SPEECH FUNCTION IN JOKOWI’S SPEECHES.
SPEECH FUNCTION IN JOKOWI’S SPEECHES
A THESIS
Submitted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
TEGUH K. I TARIGAN
Registration Number 209220051
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise to JESUS CHRIST, the great thankfulness is given to Jesus Christ
for being every pray, always loving and blessing the writer finished this thesis.
This thesis has been written to fulfill the requirements for the degree of
Sarjana Sastra at the English Department of Faculty Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan.
The writer would like to give appreciation, and special thanks for:
1. Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
2. Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Language and
Arts, Vice Dean I, II, III, and all the administrative staff.
3. Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the head of English Department and
Rika, S.Pd, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Department and also Dra.
Meisuri, M.A, the Head of Applied Linguistics for suggestions, and
administrative help during his study and time in conducting this thesis.
4. Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum., his thesis consultant and also
academic consultant for his advices, guidance, constructive comments
and his previous time in making correction to this thesis and also Dra.
Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed and Drs. Bakhtiar, M.Pd as his examiners.
5. For all lecturers throughout his academic years at the State University
of Medan who have shared their knowledge to him.
i
6. Nasrani Tarigan and Marianna br Surbakti, S.PAK, his beloved
parents, and also for my young brother Kharis N. W Tarigan who has
patiently given moral, spiritual and financial support including their
endless love and pray for the writer.
7. His beloved and best friends, Mhd. Irham T, S.S, Handrian
Sigalingging, Mhd. Luthfi S, S.S, Junaidi, Elka Fernando, Yenny
Manalu, Ines Sihombing, S.S, Siti Arfah, S.S and Nancy Panggabean,
and all classmates in applied linguistic 2009 and all of his friends from
other major, his senior and junior thanks for the support and advices.
8. His beloved and best friends, Kurniawan Putra, S.Pd, Faisal
Situmorang, S.Pd, Ade Lubis, S.Pd, Eko Hrp, and Rahmat Nst, S.Pd,
Equinta Stp, Dewanta Gtg, Edi Gtg, Otniel Bangun, S.H, Yovianus
Trg, Prayuda T Siregar, other friends that cannot be mentioned, thank
you for the support, laugh, friendship, advice and understanding him.
9. All the others whose name cannot be mentioned one by one for their
help and supports. Thanks for everything. God bless us. Amin.
Medan,
Januari 2014
The Writer
Teguh K. I Tarigan
NIM. 209220051
ii
ABSTRACT
Tarigan, Teguh K. I. Speech Function in Jokowi’s Speeches. The Faculty of
Languages and Arts, University of Medan, 2014
This study deals with Speech Function in Jokowi’s Speeches. The
objective of this study is to find out the types of Speech Function, the most type of
Speech Function used, and the meaning of the dominantly used. The research on
this thesis was carried out on descriptive qualitative research. The data are taken
from the 4 speeches of Jokowi in English. The data are analyzed and classified
into four types of speech functions in the procedures namely Statement, Question,
Offer, and Command. There are 116 speech functions from 4 speeches of Jokowi.
The finding indicate from the four types of speech function taken from the
speeches of Jokowi they are Statement are 88 (75,86%), Question are 11 (9,48%),
Command are 17 (14,66%), and there is no Offer in Jokowi’s Speeches (0%).
Statement as the dominant type of speech function that is used in Jokowi’s
speeches it’s mean give or state information, the way of the speaker to deliver the
information about the Jakarta city’s problem and how to solve that, the speaker’s
planning for Jakarta, and give thanks for the audience in Jakarta Anniversary to
the audience by using statement.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................
i
ABSTRACTS….….....................................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................
iv
LIST OF APPENDIXES ...........................................................................
vii
LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION .......................................................
1
A. The Background of the Study ...................................
1
B. The Problem of the Study .........................................
5
C. The Scope of the Study.............................................
6
D. The Objective of the Study .......................................
6
E. The Significance of the Study ..................................
6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ....................................
