INTERPERSONAL METAFUNCTIONS ANALYSIS ON JOKOWI’S SPEECHES.
ABSTRACT
Ratih, Julia. Registration Number: 8106112012. Interpersonal Metafunctions
Analysis on Jokowi’s Speeches. English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
Post Graduate School, State University of Medan (UNIMED) 2016.
This study deals with the interpersonal metafunctions analysis on Jokowi’s
speeches. The objectives of this study are (1) to investigate the kinds of speech
functions used in Jokowi’s speeches, (2) to describe how those types are realized
in the Jokowi’s speeches, and (3) to elaborate why the speech functions are
realized in the ways they are. The research applies qualitative descriptive design.
The data of the study are utterances of Jokowi’s speeches transcribed in written
mode. The speeches are those of the election victory speech on July 22nd, 2014
and the inauguration speech on October 20th, 2014. The research findings show
that (1) kinds of speech functions used in both of Jokowi’s speeches are statement,
command, offer, greeting and call, (2) the realization of speech functions in mood
system in both speeches are in congruent mood and metaphorical mood. In
congruent mood, statements are realized by declaratives, commands are realized
by imperative and greeting and call are realized by minor. In metaphorical mood,
commands are realized by declaratives and offer is realized by imperative, (3) the
reason for using statements which were realized in declarative is to give as much
information as possible to the audiences and the reason of using commands are to
create the speaker’s authoritative image and to invite the audiences to do
something and achieve solidarity.
iv
ABSTRAK
Ratih, Julia, NIM: 8106112011. Interpersonal Metafunctions Analysis on
Jokowi’s Speeches. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Pasca
Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016
Thesis ini berhubungan dengan analisis fungsi interpersonal bahasa dalam pidato
Jokowi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk menganalisa jenis-jenis fungsi
ujaran yang digunakan dalam pidato Jokowi (2) untuk mendeskripsikan
bagaimana fungsi ujaran direalisasikan dalam sistem mood, dan (3) untuk
menguraikan alasan pemilihan fungsi ujaran yang terdapat dalam pidato Jokowi.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data adalah
ucapan dari pidato Jokowi yang ditranskripkan ke dalam bentuk tulisan. Kedua
naskah pidato Jokowi tersebut adalah pidato kemenangan pemilu yang
disampaikan pada tanggal 22 Juli 2014 dan pidato pelantikan yang disampaikan
pada tanggal 22 Oktober 2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) jenis-jenis
fungsi ujaran yang terdapat dalam kedua pidato Jokowi adalah pernyataan,
perintah, penawaran, salam dan panggilan, (2) pengrealisasian fungsi ujaran
dalam sistem mood dalam kedua pidato adalah kongruen mood dan metaforikal
mood. Dalam kongruen mood, kalimat pernyataan diterapkan dalam deklaratif,
kalimat perintah diterapkan dalam imperatif dan kalimat salam dan panggilan
diterapkan dalam minor. Dalam metaforikal mood, kalimat perintah diterapkan
dalam deklaratif dan kalimat penawaran diterapkan dalam imperatif, (3) alasan
penggunaan kalimat pernyataan yang diterapkan dalam deklaratif adalah untuk
memberikan informasi sebanyak mungkin kepada para pendengar dan alasan
penggunaan kalimat perintah adalah untuk menciptakan pencitraan kekuasaan diri
dan untuk memacu para pendengar supaya bersedia melakukan dan mencapai
suatu hal bersama-sama.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Pages
Acknowledgement........................................................................................
i
Abstract.........................................................................................................
iv
Abstrak..........................................................................................................
v
Table of Contents.........................................................................................
vi
List of Tables................................................................................................
ix
List of Figures...............................................................................................
x
List of Appendices........................................................................................
xi
CHAPTER
I.
CHAPTER II .
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study......................................
1
1.2 The Problem of the Study............................................
8
1.3 The Objectives of the Study.........................................
9
1.4 The Scope of the Study................................................
9
1.5 The Significances of the Study....................................
9
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework............................................
8
2.1.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics.....................
11
2.1.2 Metafunctions.................................................
13
2.1.3 Interpersonal Metafunction............................
15
2.1.4 Speech Functions...........................................
17
2.1.4.1 Types of Speech Functions...............
18
2.1.4.2 The Initiations and Responses of
Speech Function..........................................
20
2.1.5 Mood.............................................................
23
2.1.5.1 Declarative........................................
33
2.1.5.2 Interrogative.....................................
33
2.1.5.3 Imperative Mood..............................
34
2.1.5.4 Minor................................................
35
2.1.6 The Realization of Speech Functions
in Mood.......................................................
2.1.7 Context of Situation...................................
vi
35
38
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV.
2.1.8 Public Speaking..........................................
40
2.1.9 Speech and Political Speech......................
41
2.2 Jokowi and Jokowi’s Speeches............................
45
2.3 Relevant Studies..................................................
46
2.4 Conceptual Framework.........................................
49
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design....................................................
52
3.2 Data and Data Source ...........................................
52
3.3 Instrument of Data Collection...............................
53
3.4 Technique of Data Collection................................
53
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis..................................
53
3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Study........................
56
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis......................................................
