Auxiliary verbs adalah kata
Auxiliary verbs adalah kata kerja bantu yang secara gramatikal berfungsi
membentuk atau memberi tambahan arti pada kalimat. Umumnya auxiliary verbs
digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja utama ( main verbs) dan membantunya
membentuk struktur gramatikal sebuah kalimat.
Ada tiga auxiliary verbs: to be, to do, dan to have. Be, do, dan have tidak
mempunyai makna jika berdiri sendiri sebagai auxiliary verbs, meskipun begitu
dalam bahasa Indonesia umumnya diartikan sebagai “sedang”, “telah”, “apakah”,
atau “sungguh-sungguh”.
To Be
Auxiliary verbs yang biasa digunakan adalah be, am, is, are, was, were, being,
been. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to be biasa digunakan bersama past participle untuk
membuat kalimat passive dan bersama present participle untuk membuat kalimat
continuous.
Contoh:
- He is watching TV.
- We are teaching you about helping verbs.
- Small fish are eaten by big fish.
- He was killed in the war.
- The agencies were completing the inventories.
- I will be seeing him soon.
- He had only been trying to help.
- The house is being painted.
To Do
Auxiliary verbs yang digunakan adalah do, does, did. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to
do biasa digunakan bersama-sama kata kerja utama (main verbs) membentuk
kalimat pertanyaan atau kalimat negatif. Dan juga dipakai untuk memberikan
tekanan atau menghindari pengulangan kata kerja utama. Auxiliary verbs ini dikenal
juga dengan istilah dummy operator atau dummy auxiliary.
Contoh:
- Do you like bananas?
- I don't feel like going out tonight.
- Where do you live?
- Don't forget to write.
- It doesn't matter if you win or lose.
- I didn't know what to do.
- What did you do with that notebook?
- He speaks faster than she does.
- I do understand.
To Have
Auxiliary verbs yang digunakan adalah have, has, had. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to
have digunakan bersama main verbs untuk membuat kalimat perfect.
Contoh:
- I have completed my work.
- She has acted in a film.
- They had forgotten to send the letter.
- Our guests have arrived.
- Has anyone phoned?
- I hadn’t seen him for fifteen years.
- Someone should have predicted these complications.
Catatan
Be, do, dan have juga berfungsi sebagai main verbs atau principal verbs. Perhatikan
contoh berikut dibawah ini.
- She is a good singer. (Principal verb)
- She is singing. (Auxiliary verb)
Auxiliary verbs juga biasa disebut dengan istilah helping verbs.
The auxiliary verbs of English are the following:
1. can, may, will, shall, must, ought, need, dare [modals]
2. be, have, do, use [non-modals]
Some of them appear in idioms--be going, have got, had better/best, would rather/sooner (as in
It is going to rain, I've got a headache, etc.)--and in such cases it is just the first verb (be, have,
had, would) that is an auxiliary, not the whole idiom."
(R. Huddleston and G. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge
Univ. Press, 2002)
Irregular Auxiliaries
"The verbs be, have, do, and go are irregular in many of the world's languages. They are the most
commonly used verbs in most languages and often pitch in as auxiliaries: 'helper' verbs that are
drained of their own meanings so that they may combine with other verbs to express tense and
other grammatical information, as in He is jogging, He has jogged, He is going to jog. Many
language scientists believe that the meanings of these verbs--existence, possession, action,
motion--are at the core of the meanings of all verbs, if only metaphorically."
(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. HarperCollins, 1999)
Omitting Words After Auxiliary Verbs
"To avoid repeating words from a previous clause or sentence we use an auxiliary verb (be,
have, can, will, would, etc.) instead of a whole verb group (e.g. 'has finished') or instead of a verb
and what follows it (e.g. 'like to go to Paris'):
- She says she's finished, but I don't think she has. (instead of . . . has finished.)
- 'Would any of you like to go to Paris?' 'I would.' (instead of I would like to go to Paris.)
If there is more than one auxiliary verb in the previous clause or sentence, we leave out all the
auxiliary verbs except the first instead of repeating the main verb. Alternatively, we can use two
(or more) auxiliary verbs:
- Alex hadn't been invited to the meal, although his wife had. (or . . . had been.)
- 'They could have been delayed by the snow.' "Yes, they could.' (or . . . could have (been).)"
The Auxiliary Verb
Recognize an auxiliary verb when you see one.
Every sentence must have a verb. To depict doable activities, writers use action verbs. To
describe conditions, writers choose linking verbs.
Sometimes an action or condition occurs just once—bang!—and it's over.
Nate stubbed his toe.
He is miserable with pain.