7
A. Functional Grammar .................................................
7
B. Metafunction .............................................................
7
C. Interpersonal function ...............................................
9
CHAPTER II
1. Speech Function ...................................................
10
a. Statement .........................................................
12
b. Question ..........................................................
13
c. Offer ................................................................
13
d. Command ........................................................
14
D. Transactional Function .............................................
18
iv
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
E. Mood.........................................................................
19
1. Indicaive Mood ....................................................
22
a. Declarative… ..................................................
22
b. Interrogative ....................................................
23
2. Imperative ............................................................
24
F. Communication Competence ...................................
24
G. Speaking Context......................................................
25
H. Speech .......................................................................
26
1. Discussional Communication ..............................
27
2. Informational Speaking........................................
27
3. Persuasion ............................................................
27
I. Biography of Jokowi ................................................
27
RESEARCH METHOD ..............................................
33
A. Research Design .......................................................
33
B. Source of the Data ....................................................
33
C. Technique of Collecting Data ...................................
34
D. Technique of analyzing Data ....................................
34
THE DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...............
35
A. The Data ...................................................................
35
B. Data Analysis ...........................................................
35
1. Statement ...........................................................
35
2. Question .............................................................
36
3. Command ...........................................................
37
v
C. Research Finding .....................................................
38
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ....................
41
A. Conclusion ...............................................................
4
B. Suggestion ................................................................
42
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................
43
CHAPTER V
vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 ..................................................................................................... 11
TABLE 2.2 ...................................................................................................... 15
TABLE 2.3 ..................................................................................................... 16
TABLE 4.1 ..................................................................................................... 38
TABLE 4.2 ..................................................................................................... 39
viii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
APPENDIXES A ............................................................................................ 45
APPENDIXES B ........................................................................................... 48
APPENDIXES C ........................................................................................... 52
APPENDIXES D ............................................................................................ 53
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of Study
Language is one of the most important thing that human need to interact to
the other people. Language cannot be separated from the human being, language
is a tool to say anything and express the ideas, by language, people can interact
well, exchanging their ideas and also to fulfill their needs. Language serves many
functions: to give information, to persuade people to do something, etc.
Human being use language in their daily life to make easy in
communication. Cause language gives understanding between the speaker and the
listener who know that language. Wierbicka (1996:1) stated that language is an
instrument for conveying meaning. The structure of this instrument reflected its
function, and it can only be properly understood in terms its function. Halliday
(1994:106) stated that language enables human being to build a mental picture of
reality, to make sense of what goes on around them. And Clark (1977:3) stated
that language stand at the centre of human affairs, from the most prosaic to the
most profound. It serves many functions; to give information, to express feeling,
to persuade people, asking something, or many functions else.
Considering the statements and those various function of language
mentioned above, in simple word it can be conclude that the function of language
is as a tool of communication. Hornby (2000:225) stated that communication
itself is the activity or process of expressing ideas and feeling or to give
1
2
information. It means when language is used, people need not only to interact
with others but also to get other person understand their thought and feeling.
Halliday (1994:69) stated that when exchanging and expressing the ideas,
the human being perform two roles namely giving and demanding, the commodity
may be information and goods or services. In systemic functional linguistic (SFL),
it named speech function. Speech function is a way of someone delivers the ideas
in communication to make the listener understand the ideas well. Speech function
itself divided into four kinds: statement, question, command and offer. In mood
system, the kinds of speech function above realized by declarative, interrogative
and imperative, offer function is coded by anyone of the three moods. The spoken
communication is usually represented by utterances. In every word, phrase or
sentence is always perform the different function and misunderstanding will occur
if the listener does not notice what kind of function uses by the speaker.
Halliday (1994:60) stated that Systemic Functional Linguistics is theory
centered on a notion of language function. It is concerned with the realization
between language and context, interpersonal meaning in text. Based on theory of
SFL, language is used by people to fulfill the function of language as
interpersonal meaning. And interpersonal meaning its self concern the speaker’s
role in the speech function.