56
4.1.1 Speech Function Types Found in
Jokowi’s Speeches.....................................
56
4.1.1.1 Statement..........................................
57
4.1.1.2 Command.........................................
65
4.1.1.3 Offer................................................
67
4.1.1.4 Greeting and Call.............................
67
4.1.2 Realization of Speech Function in
Mood System in Jokowi’s Speeches..........
71
4.1.2.1 Realization of Speech Functions in
Congruent Realization.......................
71
4.1.2.1.1 Statement is Realized by
Declarative...........................
71
4.1.2.1.2 Command is Realized by
Imperative.............................
73
4.1.2.1.3 Greeting/Calling are Realized by
Minor.....................................
73
4.1.2.2 Realization of Speech Function in
Metaphorical Realization...................
4.1.2.2.1 Command is Realized by
vii
75
Declarative........................
75
4.1.2.2.2 Offer is Realized by
Imperative.........................
76
4.1.3 Reasons of Using Speech Function as Realized
CHAPTER V .
Mood System.............................................
76
4.2 Findings...............................................................
80
4.3 Discussion............................................................
81
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions...........................................................
84
5.2 Suggestions...........................................................
85
REFERENCES.............................................................................................
87
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….......
90
viii
LIST OF TABLES
pages
Table 2.1 Types of Meanings in the Systemic Model........................
12
Table 2.2 Principal Systems ...............................................................
15
Table 2.3 Speech Role&Commodities in Interaction ..........................
19
Table 2.4 Speech Functions and Responses .......................................
22
Table 2.5 Types of Adjuncts ..............................................................
32
Table 2.6 Elaboration of Realization of Speech Function
in Mood System .................................................................
36
Table 2.10 Speech Function and Typical Mood of Clause..................
37
Table 2.11 Speech Function and Non-Typical Clause Mood..............
38
Table 4.1 Types of Statement in the First Speech...............................
61
Table 4.2 Types of Statement in the Second Speech..........................
62
Table 4.3 The Total Proportion of Statements from
Jokowi’s Speeches..............................................................
62
Table 4.4 Types of Speech Functions in the First Speech...................
70
Table 4.5 Types of Speech Functions in the Second Speech...............
71
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
pages
Figure 1 An Analysis of Metafunctions..................................................
14
Figure 2 The Derivation of Speech Functions.........................................
21
Figure 3 The Types of Mood..................................................................
24
Figure 4 Mood Network..........................................................................
26
Figure 5 Mood Analysis..........................................................................
27
Figure 6 Mood Analysis................................................................................ 28
Figure 8 Mood Analysis................................................................................ 33
Figure 9 Mood Analysis: Elliptical Major Clause........................................ 33
Figure 10 The Realization of Speech Functions in Mood............................ 36
Figure 11 The Illustration of Conceptual Framework..............................
51
Figure 3.1 Miles and Huberman’s Interactive Model...............................
54
Figure 4.1 Jokowi’s Speeches System of Network....................................... 72
x
LIST OF APPENDICES
pages
Appendix 1
: Speech Transcriptions..................................................
89
Appendix 2
: Data Analysis..............................................................
94
xi
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Joko Widodo or known as Jokowi has received public‟s attention since he
became the mayor of Surakarta. His success in leading and changing Surakarta
motivated Jokowi to be one of the candidates for the governor of Jakarta along
with his vice Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Facing off with another candidate Fauzi
Bowo, Jokowi finally won the “Pilgub” 2012 and became the governor of DKI
Jakarta. His winning in governor elections or Pilgub 2012 has put his name into
the spotlight as one of a well-known politicians in Indonesia. Then in 2014, his
party proposed Jokowi to be one of the president candidates in the 2014
presidential election. Through hard struggles, Jokowi was successfully gained
public trust and sympathy and finally he was elected as the seventh Indonesia‟s
President replacing former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Jokowi becoming a popular politicians who is adored and respected by
many people in Indonesia could be seen from his inauguration on October, 20th,
2014. From an article in detik.com, it is said that many state visitors came to
Jokowi‟s president inauguration. Even many people came to DPR/MPR building
and waited at the outside of the building to celebrate Jokowi‟s inauguration day.
Many Indonesians took a day off from their routines just to see and celebrate
Jokowi‟s becoming president directly. It was one of a historic day for Indonesia.
On that day, Jokowi delivered his first presidential speech which got a very good
response from his supporters and the guests who came to his inauguration.
1
2
Jokowi‟s increasing popularity is such a phenomenal news for mass
medias not only in Indonesia but also in other countries. That‟s why TIME
magazine as one of the leading news media made Jokowi‟s picture as a cover of
the magazine which was published on October, 27th, 2014. TIME also wrote an
articles telling about Jokowi as the new Indonesia‟s president giving new hopes
for Indonesia. The articles described Jokowi‟s life and career before engaging in
political area and called Jokowi the people‟s president. The articles also added
that Jokowi is the first businessman whom became a president in Indonesia. Being
the rising politician, Jokowi was nominated by TIME Magazine as „Person of The
Year‟. As quoted from TIME, he is the first Indonesian to be considered and
chosen as one of the candidates that has successfully attracted public. These
proves that Jokowi is surely one of the famous politician in Indonesia.
