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4. Concept of Lived Experience
Van M anen 1990, p. 9 states that “phenomenological research is the study of
lived experience”. He also argues that lived experience is the important field of the phenomenological human science, it is the starting and end point of this research
Van Mannen, 1990, p. 36. As the center of the reflection, lived experience takes the value of experience and uses it as mirror to develop ourselves Van Mannen, 1990, p.
77. Studying experience, interpreting and reflecting the essence of experience is the main point that has to be done in this study.
According to Manen 1990, p. 25, the terms hermeneutics phenomenology has its meaning. Phenomenology is a pure description of lived experience, while
hermeneutics is the interpretation of experience by using the form of text. In addition, Mannen 1990, p. 36 also argues that phenomenology aims to transform the lived
experience into a textual expression of its essence. The effect of this text gives reflexive re-living and a reflective appropriation of something which is meaningful to
somebody. Therefore, the reflection of lived experience is re-collective. It is the reflection on experience that is already passed.
This research used hermeneutics phenomenology as the method. Moustakas 1994, p. 9 states that hermeneutics is the art of interpreting. It aims to reveal the
truth by identifying it. It is the philosophy in the original sense of world, the love of wisdom, the search for as comprehensive an understanding of human existence as
possible Moustakas, 1994, p. 9. The researcher engages in pedagogic reflection on how we live with educational actors. The educational actors are students, teachers,
counselors, and parents. In this research, the focus is on the students’ lived
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experience. Dilthey 1976 as cited in Moustakas, 1994, believes that to understand human experience, in addition to description of the experience as such, it is necessary
to study history. Dilthey 1976, p. 172 emphasizes that it is a must to discover how human studies are related to the fact of humanity.
Gadamer 1975, p.60 as cited by Mannen 1990, p. 37, has defined a word experience becomes very
meaningful. “If something is called or considered an experience, its meaning rounds it into the unity of a significant whole”. Furthermore,
Manen 1990, p. 36 states that “lived experience is the breathing of meaning. Therefore, a lived experience has its definite essence and quality of meaning. In this
circumstance, t he students’ lived experience, can be something which was ordinary
but became extraordinary for the students. They memorize the definite place and time in certain experience. They look back about it and try to find its essence from their
experience. They reflect it and make it into the valuable experience to learn. Learning text in English contributes the students the self-actualization. Thus,
they become more creative and imaginative. Maslow 1954 points out that self- actualization is the ultimate need which is stronger than the other needs. By having
self-actualization, the students can acquire their knowledge and systemize it into the expression of inquiry.
B. REVIEW OF RELATED RESEARCH
Previously, researches related to text-based approach have been done by the researcher.
There have been also researches focusing on the students’ lived experience. However, the research about learning English through text-based
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