Human beings use language in order to fulfill three functions known as
metafunctions. Metafunction is the system which covers the language functions..
Halliday in Bloor and Bloor (1995:9) classifies three broad categories in which
human beings use language or known as metafunction. They are ideational,
3
interpersonal and textual functions. When the language is used to organize,
understands and express our perceptions of the world and of our own
consciousness, it performs ideational function. This function can be classified in
to two, they are experiential function is largely to concerned with content or ideas.
While the logical function is concerned with the relationship between ideas. When
the language is used to relate what it is said (written) to the real world and to other
linguistic events. This involves the use of language to organize the text itself. This
is known as the textual function.
It is called as interpersonal function when the language is used to enable
us to participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on roles and to
express and to understand feeling, attitude and judgments. The interpersonal
function has two levels; they are speech function and mood.
To get an effective communication or interaction, the addresser
(speaker/writer) and the addressee (listener/reader) will perform two roles, they
are giving and demanding and commodity being exchanged could be information
or goods and services. When someone says something in the form of statement,
the speaker expects the listener to receive the information but when someone says
something in the form of command, the speaker expect the listener to do
something or to give some objects. This two variables, role and commodity
exchange, when taken together, define the four primary speech function;
statement, question, offer, and command.
Halliday (1994:69) stated that speech function is an exchange
communication between speaker and listener where the speaker adopts a speech
4
functional role and assigns the addressee a complementary role. There are four
types of speech function; they are statement, question, offer, and command.
The communicative act or verbal communication is usually represented by
the utterances. In attempting to express themselves, people produce utterances
containing grammatical structures and words. It shows that every word, phrases or
a sentence that is human uttered perform different form and if the hearer cannot
get the intention of every utterance, it will lead a misunderstanding.
Crystal (1980:327) stated that speech means communication or expression
of thought in spoken words. Through speech, speaker conveys a message to the
audience either it is to convey information or insight, to persuade or to motivate.
A speaker must engage his or her audience with a central idea or propositions. If a
speaker does not have a clear reason to give a speech, the speech should not be
given.
Joko Widodo or usually called Jokowi is a leading figure in Indonesia
especially in DKI Jakarta. Joko Widodo at his time had become mayor of
Surakarta (Solo) 2 times for the tenure 2005-2015. He is previously businessman
furniture currently elected Mayor of Solo. Jokowi won elections in 2012 and
established as a DKI Jakarta Governor.
This study refers to the use of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches. The
writer found that there are many type of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches.
The writer considers that types of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches are
important to be analyzed to show the most dominant types of speech function is
preferred by Jakarta’s society.
5
The writer also wants to give the deeply explanation about speech
functions which contain of two parts they are giving and demanding which are the
essence of communication must be noticed well to avoid misunderstandings
occur towards the speaker and the listener. When the speaker utters something
through question, he/she is actually requiring the listener to receive it. While
requiring give information when he/she utters something through command or
offer. The writer aware this issue so that he/she wants to analyze the speech
functions of speeches. In case there are some research through this theory and
found some conclusions, for the examples in hypnosis utterances tent to use
question as the highest proportion because the hypnotist ask some question to get
the information as much as possible (Anggraini:2011). Another research found
that
the
highest
proportion
in
detective
Conan
comic
is
statement
(Hasibuan:2012). By this study, the writer will explain the form of utterances in
Jokowi’s speeches by using the speech functions theory. The writer chooses this
figure because he/she is interested to the speeches which giving a different things
than the other leader figure in Indonesia in 2013.
B. The Problem of Study
Base on the explanation on the background of study, the problems of the
study are formulated as the following:
1. What types of speech functions are used in Jokowi’s speeches?
2. What the most dominant type of speech functions are used in Jokowi’s
speeches?