Jokowi‟s success in attracting the attentions of many Indonesians can not
be separated from his humble and down to earth characters. He is able to attract
people‟s sympathy especially those from the middle to lower class. Jokowi
appears as a prominent figure for many Indonesians. Moreover, Jokowi has a
special term attached for himself. His work style or known as „blusukan‟ is a
unique expression for his action. Blusukan refers to Jokowi‟s activity for
observing and surveying directly to the area that really needs concerns from
government. This activity successfully becomes a trend for others politician in
Indonesia. It also becomes one of the positive point which draws
public‟s
attention on him.
Another point that becomes Jokowi‟s special quality is his ability in
communication. Whether in direct communication or in public speaking like
3
speech, Jokowi can build a good interaction with his listeners and audiences
through his own language style. Jokowi‟s language style is quite different
comparing to many politicians generally. According to Triyono as quoted from
wordpress.com, “Jokowi‟s communication and speech style is not emotional and
not boastful. He also added that Jokowi‟s speech style tends to use simple daily
language that is often used by common people. This communication style which
uses common and simple language is much more better for attracting many
people.
Utilizing a language is a necessary item for politicians. As stated in Beard
(2000:2), study the language of politics is important because it helps the language
users to understand how language is used by those who wish to gain power, those
who wish to exercise power and those who wish to keep power. It can be said that
language is a significant tool for politician to win public‟s attention because it is
through language, someone can communicate with others, influence people‟s
attitudes or behavior, to provide information that people do not know, to explain
one‟s attitudes or behaviors, or to get people to take some actions. Wardhaugh
(2006) as quoted in Kondowe (2014:71), notes when we use language, we do not
just try to get another person understand our thoughts and feelings. We also use
language in a subtle way to define our social relationship to one another as such
we have to make constant choices of what we say and how we say it. It shows that
the use of language is not only for making people understand what we want to
convey but also knowing what (the content) and how (the manner) we deliver it
because the two are inseparable in a speech package. It can be said that the use of
language for politicians is not just to make the audience or listeners understand
4
but the politicians need to concern about the content and manner in delivering
his/her points of view.
The use of language in politics has become many researchers‟ interests. It
is apparent to the researchers that the language use in politics needs to be explored
further. Many research have been conducted to examine how the politician
maximize the using of language in their speeches. One of them is by using the
theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics or SFL. SFL is functional approach to
language proposed by Halliday which sees language in social context (Lai,
2010:167). It fulfills three functions of language, namely to represent, to exchange
and to organize experience or known as Metafunction (Saragih, 2007:1). Each of
the three metafunctions is about a different aspect of the world and concerned
with a different mode of meaning of clauses, of which, according to Halliday
(1994:68), it is through the Interpersonal Metafunction that users of language
establish, negotiate and assume their position in social relationships, and it is
concerned with clauses as exchange. It indicates action that is done by speakers to
change experience in social interaction in order to reach human‟s needs. It is
called as interpersonal function when the language is used to enable us to
participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on roles and to
express and to understand feelings, attitude and judgments. Halliday (2000) as
quoted from Feng and Liu (2010) also states that the interpersonal functions plays
the role of setting up and maintaining social relations, and indicates the roles of
the participants in communication.
Interpersonal function can be seen from the utterances of someone. How
someone interact with others by producing his/her statements, for example a
5
presenter of tv program, teacher-student classroom interaction and political
speech. Even the success of political speech depends on how the speech is
organized to achieve the goal of the campaign. Interpersonal function is not only
can be seen from the utterances but also from the writings and symbols, for
examples: the articles, the use of diagrams in mathematics and the slogans of
advertisements. Thus, it proves that the interpersonal function can be applied in
various kinds of communication.
There are two types of discourse, spoken discourse and written discourse
(Dahal, 2010:22). They are different for several reasons. Spoken discourse is more
complex because it involves some aspects like speed (commonly faster than
writing), loudness/quietness, gestures/body language, intonation, pitch range,
stress, rhyme, pausing and phrasing and it needs to be understood immediately.
Meanwhile, written discourse can be read many times to be understood by the
readers. That‟s why political speech can be categorized as spoken discourse
because it includes all the aspects mentioned above.
Dealing with spoken discourse, it shows what kind of interpersonal
relationship is being developed in order one can begin to analyze and explain how
meanings are made in every linguistics interaction, for instance; Ruijuan Ye
(2010) discusses about a tentative Interpersonal Metafunction analysis of Barack
Obama‟s Victory Speech with the goal of helping readers to understand and
evaluate the speech regarding its suitability, therefore, to provide some guidance
for readers how to have better speeches. Feng and Lui (2010) study about
president Obama‟s speech in a memorial of his first 100th day in office and try to
explore how interpersonal meaning is achieved from the perspective of Functional
6
Grammar while emphasizing on mood, modal auxiliary, personal pronouns in
pronoun system, and tense shift. This study shows Obama maximize the use of
language to achieve his political purpose through different devices to fulfill
Interpersonal Meaning. The studies show that the speakers set the ideas on
persuading the listener through their speeches.
