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character, setting, point of view, tone, and atmosphere are the elements which influence novel as literary works.
The writer uses this theory to analyze and answer the problems in this thesis. The writer should know all the elements of the novel before analyzing and answering
three problems in the thesis. In order to understand more about the novel the writer explains some theories
in detail, which help the writer to analyse the novels. The next subchapters explain and
describe the theories mentioned.
2.1.1 Theory of Character
Character as one of the intrinsic elements of literature plays an important role in the novel. Analysing character is more difficult than analysing other elements
because we have to analyse it based on the author’s way to explain the characters. Character is an imagined person who emerges in the novel and every character is
unique, it means that every character is different from others Abrams, 1981: 20.
The progress of a character in the novel is divided into “flat character” and “round character” Abrams, 1971: 21. “Flat character” means that the author only
describes this character without specification, in other words the author does not explain it in details and without significant progress. Usually the writer describes the
character in “a single phrase or single sentence.” This type of character does not make any significant progress in the novel. It means that the character gives little
contribution in the novel.
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Round character means that the character is complex and makes a lot of progress through the novel. We usually called this as dynamic character. The reason
why it is called as dynamic character is that the character is changing through the novel for example firstly the character is a good person but because of certain event in the
novel the character become a bad person. In other words the character seems as real person and the character is changing through the dialogues or actions.
We can also distinguish the character from the frequency of appearance in the novel. In The Novel in English 1983: 155 by Ian Milligan, character is divided into
two. The first type is the major character. The major character appears more frequently than the other characters in the novel. The readers usually follow the plot of the novel
through this character. In other words this character is the main character of the novel.
The second type is minor character. This character appears less often than the main character in the novel. This character only appears in certain setting of the novel.
The character is also less important than the major character.
There are two reasons why the writer uses the theories of character by Abram and Ian Milligan. The first reason is that the writer should know the main character of
the novel before analyzing the novel. In order to know the main character, the writer uses theory of character by Ian Milligan. Using theory of character by Ian Milligan
enables the writer to find the character commonly appeared in the novel.
Abram’s theory is used by the writer in order to understand that the character is changing. It means that character’s traits are changing through the novel.
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2.1.2. Theories of Characterization
There are many ways that are used by the author to describe the character in the novel for example the author describe their characters in Direct Method and Dramatic
Method Rorhberger and Wood, 1971: 21. In direct method, the author directly describes the characters with their physical appearance and also characters’ awareness.
All the description based on author’s point of view. In contras when the author uses the situation around the characters to describe the character behaviours means that the
author uses Dramatic Method to explain the characters. The changes in character may be small but it brings big differences in the novel for example if the main character that
is changed means big differences in the novel. That is the reason why the readers have to be careful when reading the novel especially in character of the novel.
Murphy 1972: 161173 classifies nine ways of revealing the character that is used by the author which are:
1. Personal description In this way the author describe the characters’ appearance in details, it
means the character is described by illustrating the character’s look and dress 1972: 161, for example his clothes, his face, his hair. The purpose of
explaining the appearance is the readers can imagine the characters in the novel. The readers will not find any difficulties in imaging how the
characters are described. It is one way to help the readers read the novels. 2. Character as seen by other
Another way is the author describes the character from the other character’s point of view. This way can bring false perception about certain