6
3. What is the implication of the dominant types of the speech function used
in Jokowi’s speeches?
C. The Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is focused on the types of speech function
identified in Jokowi’s speeches. According to Halliday (1994:69), there are four
primary speech functions. They are statement, question, command and offer.
D. The Objectives of the Study
Related to the problems of the study formulated above, the objectives or
the study are as follows:
1. To identify the types of speech function used in Jokowi’s speeches.
2. To identify the most dominant type of the speech functions used in
Jokowi’s speeches.
3. To find out the implication of the dominant types of speech functions in
Jokowi’s speeches.
E. The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful and relevant to:
1. The students of English Department who are learning functional grammar
as guidance to analyze the types of speech function in speech/text.
2. Readers who want to enrich their knowledge and get more understanding
and information of how speech function used.
3. The other researcher to use the findings as his/her reference in related
subject
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
After analyzed the types of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches, the
conclusions are presented below:
1) There are just three of four speech functions that the researcher got
from Jokowi’s Speeches; they are Statement, Question, Command, and
there is no Offer. Statement were 88 (75,86%), Question 11 (9,48%),
Command 17 (14,66%), and there is no Offer in Jokowi’s Speeches
(0%).
2) The dominant type of speech functions used in Jokowi’s speeches is
Statement 88 (75,86%). This is because the speech function of
statement deals with the commodity of information rather than
interacting the commodity goods and services.
3) The result that show statement as the dominant type of speech function
that is used in Jokowi’s speeches it’s mean give or state information,
the way of the speaker to deliver the information about the Jakarta
city’s problem and how to solve that, the speaker’s planning for
Jakarta, and give thanks for the audience in Jakarta Anniversary to the
audience by using statement. So, the implication of the dominant types
speech function in Jokowi’s speeches is it show that the characteristic
of the speaker or Jokowi is more give information to influence the
people than give good and services.
41
42
B. Suggestion
Having seen the results of the study, the writer would like to offer some
suggestion which were stated in the following:
1) It suggested to linguistic students to study more about speech function
its types, so they can understanding how speech function used in daily
life especially in speech and they know how to use speech function
deeper so that they know how to influence the people by using speech
function.
2) It is suggested to the people involved in speech to give a clear
information and clarification about certain topics, so the audience will
get the good information from the speech.
3) It is suggested to do more study about speech functions in speech or
another way of communication. It is to find more specific result about
the use of speech function in speech or another way of communication.
REFERENCE
Baird, A.C, Franklin, H.K and Samuel, L.B. 1971. General Speech
Communication. New York: MC Grow. Hill inc.
Bogdan, R & Biklen, S. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education (2nd ed).
Boston: Allan and Bacon.
Clark, H.H & Clark, E.V. 1997. Psychology and Language. New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich.
Gerot, L & P. Wignel. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney:
Gerb Stabler.
Gintings, IP, Gurning. B & Rahma. 2010. Functional Grammar. A handbook of
lecturer. Medan: Unpublished.
Grolier, A. 1992. New Webster’s Dictionary. Connecticut: Grolier.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:
Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K & Matthiessen, C. 1997. Systemic Functional Grammar: First
Step into the Theory. Unpublished.
Hasibuan, Anwar. 2012. Speech Function in Detective Conan. Unpublished
Thesis. Medan: State University of Medan.
Hornby, A.S. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.
Great Britain: Oxford University Press.
JBCyberTroops. 2012. Pidato jokowi. Retrieved on 21/08/2013/19.37.05. From
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJo-KTorGv4)
Karodaalnet. 2012. Biodata Profil Jokowi. Retrieved on 21/08/2013/21.29.26.
From (http://karodalnet.blogspot.com/2012/08/profil-jokowi.html)
Martin, J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: Jhon
Benjamins Publisher Company.
Nazir, M. 2003. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia
Paziraie, Mandana Eftekhar. 2013. The Use of Interpersonal Metafunction in
Conversation Manage-ment by EFL Learners. Open Journal of Education.