To fulfill the communicative purposes of the speeches, the speakers or the
addressers will try every potential techniques frequently and widely use figures of
language to make good speeches (Li, 2004:38). As a result, speech holds its
unique features in terms of language use and becomes a special discourse type to
be analyzed.
To accomplish the interaction with the audiences is the initial
purpose of every speakers. Political speech as a kind of spoken discourse to which
researcher has paid attention to find how political speakers apply and convey their
ideas in their speeches. Through speeches, politicians can make their audiences to
understand and know about each other‟s social culture, custom, idea, and
background and the speaker can influence and persuade the listeners to change
their mind or do some actions.
The interpersonal function has two levels; they are speech function and
mood. To get an effective communication or interaction, the addresser
(speaker/writer) and the addressee (listener/reader) will perform the two roles, that
is giving and demanding and the commodity being exchanged could be
information or goods and services. Giving means inviting to receive and
demanding means inviting to give. When someone says something in the form of
statement, the speaker expects the listener to receive the information but when
someone says something in the form of command, the speaker expects the listener
7
to do something or to give some objects. These two variables, role and commodity
exchanged, when taken together, define the four primary speech functions;
statement, question, offer, and command (Halliday, 1994:69). Speech function can
be defined as the way the speaker conveys his idea in order to make the listener
understand the idea.
Here are some examples of how Jokowi utilize interpersonal function in
terms of speech functions in delivering his speech :
“Saya berharap, kemenangan rakyat ini akan melapangkan jalan untuk mencapai
dan mewujudkan Indonesia yang berdaulat secara politik, berdikari secara
ekonomi dan berkepribadian secara kebudayaan.”
(„I hope that this people's victory would pave the way to achieve and realize
Indonesia politically sovereign, economically self-reliant and culturally
personality.‟)
“Persatuan dan gotong royong adalah syarat bagi kita untuk menjadi bangsa
besar. Kita tidak akan pernah besar jika terjebak dalam keterbelahan dan
keterpecahan. Dan, kita tidak pernah betul-betul merdeka tanpa kerja keras.”
(„Unity and mutual cooperation is a requirement for us to be a great nation . We
will never be great if we stuck in divisions and disunity . And , we never be a truly
independent without hard work.‟)
In delivering the speech, Jokowi tends to use statement which is realized in
declarative mood to clearly state out his opinion and express his ideas clearly. As
the speech was given on his election victory day and inauguration day, so it
became very important speeches that public attached great attention to it.
Furthermore, Jokowi also used command speech function which is realized in
imperative mood to give the inspirational speech feeling and to demand services
from the public. The use of imperative itself can motivate the audience to follow
the speaker‟s instruction and also create the speaker‟s authoritative image. It can
be seen from the following clauses:
8
“Pulihkan kembali hubungan keluarga dengan keluarga, tetangga dengan
tetangga, serta teman dengan teman yang sempat renggang.”
(„Recover the relationships between family with family , neighbor with neighbor
and friend with friend which had drifted apart.‟)
Jokowi‟s popularity phenomenon motivates the researcher to conduct an
analysis on how interpersonal function in terms of speech functions realized in
Jokowi‟s speeches. The writer thinks that it is necessary to analyze the
interpersonal meaning in Jokowi‟s speech to see how he builds interpersonal
relationship between himself as the speaker and his listeners since the language
has been developing into an important means for describing interpersonal
relationships with the development of human society, how to affect and make
audiences understand what the speakers is going to say via speech.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study must be clearly stated so that the objectives of
the study and method used can be well determined. In line with the background
above, the problems of the study were formulated as in the following.
1. What types of speech functions are used in Jokowi‟s speeches ?
2. How are the speech functions realized in the mood ?
3. Why are the speech functions realized in the way they are ?
9
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of study above, the objectives of the study were.
1. to investigate the types of speech functions used in Jokowi‟s speeches;
2. to describe how those types are realized in the Jokowi‟s speeches;
3. to elaborate the reason of why the speech functions are realized the way
they are.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study applied the concept of interpersonal metafunction in Systemic
Functional Linguistics (SFL) as proposed by Halliday. Specifically, this study
investigated the speech functions realized in Jokowi‟s political speeches. The
investigation was focused on the types of speech functions and the realization in
the mood which occurred on the speeches.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
Findings of the study were expected to be useful theoretically and practically.
1. Theoretically, the findings are expected to be useful for linguistic
developments. The finding potentially will enrich the discussion about the
realization of speech functions in political speeches which can be used as a
reference for the similar studies in the future. Specifically, the findings can
add up more horizons to linguistics theories. In addition, the finding can be
references for further studies related to the language of politics.
10
2. Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for the readers to
understand the realization of speech functions in political speeches. It is also
expected to be good input for the politicians to make a better political
speeches.
87
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Triyono. (2014). http://wordpress.com/gaya-bahasa-jokowi. Accessed on October, 7th, 2015.
Wignell, Peter and Linda Gerot. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney:
Gerd Stabler, AEE Publishing.
Ye, Ruijuan. (2010). The Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Barack Obama’s Victory
Speech. English Language Teaching, Vol. 3, No. 2. Retrieved from:
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/6258.
Website materials:
http://news.detik.com/berita/2723882/ini-pemimpin-negara-yang-hadir-di-pelantikan-jokowi.