Other times, the activity or condition continues over a long stretch of time, happens predictably,
or occurs in relationship to other events. In these instances, a single-word verb like stubbed or is
cannot accurately describe what happened, so writers use multipart verb phrases to communicate
what they mean. As many as four words can comprise a verb phrase.
A main or base verb indicates the type of action or condition, and auxiliary—or helping—verbs
convey the other nuances that writers want to express.
Read these three examples:
Sherylee smacked her lips as raspberry jelly dripped from the donut onto her white shirt.
Sherylee is always dripping something.
Since Sherylee is such a klutz, she should have been eating a cake donut, which would not have
stained her shirt.
In the first sentence, smacked and dripped, single-word verbs, describe the quick actions of both
Sherylee and the raspberry jelly.
Since Sherylee has a pattern of messiness, is dripping communicates the frequency of her
clumsiness. The auxiliary verbs that comprise should have been eating and would have stained
express not only time relationships but also evaluation of Sherylee's actions.
Below are the auxiliary verbs. You can conjugate be, do, and have; the modal auxiliaries,
however, never change form.
Be Do Have
am
is
has
are does
have
was do
had
were did
having
being
been
Modal Auxiliaries [Never Change Form]
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would
Understand the dual nature of be, do, and have.
Be, do, and have are both stand-alone verbs and auxiliary verbs. When these verbs are auxiliary,
you will find them teamed with other verbs to complete the verb phrase. Compare these
sentences:
Freddy is envious of Beatrice’s steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew.
Is = linking verb.
Freddy is studying Beatrice’s steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew with envy in his eyes.
Is = auxiliary verb; studying = present participle completing the verb phrase.
We did our homework for Mrs. Long.
Did = action verb.
We’re not slackers! We did prepare our homework for Mrs. Long.
Did = auxiliary verb; prepare = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Selena has twelve orange goldfish in her aquarium.
Has = action verb.
Selena has bought a catfish to help keep the tank clean.
Has = auxiliary verb; bought = past participle completing the verb phrase.
Form progressive tenses with the auxiliary verb be.
All progressive tenses use a form of be. Present progressive follows this pattern:
am, is, or are + present participle
Use the present progressive tense to convey an action or condition happening right now or
frequently.
I am baking chocolate-broccoli muffins today.
Am = auxiliary verb; baking = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Alex is sitting at the kitchen table, anticipating his first bite.
Is = auxiliary verb; sitting = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Alex must wait a while longer because the muffins are cooling by the window.
Are = auxiliary verb; cooling = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Impatient Alex is always waiting to taste whatever I cook.
Is = auxiliary verb; waiting = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Past progressive follows this pattern:
was or were + present participle
Use the past progressive tense to show either 1) an action or condition that continued in the past
or 2) an action or condition interrupted by another.
Naomi was hoping for an A in her organic chemistry class.
Was = auxiliary verb; hoping = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Unfortunately, Naomi's lab reports were missing the nutritional data on chocolate-broccoli
muffins.
Were = auxiliary verb; missing = present participle completing the verb phrase.
While Naomi was obsessing about her grade, Jason shared the data that she needed.
Was = auxiliary verb; obsessing = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Future progressive looks like this:
will + be + present participle
Use the future progressive tense to indicate an action that will continue in the future.
I will be growing broccoli in the backyard this spring.
Will, be = auxiliary verbs; growing = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Soon, Alex will be eating organic chocolate-broccoli muffins!
Will, be = auxiliary verbs; eating = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Form passive voice with be.
You can make any transitive verb—an action verb that can take a direct object—passive with the
auxiliary verb be.
Active voice looks like this:
subject + verb + direct object.
Here are some samples:
We licked our lips.
Frank devoured a bacon double cheeseburger.
Everyone envied his enjoyment.
Passive voice makes these changes:
direct object as subject + form of be + past participle + by + subject as object of the preposition.
Now read these revisions:
Our lips were licked by us.
The double bacon cheeseburger was being devoured by Frank.
His enjoyment was envied by everyone.
Notice how wordy and clunky passive voice is! Now you know why English teachers tell you to
avoid it!
Form perfect tenses with have.
All perfect tenses use a form of have. Present perfect follows this pattern:
has or have + past participle
Use the present perfect tense to convey an action or condition that began in the past but
continues [or is finished] in the present.
Marge has bought earplugs to drown out her husband's snoring.
Has = auxiliary verb; bought = past participle completing the verb phrase.
The earplugs have saved Marge's marriage to George.
Have = auxiliary verb; saved = past participle completing the verb phrase.
Past perfect follows this pattern:
had + past participle
Use the past perfect tense to show that one action in the past occurred before another.