I (2) 43-51.
43
44
Puteh, Muhar Abdullah. 2013. Sambutan Gub Jakarta Jokowi pada Malam
Resepsi HUT ke 486 Kota Jakarta. Retrieved on 21/08/2013/19.21.34.
From (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78v3UXsQ1Qw).
Saragih, Amrin. 2010. Introduction Systematic Functional Grammar. Medan:
State University of Medan (Unpublished).
Sulistyowati, Titis. 2010 The Speech Function in the Conversations Between The
Fourth Semester English Department Students of Muria Kudus University
and Some Foreigners.
Wierbicka, Anna. 1996. Semantics Primer and Universals. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Wijaya,
Roni. 2012. Biografi Jokowi (Joko Widodo). Retrieved on
21/08/2013/20.30.46. From (http://biografi.rumus.web.id/biografi-jokowijoko-widodo/).
Wikipedia. 2013. Joko Widodo. Retrieved on 21/08/2013/21.15.55. From
(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo)
Ye, Ruijuan. 2006. The Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Barack Obama's
Victory Speech. English Language Teaching Journal, II (3) 146-151.
Yipei, Nan & Liu Lingling. 2013. Investigating the interpersonal and textual
meaning of Steve Jobs’ Stanford speech in terms of Hyland’s
metadiscourse theory. International Journal of Language and Linguistics.
I (4) 90-96.
A THESIS
Submitted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
TEGUH K. I TARIGAN
Registration Number 209220051
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise to JESUS CHRIST, the great thankfulness is given to Jesus Christ
for being every pray, always loving and blessing the writer finished this thesis.
This thesis has been written to fulfill the requirements for the degree of
Sarjana Sastra at the English Department of Faculty Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan.
The writer would like to give appreciation, and special thanks for:
1. Prof. Dr. Ibnu Hajar Damanik, M.Si., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
2. Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Language and
Arts, Vice Dean I, II, III, and all the administrative staff.
3. Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the head of English Department and
Rika, S.Pd, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Department and also Dra.
Meisuri, M.A, the Head of Applied Linguistics for suggestions, and
administrative help during his study and time in conducting this thesis.
4. Drs. Muhammad Natsir, M.Hum., his thesis consultant and also
academic consultant for his advices, guidance, constructive comments
and his previous time in making correction to this thesis and also Dra.
Masitowarni Siregar, M.Ed and Drs. Bakhtiar, M.Pd as his examiners.
5. For all lecturers throughout his academic years at the State University
of Medan who have shared their knowledge to him.
i
6. Nasrani Tarigan and Marianna br Surbakti, S.PAK, his beloved
parents, and also for my young brother Kharis N. W Tarigan who has
patiently given moral, spiritual and financial support including their
endless love and pray for the writer.
7. His beloved and best friends, Mhd. Irham T, S.S, Handrian
Sigalingging, Mhd. Luthfi S, S.S, Junaidi, Elka Fernando, Yenny
Manalu, Ines Sihombing, S.S, Siti Arfah, S.S and Nancy Panggabean,
and all classmates in applied linguistic 2009 and all of his friends from
other major, his senior and junior thanks for the support and advices.
8. His beloved and best friends, Kurniawan Putra, S.Pd, Faisal
Situmorang, S.Pd, Ade Lubis, S.Pd, Eko Hrp, and Rahmat Nst, S.Pd,
Equinta Stp, Dewanta Gtg, Edi Gtg, Otniel Bangun, S.H, Yovianus
Trg, Prayuda T Siregar, other friends that cannot be mentioned, thank
you for the support, laugh, friendship, advice and understanding him.
9. All the others whose name cannot be mentioned one by one for their
help and supports. Thanks for everything. God bless us. Amin.