Accessed on May, 23rd, 2015.
http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/16606/joko-widodo-is-in-time-magazine-cover-anew-hope/. Accessed on May, 23rd, 2015.
http://ahlinaskahpidato.com/pidato-kemenangan-jokowi/. Accessed on Sept, 5th, 2014.
http://www.kompasiana.com/sangpujangga/pendapat-tokoh-tokoh-nasional-tentang-jokowidari-dahlan-iskan-prabowo-hingga-buya-syafii-maarif_54f7666fa3331184358b4764.
Accessed on June, 24th, 2015.
Ratih, Julia. Registration Number: 8106112012. Interpersonal Metafunctions
Analysis on Jokowi’s Speeches. English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
Post Graduate School, State University of Medan (UNIMED) 2016.
This study deals with the interpersonal metafunctions analysis on Jokowi’s
speeches. The objectives of this study are (1) to investigate the kinds of speech
functions used in Jokowi’s speeches, (2) to describe how those types are realized
in the Jokowi’s speeches, and (3) to elaborate why the speech functions are
realized in the ways they are. The research applies qualitative descriptive design.
The data of the study are utterances of Jokowi’s speeches transcribed in written
mode. The speeches are those of the election victory speech on July 22nd, 2014
and the inauguration speech on October 20th, 2014. The research findings show
that (1) kinds of speech functions used in both of Jokowi’s speeches are statement,
command, offer, greeting and call, (2) the realization of speech functions in mood
system in both speeches are in congruent mood and metaphorical mood. In
congruent mood, statements are realized by declaratives, commands are realized
by imperative and greeting and call are realized by minor. In metaphorical mood,
commands are realized by declaratives and offer is realized by imperative, (3) the
reason for using statements which were realized in declarative is to give as much
information as possible to the audiences and the reason of using commands are to
create the speaker’s authoritative image and to invite the audiences to do
something and achieve solidarity.
iv
ABSTRAK
Ratih, Julia, NIM: 8106112011. Interpersonal Metafunctions Analysis on
Jokowi’s Speeches. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Pasca
Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016
Thesis ini berhubungan dengan analisis fungsi interpersonal bahasa dalam pidato
Jokowi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk menganalisa jenis-jenis fungsi
ujaran yang digunakan dalam pidato Jokowi (2) untuk mendeskripsikan
bagaimana fungsi ujaran direalisasikan dalam sistem mood, dan (3) untuk
menguraikan alasan pemilihan fungsi ujaran yang terdapat dalam pidato Jokowi.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data adalah
ucapan dari pidato Jokowi yang ditranskripkan ke dalam bentuk tulisan. Kedua
naskah pidato Jokowi tersebut adalah pidato kemenangan pemilu yang
disampaikan pada tanggal 22 Juli 2014 dan pidato pelantikan yang disampaikan
pada tanggal 22 Oktober 2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) jenis-jenis
fungsi ujaran yang terdapat dalam kedua pidato Jokowi adalah pernyataan,
perintah, penawaran, salam dan panggilan, (2) pengrealisasian fungsi ujaran
dalam sistem mood dalam kedua pidato adalah kongruen mood dan metaforikal
mood. Dalam kongruen mood, kalimat pernyataan diterapkan dalam deklaratif,
kalimat perintah diterapkan dalam imperatif dan kalimat salam dan panggilan
diterapkan dalam minor. Dalam metaforikal mood, kalimat perintah diterapkan
dalam deklaratif dan kalimat penawaran diterapkan dalam imperatif, (3) alasan
penggunaan kalimat pernyataan yang diterapkan dalam deklaratif adalah untuk
memberikan informasi sebanyak mungkin kepada para pendengar dan alasan
penggunaan kalimat perintah adalah untuk menciptakan pencitraan kekuasaan diri
dan untuk memacu para pendengar supaya bersedia melakukan dan mencapai
suatu hal bersama-sama.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Pages
Acknowledgement........................................................................................
i
Abstract.........................................................................................................
iv
Abstrak..........................................................................................................
v
Table of Contents.........................................................................................
vi
List of Tables................................................................................................
ix
List of Figures...............................................................................................
x
List of Appendices........................................................................................
xi
CHAPTER
I.
CHAPTER II .
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study......................................
1
1.2 The Problem of the Study............................................
8
1.3 The Objectives of the Study.........................................
9
1.4 The Scope of the Study................................................
9
1.5 The Significances of the Study....................................
9
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework............................................
8
2.1.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics.....................
11
2.1.2 Metafunctions.................................................
13
2.1.3 Interpersonal Metafunction............................
15
2.1.4 Speech Functions...........................................
17
2.1.4.1 Types of Speech Functions...............
18
2.1.4.2 The Initiations and Responses of
Speech Function..........................................
20
2.1.5 Mood.............................................................
23
2.1.5.1 Declarative........................................
33
2.1.5.2 Interrogative.....................................
33
2.1.5.3 Imperative Mood..............................
34
2.1.5.4 Minor................................................
35
2.1.6 The Realization of Speech Functions
in Mood.......................................................
2.1.7 Context of Situation...................................
vi
35
38
CHAPTER III.
CHAPTER IV.
