Definition Of Terms INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents two sub-chapters of discussion. The first is discussion of theories related to this study, which is presented in theoretical description. The second part is theoretical framework which summarizes and synthesizes the relevant theories to the study.

A. Theoretical Description

1. Review of Related Studies

The concept of prefixation has been one of the interesting topics which play a significant role in the study of English linguistics. The topic has attracted scholars to conduct research on it. The research focuses on the analysis of the mastery of various types of prefixes found in English language. Further, the mastery of prefixation is usually implemented to the respective level of students. One of the most recent studies on English prefixes was conducted by Lehrer in a paper entitled Prefixes in English Formation . It aimed at investigating the relationships and constraints on full lexemes and semantic units smaller than lexemes. It also dealt with the description of the semantics of English prefixes, where they had two key properties of iterative and free combination Lehrer, 2009, pp. 133-148. The study revealed that many English prefixes have semantic properties like those of full lexemes. They also have selection restrictions, where their use requires looking at the semantic properties of the base, not just at the 8 syntactic category. Moreover, it is found that prefixes re- and un- are in complementary distribution with each other as well as with internal datives and certain idiom chunks, where the majority of other prefixes do not fit into that class. Another study of English prefix was conducted by Fedorowicz-Bacz. Her study attempted to analyze the syntactic function of negative prefixes in English and Polish participial adjectives Fedorowicz-Bacz, 1977, pp. 111-122. Based on the assumption that the most common negative prefix in English is the particle un , this study compares prefixation un- in English with nie- in Polish. It leads to the findings which reveal that in the process of negation by means of negative prefixes un- and nie- in English and Polish respectively, verbal participles change their syntactic category and become adjectives. This is the consequence of the syntactic function of the morphological operation of negative prefixation. In relation to the topic of prefixation un- and dis- analyzed in this study, there was a previous study conducted by Yohana Veniranda 1994. Her study investigated the special or regular rules about the usage of prefix un- and dis- . It also aimed at knowing the mastery of prefix un- and dis- among the seventh semester students of English Language Education Study Program and the determining factors which underlie the students’ choices of the usage of prefix un- and dis- . The results reveal that prefix un- is mostly used with adjectives while dis- is mostly used with nouns. Further, the students’ mastery of prefixation un- and dis- has already achieved good to very good category. The reason behind their high mastery on the use of prefix is because they have already good background 9 knowledge on prefix derived from their learning and memorization. However, there is still a need to give a proper proportion to the discussion of prefixes in language teaching so that this specific language element can be discussed and mastered thoroughly. This study, while taking a similar issue of the mastery of prefixation un- and dis- among the students of English Language Education Study Program, focuses on analyzing students’ mastery of the use of prefix un- and dis- among sixth semester and eighth semester students. It is argued that students of English Language Education Study Program in those semesters have already profound knowledge of English linguistics including prefix. This study also attempts to know the differences o f students’ mastery level of prefixation un- compared to prefixation dis- . Therefore, through the questionnaire which consists of questions related to the prefixation un- and dis- , the students’ mastery of prefixation un- and dis- can be measured.

2. Morphology

Morphology, according to Aronoff and Fudeman 2005, deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed. It is conducted through identification, analysis and description of linguistic units, consisting of morphemes, lexemes, affixes, parts of speech, intonation, and implied context p. 1-2. Within the scope of morphology, two terms of inflectional morphology and derivational morphology are introduced. Inflectional morphology analyzes