Medan,
Januari 2014
The Writer
Teguh K. I Tarigan
NIM. 209220051
ii
ABSTRACT
Tarigan, Teguh K. I. Speech Function in Jokowi’s Speeches. The Faculty of
Languages and Arts, University of Medan, 2014
This study deals with Speech Function in Jokowi’s Speeches. The
objective of this study is to find out the types of Speech Function, the most type of
Speech Function used, and the meaning of the dominantly used. The research on
this thesis was carried out on descriptive qualitative research. The data are taken
from the 4 speeches of Jokowi in English. The data are analyzed and classified
into four types of speech functions in the procedures namely Statement, Question,
Offer, and Command. There are 116 speech functions from 4 speeches of Jokowi.
The finding indicate from the four types of speech function taken from the
speeches of Jokowi they are Statement are 88 (75,86%), Question are 11 (9,48%),
Command are 17 (14,66%), and there is no Offer in Jokowi’s Speeches (0%).
Statement as the dominant type of speech function that is used in Jokowi’s
speeches it’s mean give or state information, the way of the speaker to deliver the
information about the Jakarta city’s problem and how to solve that, the speaker’s
planning for Jakarta, and give thanks for the audience in Jakarta Anniversary to
the audience by using statement.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................
i
ABSTRACTS….….....................................................................................
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................
iv
LIST OF APPENDIXES ...........................................................................
vii
LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION .......................................................
1
A. The Background of the Study ...................................
1
B. The Problem of the Study .........................................
5
C. The Scope of the Study.............................................
6
D. The Objective of the Study .......................................
6
E. The Significance of the Study ..................................
6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ....................................
7
A. Functional Grammar .................................................
7
B. Metafunction .............................................................
7
C. Interpersonal function ...............................................
9
CHAPTER II
1. Speech Function ...................................................
10
a. Statement .........................................................
12
b. Question ..........................................................
13
c. Offer ................................................................
13
d. Command ........................................................
14
D. Transactional Function .............................................
18
iv
CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
E. Mood.........................................................................
19
1. Indicaive Mood ....................................................
22
a. Declarative… ..................................................
22
b. Interrogative ....................................................
23
2. Imperative ............................................................
24
F. Communication Competence ...................................
24
G. Speaking Context......................................................
25
H. Speech .......................................................................
26
1. Discussional Communication ..............................
27
2. Informational Speaking........................................
27
3. Persuasion ............................................................
27
I. Biography of Jokowi ................................................
27
RESEARCH METHOD ..............................................
33
A. Research Design .......................................................
33
B. Source of the Data ....................................................
33
C. Technique of Collecting Data ...................................
34
D. Technique of analyzing Data ....................................
34
THE DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...............
35
A. The Data ...................................................................
35
B. Data Analysis ...........................................................
35
1. Statement ...........................................................
35
2. Question .............................................................
36
3. Command ...........................................................
37
v
C. Research Finding .....................................................
38
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ....................
41
A. Conclusion ...............................................................
4
B. Suggestion ................................................................
42
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................
43
CHAPTER V
vi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 ..................................................................................................... 11
TABLE 2.2 ...................................................................................................... 15
TABLE 2.3 ..................................................................................................... 16
TABLE 4.1 ..................................................................................................... 38
TABLE 4.2 ..................................................................................................... 39
viii
LIST OF APPENDIXES
APPENDIXES A ............................................................................................ 45
APPENDIXES B ........................................................................................... 48
APPENDIXES C ........................................................................................... 52
APPENDIXES D ............................................................................................ 53
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of Study
Language is one of the most important thing that human need to interact to
the other people. Language cannot be separated from the human being, language
is a tool to say anything and express the ideas, by language, people can interact
well, exchanging their ideas and also to fulfill their needs. Language serves many
functions: to give information, to persuade people to do something, etc.
