Synonymy Meaning Relations of Javanese Verbs Referring to Eye Activities

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4.1 Synonymy

As mentioned before, the term synonymy is used to mean the sameness of meaning. There are six synonymy found in this study. First, the verb ndelok, and ndeleng are synonymy since those verbs have the same semantic features i.e. +opened, -wide opened, -closed,-one eye closed, ± left or right, ± up or down, +straight, ±intentional, ±sharp, +attentive, ±at a glance, ±long, ±bad, and ±good. Those verbs mean melihat or ‘to look at’ in English. We can see their application in: a Rani ndelok lintang-lintang ing langit.Rani is looking at the stars in the sky b Rani ndeleng lintang-lintang ing langit. Rani is looking at the stars in the sky Those sentences are grammatical and appropriate. It can be concluded that they are synonymy. Second, the word nyawang, mandeng and nguwaske are synonymy as well since they have similar meaning i.e. ‘to stare at something attentive,’ such as in these examples: a Adhiku nyawang layangane sing wis dhuwur mabure. My younger brother stares at his kite which flies so high b Adhiku mandeng layangane sing wis dhuwur mabure. My younger brother stares at his kite which flies so high c Adhiku ngawaske layangane sing wis dhuwur mabure. My younger brother stares at his kite which flies so high 9 The verb nyawang, mandeng and nguwaske can be formulated as +opened, -wide opened,-closed, -one eye closed, ±left or right, ±up or down, +straight, +intentional, +sharp, +attentive, -at a glance, +long, ±bad, and ±good. Those examples above are grammatically and appropriately correct. Third, the verbs mlolo and mblalak are synonymy. Those verbs have the same meaning melotot in Bahasa or ‘stare with big eyes.’ Furthermore, their componential analysis are -opened, +wide opened, -closed,-one eye closed, -left or right, -up or down, +straight, +intentional, +sharp, +attentive, +at a glance, -long, +bad, and -good. For more explanation we can see in these sentences below: a Mripate mlolo amarga dikageti kancane. His eyes turned wide because his friend shocked him b Mripate mblalak amarga dikageti kancane.His eyes turned wide because his friend shocked him Those sentences above are grammatically and appropriately correct. However, sometimes, they do not only indicate for something shocking but also indicate for someone’s anger such as in Joko nesu nganti mlolo-mlolo mripate which means ‘Joko was very angry until he stared with big eyes.’ Fourth, the verbs mendelo, mendelik and mlilik are the same since they indicate for someone’s amazement. Their componential analysis can be formulated as -opened, +wide opened, -closed, -one eye closed, -left or right, -up or down, +straight, +intentional, +sharp, +attentive, -at a glance, +long, ±bad, and ±good. Those are some examples of their application: 10 a Bocah iku mendelo ndeloki pelangi.The boy stared at the rainbow with big eyes b Bocah iku mendelik ndeloki pelangi. The boy stared at the rainbow with big eyes c Bocah iku mlilik ndeloki pelangi. The boy stared at the rainbow with big eyes Fifth, the verbs ngulatake and ngingeti are synonym since they have similar componential analysis, that is, +opened, -wide opened, -closed, -one eye closed, ±left or right, ±up or down, +straight, +intentional, +sharp, +attentive, -at a glance, +long, ±bad, and ±good. Those verbs indicate there are intention and attention when people look at something such as in these examples: a Bapake ngulatake anake kang lagi numpak pit onthel. His father gazes at him who is riding bicycle. b Bapake ngingeti anake kang lagi numpak pit onthel. His father gazes at him who is riding bicycle. Those examples are grammatically and appropriately correct. Sixth, Javanese has the word nginceng and ngincer which mean membidik in Bahasa. Those verbs can be done by closing one eye like when we want to shoot something. The componential analysis of those verbs are -opened, -wide opened, -closed, +one eye closed, -left or right, -up or down, +straight, +intentional, +sharp, +attentive, -at a glance, +long, ±bad, and ±good. a Tono nginceng dhisik sadurunge nembak bajinge. Tono peers over the squirrel first, before shoot it. 11 b Tono ngincer dhisik sadurunge nembak bajinge. Tono peers over the squirrel first, before shoot it. Those sentences are appropriately and grammatically correct.

4.3 Other Verbs