2.1.8 Public Speaking..........................................
40
2.1.9 Speech and Political Speech......................
41
2.2 Jokowi and Jokowi’s Speeches............................
45
2.3 Relevant Studies..................................................
46
2.4 Conceptual Framework.........................................
49
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design....................................................
52
3.2 Data and Data Source ...........................................
52
3.3 Instrument of Data Collection...............................
53
3.4 Technique of Data Collection................................
53
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis..................................
53
3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Study........................
56
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis......................................................
56
4.1.1 Speech Function Types Found in
Jokowi’s Speeches.....................................
56
4.1.1.1 Statement..........................................
57
4.1.1.2 Command.........................................
65
4.1.1.3 Offer................................................
67
4.1.1.4 Greeting and Call.............................
67
4.1.2 Realization of Speech Function in
Mood System in Jokowi’s Speeches..........
71
4.1.2.1 Realization of Speech Functions in
Congruent Realization.......................
71
4.1.2.1.1 Statement is Realized by
Declarative...........................
71
4.1.2.1.2 Command is Realized by
Imperative.............................
73
4.1.2.1.3 Greeting/Calling are Realized by
Minor.....................................
73
4.1.2.2 Realization of Speech Function in
Metaphorical Realization...................
4.1.2.2.1 Command is Realized by
vii
75
Declarative........................
75
4.1.2.2.2 Offer is Realized by
Imperative.........................
76
4.1.3 Reasons of Using Speech Function as Realized
CHAPTER V .
Mood System.............................................
76
4.2 Findings...............................................................
80
4.3 Discussion............................................................
81
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions...........................................................
84
5.2 Suggestions...........................................................
85
REFERENCES.............................................................................................
87
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….......
90
viii
LIST OF TABLES
pages
Table 2.1 Types of Meanings in the Systemic Model........................
12
Table 2.2 Principal Systems ...............................................................
15
Table 2.3 Speech Role&Commodities in Interaction ..........................
19
Table 2.4 Speech Functions and Responses .......................................
22
Table 2.5 Types of Adjuncts ..............................................................
32
Table 2.6 Elaboration of Realization of Speech Function
in Mood System .................................................................
36
Table 2.10 Speech Function and Typical Mood of Clause..................
37
Table 2.11 Speech Function and Non-Typical Clause Mood..............
38
Table 4.1 Types of Statement in the First Speech...............................
61
Table 4.2 Types of Statement in the Second Speech..........................
62
Table 4.3 The Total Proportion of Statements from
Jokowi’s Speeches..............................................................
62
Table 4.4 Types of Speech Functions in the First Speech...................
70
Table 4.5 Types of Speech Functions in the Second Speech...............
71
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
pages
Figure 1 An Analysis of Metafunctions..................................................
14
Figure 2 The Derivation of Speech Functions.........................................
21
Figure 3 The Types of Mood..................................................................
24
Figure 4 Mood Network..........................................................................
26
Figure 5 Mood Analysis..........................................................................
27
Figure 6 Mood Analysis................................................................................ 28
Figure 8 Mood Analysis................................................................................ 33
Figure 9 Mood Analysis: Elliptical Major Clause........................................ 33
Figure 10 The Realization of Speech Functions in Mood............................ 36
Figure 11 The Illustration of Conceptual Framework..............................
51
Figure 3.1 Miles and Huberman’s Interactive Model...............................
54
Figure 4.1 Jokowi’s Speeches System of Network....................................... 72
x
LIST OF APPENDICES
pages
Appendix 1
: Speech Transcriptions..................................................
89
Appendix 2
: Data Analysis..............................................................
94
xi
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Joko Widodo or known as Jokowi has received public‟s attention since he
became the mayor of Surakarta. His success in leading and changing Surakarta
motivated Jokowi to be one of the candidates for the governor of Jakarta along
with his vice Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Facing off with another candidate Fauzi
Bowo, Jokowi finally won the “Pilgub” 2012 and became the governor of DKI
Jakarta. His winning in governor elections or Pilgub 2012 has put his name into
the spotlight as one of a well-known politicians in Indonesia. Then in 2014, his
party proposed Jokowi to be one of the president candidates in the 2014
presidential election. Through hard struggles, Jokowi was successfully gained
public trust and sympathy and finally he was elected as the seventh Indonesia‟s
President replacing former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Jokowi becoming a popular politicians who is adored and respected by
many people in Indonesia could be seen from his inauguration on October, 20th,
2014. From an article in detik.com, it is said that many state visitors came to
Jokowi‟s president inauguration. Even many people came to DPR/MPR building
and waited at the outside of the building to celebrate Jokowi‟s inauguration day.
Many Indonesians took a day off from their routines just to see and celebrate
Jokowi‟s becoming president directly. It was one of a historic day for Indonesia.
On that day, Jokowi delivered his first presidential speech which got a very good
response from his supporters and the guests who came to his inauguration.
