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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Literature Review
1. Scientific Approach
Teaching and learning process for all grades of education as stated by Kurikulum 2013 are delivered by using scientific approach. It is a learning
approach that makes the students as the main doers. According to the Regulation of Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture 2013, it has the criteria: 1
Learning materials are based on the fact or phenomenon that can be explained by logical thinking, not only as imagination, but also legend and folklore. 2
Teacher’s explanation, students’ responses, teacher- students educative interaction is not subjective 3 the learning supports and inspires the students to do critical,
right, and analytical thinking in identifying, understanding, solving the problem, and applying learning material. 4 The learning supports and inspires the students
to be able to think the hypothetic in observing sameness, difference, or linkage in a material. 5 The learning supports and inspires the students to be able to
understand, apply, and develop rational thinking pattern and objective in responding the learning materials. 6 The learning is based on concept, theory,
and empirical facts. 7 The aim of learning is formulated simple and clear, while the service system is interesting. Curriculum 2013 focuses on modern pedagogic
dimension in learning, namely scientific approach. It includes observing, asking, trying, associating, serving, concluding, and creating for all subjects.
Observing is very useful for students’ curiousness. By observing, the students find the fact that there is a relation between the analyzed object and
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learning material used by the teacher. By observing pictures, the students tell what stated in indicator of a subject the Regulation of Indonesian Minister of
Education and Culture, 2013. Students will not ask a question if there is no interesting media. The
teacher has to be ready to inspire the students to ask a question. When a teacher gives a question, she he should facilitate the students to have a question well.
When a teacher answers a question, the teacher encourages the students to be the good listeners. The teacher’s question is for getting verbal answer the Regulation
of Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture; 2013. Term “associating” in learning process is to describe that teachers and
students are active doers. It emphasizes that the students are more active than a teacher. Associating is a logical and systematical thinking based on empirical
facts which can be observed to get a conclusion knowledge. Associating highlights to associating learning, it is an ability to relate new experience to
another experience the Regulation of Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture; 2013.
Trying is a skill to develop natural science using scientific methods in daily problem solving. To get authentic students’ achievement, the students have
to do experiments. The concrete activities are: determining theme topic according to the curriculum, learning the procedures to use tools and materials, learning
relevant theory, doing and observing in experiment, noting phenomena, analyzing, giving data, concluding the experiment, making report, and present the experiment
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result the Regulation of Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture. The steps in scientific approach can be seen at table 1.
Table 1. The Steps in Scientific Approach Fauziah, 2013:170
Learning Steps Learning Activities Observing
Reading, listening, seeing, sensing, without or within media
Asking Having a question after observing
Associating Doing
experiment, reading
another source,
interviewing an expert Trying
Processing data, reporting and concluding result Communicating Presenting experiment result according to analyzed
result in written or spoken language
2. Local Wisdom