Human being use language in their daily life to make easy in
communication. Cause language gives understanding between the speaker and the
listener who know that language. Wierbicka (1996:1) stated that language is an
instrument for conveying meaning. The structure of this instrument reflected its
function, and it can only be properly understood in terms its function. Halliday
(1994:106) stated that language enables human being to build a mental picture of
reality, to make sense of what goes on around them. And Clark (1977:3) stated
that language stand at the centre of human affairs, from the most prosaic to the
most profound. It serves many functions; to give information, to express feeling,
to persuade people, asking something, or many functions else.
Considering the statements and those various function of language
mentioned above, in simple word it can be conclude that the function of language
is as a tool of communication. Hornby (2000:225) stated that communication
itself is the activity or process of expressing ideas and feeling or to give
1
2
information. It means when language is used, people need not only to interact
with others but also to get other person understand their thought and feeling.
Halliday (1994:69) stated that when exchanging and expressing the ideas,
the human being perform two roles namely giving and demanding, the commodity
may be information and goods or services. In systemic functional linguistic (SFL),
it named speech function. Speech function is a way of someone delivers the ideas
in communication to make the listener understand the ideas well. Speech function
itself divided into four kinds: statement, question, command and offer. In mood
system, the kinds of speech function above realized by declarative, interrogative
and imperative, offer function is coded by anyone of the three moods. The spoken
communication is usually represented by utterances. In every word, phrase or
sentence is always perform the different function and misunderstanding will occur
if the listener does not notice what kind of function uses by the speaker.
Halliday (1994:60) stated that Systemic Functional Linguistics is theory
centered on a notion of language function. It is concerned with the realization
between language and context, interpersonal meaning in text. Based on theory of
SFL, language is used by people to fulfill the function of language as
interpersonal meaning. And interpersonal meaning its self concern the speaker’s
role in the speech function.
Human beings use language in order to fulfill three functions known as
metafunctions. Metafunction is the system which covers the language functions..
Halliday in Bloor and Bloor (1995:9) classifies three broad categories in which
human beings use language or known as metafunction. They are ideational,
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interpersonal and textual functions. When the language is used to organize,
understands and express our perceptions of the world and of our own
consciousness, it performs ideational function. This function can be classified in
to two, they are experiential function is largely to concerned with content or ideas.
While the logical function is concerned with the relationship between ideas. When
the language is used to relate what it is said (written) to the real world and to other
linguistic events. This involves the use of language to organize the text itself. This
is known as the textual function.
It is called as interpersonal function when the language is used to enable
us to participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on roles and to
express and to understand feeling, attitude and judgments. The interpersonal
function has two levels; they are speech function and mood.
To get an effective communication or interaction, the addresser
(speaker/writer) and the addressee (listener/reader) will perform two roles, they
are giving and demanding and commodity being exchanged could be information
or goods and services. When someone says something in the form of statement,
the speaker expects the listener to receive the information but when someone says
something in the form of command, the speaker expect the listener to do
something or to give some objects. This two variables, role and commodity
exchange, when taken together, define the four primary speech function;
statement, question, offer, and command.
Halliday (1994:69) stated that speech function is an exchange
communication between speaker and listener where the speaker adopts a speech
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functional role and assigns the addressee a complementary role. There are four
types of speech function; they are statement, question, offer, and command.
The communicative act or verbal communication is usually represented by
the utterances. In attempting to express themselves, people produce utterances
containing grammatical structures and words. It shows that every word, phrases or
a sentence that is human uttered perform different form and if the hearer cannot
get the intention of every utterance, it will lead a misunderstanding.
Crystal (1980:327) stated that speech means communication or expression
of thought in spoken words. Through speech, speaker conveys a message to the
audience either it is to convey information or insight, to persuade or to motivate.
A speaker must engage his or her audience with a central idea or propositions. If a
speaker does not have a clear reason to give a speech, the speech should not be
given.
Joko Widodo or usually called Jokowi is a leading figure in Indonesia
especially in DKI Jakarta. Joko Widodo at his time had become mayor of
Surakarta (Solo) 2 times for the tenure 2005-2015. He is previously businessman
furniture currently elected Mayor of Solo. Jokowi won elections in 2012 and
established as a DKI Jakarta Governor.
