations that are given by parents at home or teachers at school have the biggest roles in building one’s personality.
h. Family Determinant Considering that a lot of people mostly spend their time at home, the members
of the families also give important role on shaping one’s personality. The child- training method and the communication of interests, attitudes, values between family
members, person’s identification with a family member he admires, respect, and loves can highly influence one’s personality.
C. Theoretical Framework
