Clause listing Complementation Clausal Complexities

123 a. ki k-ato Lumi so k-au I 1s-remain Lumi ISQ 1s-come I was in Lumi, now I come. b. le kolele nimpe so oweli fale he limb.3m. CNT tree ISQ food come.up He limbed the tree in the garden so the food would grow. The marker can be used with completed events. The following response was made to an offer of food af- ter sitting around for an hour talking. This clearly shows that the morpheme does not mark future tense. 124 olo k-aplei so k-au no 1s-eat.3p ISQ 1s-come No, I ate right before I came. The immediate sequence marker is often phonologically reduced to just an s and attached to the word following it. 125 ki k-ato Lumi s-k-au I 1s-remain Lumi ISQ -1s-come I was in Lumi, now I come.

2.3.7.4 Clause listing

Olo can list both nouns and clauses. Listing uses re ‘and’ to mark the items in the list. The re ‘and’ can either be a free morpheme following the item in the list, or as is more common, it is phonologically bound to the last word which makes up the item as an enclitic. There is variability among speakers as to the inclusion of a re ‘and’ following the last item in the list. Clause listing is distinct from other types of conjoining in that it uses a different morphological marker re versus le, and different intonation pattern. Both of these parallel the manner of listing nominals. Example 126 shows clauses in a list. Note that neither the first clause nor the last make up part of the list. This particular speaker always used a final re in a list. The last clause in this example is a recapitulation of the list. 126 k-eifale k-e liom, k-ale-re, k-enele nimpe-re, konene-re, 1s-arise 1s-go garden 1s-clear-and 1s-cut.3f tree-and limb.3f. CNT -and k-elisisi-re, tonwi-ne-re, k-esi winem-re, k-anufulo 1s-burn.3m. CNT -and gather-3f-and 1s-build house-and 1s-heap yalu-re, k-esi towa ili. firewood. PL -and 1s-hold work big.m I arose and went to the garden, cleared it, and cut trees, and limbed trees, and burned the gar- den, and clearedheaped the brush, and built a house, and heaped up firewood; I did a lot of work

2.3.7.5 Complementation

Complementation occurs when a clause is embedded as an argument of another clause. Givón 1990:515 says “sentential complements are ‘propositions functioning in the role of either subject or ob- ject argument of the verb.’” Given this definition, Olo has clearly only a single complement type, that of cognizance. The other forms are not complements since a clause never replaces the subject, and any post verbal clause that follows other verbs is never coreferential with any verbal affix which is an essential part of the definition of object in Olo. The case of cognizance is left for the final part in this section. 42 The Olo Language Quotatives Quotatives in Olo have a standard form. They use an utterance verb, either the more frequent irpei ‘tell’, or the less common eletei ‘ask’. The verb irpei ‘tell’ takes a subject prefix and can take an object suffix. The suffix always refers to the recipient, that is the person or persons to whom the speech is di- rected. It can never refer to the actual words. 127 a. ki k-irpei il pe-le I 1s-tell words p-3m I speak his words. b. ki k-irpe-nge il pe-le I 1s-tell-3md words p-3m I tell them two males his words. c. ki k-irpe-pe Kowi I 1s-tell-3p Kowi d. ki k-irpe-pe il pe-le I 1s-tell-3p words p-3m I tell them his words. I speak his words. The same situation holds for eletei ‘ask’. The only difference is that the object affix is an infix rather than a suffix. But again the infix can only refer to the person, or persons to whom the question is directed. 128 a. ki k-epletei mete wuru I 1s-ask.3p men many I asked many men. b. ki k-epletei Kowi I 1s-ask.3p Kowi A clause can be embedded to replace the nominal referring to the actual communication. This can take two forms, with the quotative introducer olpepei ‘like this’ as in 129a, b or without as in 129c, d. Either form can be used for both direct and indirect quotes. 129 a. le l-irpe-iki l-olpepei, “nolowi ma k-e Lumi.” he 1s-tell-3m 1s-like.this tomorrow IR 1s-go Lumi He spoke to me this way, “Tomorrow I will go to Lumi.” b. le l-irpe-iki l-olpepei, nolowi le ma l-e Lumi he 1s-tell-3m 1s-like.this tomorrow he IR 1s-go Lumi He told me that tomorrow he will go to Lumi. c. le l-irpe-iki “ma k-au k-ulu-ye.” he 3m-speak-3m IR 1s-come 1s-see-2s He said to me “I should come see you.” d. le l-irpe-iki ma k-au k-ulu-ye he 3m-speak-3m IR 1s-come 1s-see-2s He told me I should come see you. 2.3 Grammatical Characterization 43 Permission Olo has a verb than can readily be translated usa ‘allow’ or ‘let’. It can just as readily be translated, ‘leave’, ‘throw’, or ‘get rid of’. The central core of the word is best thought of as ‘leave alone’. This gives examples like 130. 130 Ø- usa-ne. n-inau. 2s-leave.alone-3f 3f-dislike Leave her alone She doesn’t like it. This central meaning of leaving alone can be used as part of a serial clause construction to create sit- uations that would relate to when English speakers would use words like ‘let’. 131 le l-usa-ne n-au ratei uf he 3m-let-3f 3f-come live village He let her come live in the village. The suffix on usa does not refer to the action of coming, or living, but to the person who comes. The sense of the verb is that he did not interfere with her. This construction is a case of serial clause con- struction, with the object of the first being the subject of the second. Cognition Olo has a single verb of cognition, retai ‘know’. While this verb can take a clause as one of its argu- ments, this is a fairly rare occurrence. This verb occurs more often without any object. It occurs more often without suffixal inflection 61 percent than with 39 percent. 16 The suffixal inflection, when it occurs, refers to the object of cognizance. 132 ki k-reta-ne ningio pe-le I 1s-know-3f daughter f-3m I know his daughter. The object of cognizance can be a speech act, working much the same way as the quotatives. 133 Abraham l-irpei-ye, “ye, ma reta-pe Ø -olpepei, ye ma Abraham 3m-tell- EMP you. SG IR know-3p 2s-like.this you IR nou kesi-Ø ninge le-iki Ø -ila-Ø Ø -e tef l-epe kolo, olo.” again pull-3m son m-1s 2s-carry-3m 2s-go ground 3m-this NEG no Abraham strongly said, “You should know this, you may not take my son back to this land, no.”

2.3.7.6 Clause subordination and relative clauses