This study refers to the use of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches. The
writer found that there are many type of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches.
The writer considers that types of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches are
important to be analyzed to show the most dominant types of speech function is
preferred by Jakarta’s society.
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The writer also wants to give the deeply explanation about speech
functions which contain of two parts they are giving and demanding which are the
essence of communication must be noticed well to avoid misunderstandings
occur towards the speaker and the listener. When the speaker utters something
through question, he/she is actually requiring the listener to receive it. While
requiring give information when he/she utters something through command or
offer. The writer aware this issue so that he/she wants to analyze the speech
functions of speeches. In case there are some research through this theory and
found some conclusions, for the examples in hypnosis utterances tent to use
question as the highest proportion because the hypnotist ask some question to get
the information as much as possible (Anggraini:2011). Another research found
that
the
highest
proportion
in
detective
Conan
comic
is
statement
(Hasibuan:2012). By this study, the writer will explain the form of utterances in
Jokowi’s speeches by using the speech functions theory. The writer chooses this
figure because he/she is interested to the speeches which giving a different things
than the other leader figure in Indonesia in 2013.
B. The Problem of Study
Base on the explanation on the background of study, the problems of the
study are formulated as the following:
1. What types of speech functions are used in Jokowi’s speeches?
2. What the most dominant type of speech functions are used in Jokowi’s
speeches?
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3. What is the implication of the dominant types of the speech function used
in Jokowi’s speeches?
C. The Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is focused on the types of speech function
identified in Jokowi’s speeches. According to Halliday (1994:69), there are four
primary speech functions. They are statement, question, command and offer.
D. The Objectives of the Study
Related to the problems of the study formulated above, the objectives or
the study are as follows:
1. To identify the types of speech function used in Jokowi’s speeches.
2. To identify the most dominant type of the speech functions used in
Jokowi’s speeches.
3. To find out the implication of the dominant types of speech functions in
Jokowi’s speeches.
E. The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful and relevant to:
1. The students of English Department who are learning functional grammar
as guidance to analyze the types of speech function in speech/text.
2. Readers who want to enrich their knowledge and get more understanding
and information of how speech function used.
3. The other researcher to use the findings as his/her reference in related
subject
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusion
After analyzed the types of speech function in Jokowi’s speeches, the
conclusions are presented below:
1) There are just three of four speech functions that the researcher got
from Jokowi’s Speeches; they are Statement, Question, Command, and
there is no Offer. Statement were 88 (75,86%), Question 11 (9,48%),
Command 17 (14,66%), and there is no Offer in Jokowi’s Speeches
(0%).
2) The dominant type of speech functions used in Jokowi’s speeches is
Statement 88 (75,86%). This is because the speech function of
statement deals with the commodity of information rather than
interacting the commodity goods and services.
3) The result that show statement as the dominant type of speech function
that is used in Jokowi’s speeches it’s mean give or state information,
the way of the speaker to deliver the information about the Jakarta
city’s problem and how to solve that, the speaker’s planning for
Jakarta, and give thanks for the audience in Jakarta Anniversary to the
audience by using statement. So, the implication of the dominant types
speech function in Jokowi’s speeches is it show that the characteristic
of the speaker or Jokowi is more give information to influence the
people than give good and services.
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B. Suggestion
Having seen the results of the study, the writer would like to offer some
suggestion which were stated in the following:
1) It suggested to linguistic students to study more about speech function
its types, so they can understanding how speech function used in daily
life especially in speech and they know how to use speech function
deeper so that they know how to influence the people by using speech
function.
2) It is suggested to the people involved in speech to give a clear
information and clarification about certain topics, so the audience will
get the good information from the speech.
3) It is suggested to do more study about speech functions in speech or
another way of communication. It is to find more specific result about
the use of speech function in speech or another way of communication.
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