The Critical Approach Theoretical Review

15 upon the personalities, actions, and ways of thinking of the character. So, “the awareness of the setting of the story will help towards and understanding of the book” 1972: 143. Murphy explains the setting as follows: a. Time Murphy says that there are four kinds of setting of time. The first is the present time. “A writer may choose to write a book about his own time, about the things that are happening around him”1972: 143. The second is the past time. A writer may select to go backwards in time, to write down about past events, or to clarify the past of his reader 1972: 144. The third is future time. In this setting of time, the writer may use “his imagination to take his reader into the future” 1972: 144. Nowadays, we can see the setting of time that takes place in the future time, for example in outer space. The last kind of setting of time is no specific time. In this type of setting of time, the writer “does not give indication of the time” 1972: 144. So, it takes place in no time or anytime. We can simply those stories using this kind of setting of time, like in the old fairy stories. In the other words, we can say that they take place “once upon a time”. Murphy says that there are three kind of setting of place. The first type is familiar place. The writer may decide to set his story in a place where he considers being familiar to almost his reader” 1972: 145. He can choose either from experiences or by close acquaintance. For example, the British writer may decide to write down about the events that happen in London or any other cities of Britain. So, people living in Britain at the time these books are printed would be comparatively 16 familiar with their backgrounds, although some of the readers had never been to a place, they would be familiar with the place from newspapers, conversations, the television and so on. The second type is unfamiliar place. In this type, the writer tries “to set his novel in a place that is likely to be fairly unfamiliar to many of the readers of his own nation” 1972: 145. The last type is imaginary place. In this type, the writer chooses “to set his story in an entirely imaginary place”, which is not familiar with the readers’ background 1972: 147. For example, overseas students who learn English text tend to be discouraged when they read books set in other countries that they have never visited and are identified only by hearsay or books they read. The writer uses theories of setting in this thesis. The reason why the writer uses the theory of setting in this thesis is to know the relation between the setting of the novel and the characters’ personality in A Painted House. The setting of the novel influences the characters’ personality in the novel.

2.1.4.1. Theory of Personality

There are many books that discussed about personality. In this thesis, the writer wants to discuss about the personality especially on the personality changes. But first we should know about the meaning of personality. Personality is derived from the Latin word persona, which means “mask.” Later it adopted by the Romans to whom persona denoted “as one appears to the others.” 17 Hurlock, 1976: 6. The personality especially in the novel could be seen from the dialog or from the explanation of another character in the novel. The explanation of this has been discussed in above. Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought. Hurlock, 1976: 7 The way people talks and thinks can be categorized as personality, in other words, we can know a person’s personality from what they talk and what he or she thinks about something, for example a person faces a problem and the person thinks carefully about how to solve the problem. In the novel we can know the personality of the characters from the dialogs or from how they handle a problem. Many people think that it is difficult to know characters’ personality because sometime the character changes their opinion from one situation to another situation. The important thing to know about the characters’ personality in the novel is that there must be something that is not change from the characters’ behaviour. “When used in connection with personality, character relates to behaviour that is regulated by personal effort and will.”Hurlock, 1976: 8 It means that personality is deeper than character because character of a person can be changed from one condition to the other conditions but personality is deeper than character, for example the condition or the environment changing make the person changes their personality.

2.1.4.2. Personality Changes

Personality changes are the changing of personality, for example from good to bad. Usually the personality changes automatically accompanied body changes. People