1
2
Jokowi‟s increasing popularity is such a phenomenal news for mass
medias not only in Indonesia but also in other countries. That‟s why TIME
magazine as one of the leading news media made Jokowi‟s picture as a cover of
the magazine which was published on October, 27th, 2014. TIME also wrote an
articles telling about Jokowi as the new Indonesia‟s president giving new hopes
for Indonesia. The articles described Jokowi‟s life and career before engaging in
political area and called Jokowi the people‟s president. The articles also added
that Jokowi is the first businessman whom became a president in Indonesia. Being
the rising politician, Jokowi was nominated by TIME Magazine as „Person of The
Year‟. As quoted from TIME, he is the first Indonesian to be considered and
chosen as one of the candidates that has successfully attracted public. These
proves that Jokowi is surely one of the famous politician in Indonesia.
Jokowi‟s success in attracting the attentions of many Indonesians can not
be separated from his humble and down to earth characters. He is able to attract
people‟s sympathy especially those from the middle to lower class. Jokowi
appears as a prominent figure for many Indonesians. Moreover, Jokowi has a
special term attached for himself. His work style or known as „blusukan‟ is a
unique expression for his action. Blusukan refers to Jokowi‟s activity for
observing and surveying directly to the area that really needs concerns from
government. This activity successfully becomes a trend for others politician in
Indonesia. It also becomes one of the positive point which draws
public‟s
attention on him.
Another point that becomes Jokowi‟s special quality is his ability in
communication. Whether in direct communication or in public speaking like
3
speech, Jokowi can build a good interaction with his listeners and audiences
through his own language style. Jokowi‟s language style is quite different
comparing to many politicians generally. According to Triyono as quoted from
wordpress.com, “Jokowi‟s communication and speech style is not emotional and
not boastful. He also added that Jokowi‟s speech style tends to use simple daily
language that is often used by common people. This communication style which
uses common and simple language is much more better for attracting many
people.
Utilizing a language is a necessary item for politicians. As stated in Beard
(2000:2), study the language of politics is important because it helps the language
users to understand how language is used by those who wish to gain power, those
who wish to exercise power and those who wish to keep power. It can be said that
language is a significant tool for politician to win public‟s attention because it is
through language, someone can communicate with others, influence people‟s
attitudes or behavior, to provide information that people do not know, to explain
one‟s attitudes or behaviors, or to get people to take some actions. Wardhaugh
(2006) as quoted in Kondowe (2014:71), notes when we use language, we do not
just try to get another person understand our thoughts and feelings. We also use
language in a subtle way to define our social relationship to one another as such
we have to make constant choices of what we say and how we say it. It shows that
the use of language is not only for making people understand what we want to
convey but also knowing what (the content) and how (the manner) we deliver it
because the two are inseparable in a speech package. It can be said that the use of
language for politicians is not just to make the audience or listeners understand
4
but the politicians need to concern about the content and manner in delivering
his/her points of view.
The use of language in politics has become many researchers‟ interests. It
is apparent to the researchers that the language use in politics needs to be explored
further. Many research have been conducted to examine how the politician
maximize the using of language in their speeches. One of them is by using the
theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics or SFL. SFL is functional approach to
language proposed by Halliday which sees language in social context (Lai,
2010:167). It fulfills three functions of language, namely to represent, to exchange
and to organize experience or known as Metafunction (Saragih, 2007:1). Each of
the three metafunctions is about a different aspect of the world and concerned
with a different mode of meaning of clauses, of which, according to Halliday
(1994:68), it is through the Interpersonal Metafunction that users of language
establish, negotiate and assume their position in social relationships, and it is
concerned with clauses as exchange. It indicates action that is done by speakers to
change experience in social interaction in order to reach human‟s needs. It is
called as interpersonal function when the language is used to enable us to
participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on roles and to
express and to understand feelings, attitude and judgments. Halliday (2000) as
quoted from Feng and Liu (2010) also states that the interpersonal functions plays
the role of setting up and maintaining social relations, and indicates the roles of
the participants in communication.
Interpersonal function can be seen from the utterances of someone. How
someone interact with others by producing his/her statements, for example a
5
presenter of tv program, teacher-student classroom interaction and political
speech. Even the success of political speech depends on how the speech is
organized to achieve the goal of the campaign. Interpersonal function is not only
can be seen from the utterances but also from the writings and symbols, for
examples: the articles, the use of diagrams in mathematics and the slogans of
advertisements. Thus, it proves that the interpersonal function can be applied in
various kinds of communication.
There are two types of discourse, spoken discourse and written discourse
(Dahal, 2010:22). They are different for several reasons. Spoken discourse is more
complex because it involves some aspects like speed (commonly faster than
writing), loudness/quietness, gestures/body language, intonation, pitch range,
stress, rhyme, pausing and phrasing and it needs to be understood immediately.
Meanwhile, written discourse can be read many times to be understood by the
readers. That‟s why political speech can be categorized as spoken discourse
because it includes all the aspects mentioned above.
Dealing with spoken discourse, it shows what kind of interpersonal
relationship is being developed in order one can begin to analyze and explain how
meanings are made in every linguistics interaction, for instance; Ruijuan Ye
(2010) discusses about a tentative Interpersonal Metafunction analysis of Barack
Obama‟s Victory Speech with the goal of helping readers to understand and
evaluate the speech regarding its suitability, therefore, to provide some guidance
for readers how to have better speeches. Feng and Lui (2010) study about
president Obama‟s speech in a memorial of his first 100th day in office and try to
explore how interpersonal meaning is achieved from the perspective of Functional
6
Grammar while emphasizing on mood, modal auxiliary, personal pronouns in
pronoun system, and tense shift. This study shows Obama maximize the use of
language to achieve his political purpose through different devices to fulfill
Interpersonal Meaning. The studies show that the speakers set the ideas on
persuading the listener through their speeches.
To fulfill the communicative purposes of the speeches, the speakers or the
addressers will try every potential techniques frequently and widely use figures of
language to make good speeches (Li, 2004:38). As a result, speech holds its
unique features in terms of language use and becomes a special discourse type to
be analyzed.
To accomplish the interaction with the audiences is the initial
purpose of every speakers. Political speech as a kind of spoken discourse to which
researcher has paid attention to find how political speakers apply and convey their
ideas in their speeches. Through speeches, politicians can make their audiences to
understand and know about each other‟s social culture, custom, idea, and
background and the speaker can influence and persuade the listeners to change
their mind or do some actions.
The interpersonal function has two levels; they are speech function and
mood. To get an effective communication or interaction, the addresser
(speaker/writer) and the addressee (listener/reader) will perform the two roles, that
is giving and demanding and the commodity being exchanged could be
information or goods and services. Giving means inviting to receive and
demanding means inviting to give. When someone says something in the form of
statement, the speaker expects the listener to receive the information but when
someone says something in the form of command, the speaker expects the listener
7
to do something or to give some objects. These two variables, role and commodity
exchanged, when taken together, define the four primary speech functions;
statement, question, offer, and command (Halliday, 1994:69). Speech function can
be defined as the way the speaker conveys his idea in order to make the listener
understand the idea.
Here are some examples of how Jokowi utilize interpersonal function in
terms of speech functions in delivering his speech :
“Saya berharap, kemenangan rakyat ini akan melapangkan jalan untuk mencapai
dan mewujudkan Indonesia yang berdaulat secara politik, berdikari secara
ekonomi dan berkepribadian secara kebudayaan.”
(„I hope that this people's victory would pave the way to achieve and realize
Indonesia politically sovereign, economically self-reliant and culturally
personality.‟)
“Persatuan dan gotong royong adalah syarat bagi kita untuk menjadi bangsa
besar. Kita tidak akan pernah besar jika terjebak dalam keterbelahan dan
keterpecahan. Dan, kita tidak pernah betul-betul merdeka tanpa kerja keras.”
(„Unity and mutual cooperation is a requirement for us to be a great nation . We
will never be great if we stuck in divisions and disunity . And , we never be a truly
independent without hard work.‟)
In delivering the speech, Jokowi tends to use statement which is realized in
declarative mood to clearly state out his opinion and express his ideas clearly. As
the speech was given on his election victory day and inauguration day, so it
became very important speeches that public attached great attention to it.
Furthermore, Jokowi also used command speech function which is realized in
imperative mood to give the inspirational speech feeling and to demand services
from the public. The use of imperative itself can motivate the audience to follow
the speaker‟s instruction and also create the speaker‟s authoritative image. It can
be seen from the following clauses:
8
“Pulihkan kembali hubungan keluarga dengan keluarga, tetangga dengan
tetangga, serta teman dengan teman yang sempat renggang.”
(„Recover the relationships between family with family , neighbor with neighbor
and friend with friend which had drifted apart.‟)
Jokowi‟s popularity phenomenon motivates the researcher to conduct an
analysis on how interpersonal function in terms of speech functions realized in
Jokowi‟s speeches. The writer thinks that it is necessary to analyze the
interpersonal meaning in Jokowi‟s speech to see how he builds interpersonal
relationship between himself as the speaker and his listeners since the language
has been developing into an important means for describing interpersonal
relationships with the development of human society, how to affect and make
audiences understand what the speakers is going to say via speech.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
The problems of the study must be clearly stated so that the objectives of
the study and method used can be well determined. In line with the background
above, the problems of the study were formulated as in the following.
1. What types of speech functions are used in Jokowi‟s speeches ?
2. How are the speech functions realized in the mood ?
3. Why are the speech functions realized in the way they are ?
9
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of study above, the objectives of the study were.
1. to investigate the types of speech functions used in Jokowi‟s speeches;
2. to describe how those types are realized in the Jokowi‟s speeches;
3. to elaborate the reason of why the speech functions are realized the way
they are.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study applied the concept of interpersonal metafunction in Systemic
Functional Linguistics (SFL) as proposed by Halliday. Specifically, this study
investigated the speech functions realized in Jokowi‟s political speeches. The
investigation was focused on the types of speech functions and the realization in
the mood which occurred on the speeches.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
Findings of the study were expected to be useful theoretically and practically.
1. Theoretically, the findings are expected to be useful for linguistic
developments. The finding potentially will enrich the discussion about the
realization of speech functions in political speeches which can be used as a
reference for the similar studies in the future. Specifically, the findings can
add up more horizons to linguistics theories. In addition, the finding can be
references for further studies related to the language of politics.
10
2. Practically, the findings are expected to be useful for the readers to
understand the realization of speech functions in political speeches. It is also
expected to be good input for the politicians to make a better political
speeches.
87
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