Because Marge had purchased the earplugs, she no longer fantasized about smothering George
with a pillow.
Had = auxiliary verb; purchased = past participle completing the verb phrase.
Future perfect follows this pattern:
will + have + past participle
Use the future perfect tense to indicate that an action will be finished in the future.
This Sunday, Marge will have gotten an entire week of uninterrupted sleep.
Will, have = auxiliary verbs; gotten = past participle completing the verb phrase.
Form emphatic tenses with do.
When you use a form of do as an auxiliary verb, you form the emphatic tense. This tense is
useful for asking questions or emphasizing an action. The patterns look like these:
form of do + main verb
form of do + subject + main verb ... ?
I did not eat your leftover pizza!
Did = auxiliary verb; eat = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Do you always accuse the first person you see?
Do = auxiliary verb; accuse = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Doesn't the evidence point to Samuel, who still has a bit of black olive stuck to his front tooth?
Does = auxiliary verb; point = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Understand the job of modal auxiliary verbs.
Modal auxiliary verbs never change form. You cannot add an ed, ing, or s ending to these words.
Can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would have only one form.
You can use modal auxiliary verbs in these patterns:
modal + main verb
modal + be + present participle
modal + have + past participle
With modal auxiliaries, you can indicate necessity or obligation:
To lose her orange glow, Yvonne should eat fewer carrots.
John must remember his wife's birthday this year.
If Cecilia wants a nice lawn, she ought to be raking the leaves.
Or you can show possibility:
Fred might share his calculus homework if you offer him a slice of pizza.
Ann could have run the half marathon if she had started to train four months ago.
Modal auxiliaries also show willingness or ability:
Nicole will babysit your pet iguana for a reasonable fee.
Jason can pass chemistry this semester if he stops spending his study time at the
arcade.
Question Word Function Example what asking for information about something What
is your name? asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.
You did what? what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?
when asking about time When did he leave? where asking in or at what place or
position Where do they live? which asking about choice Which colour do you want?
who asking what or which person or people (subject) Who opened the door? whom
asking what or which person or people (object) Whom did you see? whose asking
about ownership Whose are these keys?
Whose turn is it? why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that? why
don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you? how asking about manner How
does this work? asking about condition or quality How was your exam? how +
adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below how far distance How far
is Pattaya from Bangkok? how long length (time or space) How long will it take? how
many quantity (countable) How many cars are there? how much quantity
(uncountable) How much money do you have? how old age How old are you? how
come (informal) asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?
) Yes/No questions - be
Subject and verb change their position in statement and question.
statement
You are from
Germany.
question
Are you from
Germany?
We always use the short answer, not only "Yes" or "No". This sounds rude.
NOTE:
If the answer is "Yes", we always use the long form.
Example: Yes, I am.
If the answer is "No", we either use the long or the contrated form (short form).
Example: No, I am not - No, I'm not.
Yes
I
,
am.
No, I
am
not.
'm
not.
Ar
you
e
from
Germany?
Is he
your friend?
Yes
he is.
,
Ar Peter and
e John
from
England?
Yes the
are.
,
y
2) Questions with question words - be
Question
word
Verb
Rest
Answer
Where
are
you from?
I'm from Stuttgart.
What
is
your name?
My name is Peter.
How
are
Pat and Sue?
They're fine.
3) Yes/No Questions and short answers - have
Auxilia
Ver
Subject
ry
b
Rest
Yes/N Subje
o
ct
Auxilia
ry
(+ n't)
Have
you
got a cat?
Yes,
I
have.
Have
you
got a new
No,
we
haven't
car?
.
Has
your
brother
got a bike?
Yes,
he
has.
Do
you
hav
a cat?
e
Yes,
I
do.
Do
you
hav a new
e
car?
No,
we
don't.
Does
your
brother
hav
a bike?
e
Yes,
he
does.
4) Questions with question words - have
Question
word
Auxili Subje Ver
ary
ct
b
Rest
your
ruler?
Where
have
you
got
Where
do
you
hav your
e
ruler?
Answer
I've got it in my pencil
case.
I have it in my pencil case.
5) Questions without question words in the Simple Present
Auxilia Subje Ver
Yes/N Subje Auxiliary
Rest
ry
ct
b
o
ct
(+ n't)
Yes,
rea
books?
d
No,
Do
you
Does
Peter play
footbal
Yes,
l?
I
do.
I
don't.
he
does.
6) Questions with question words in the Simple Present
Question
Auxili Subject Ver
Rest
Answer
word
ary
b
What
do
you
play
on your
computer?
I play games on my
computer.
When
does
your
mother
go
to work?
She goes to work at 6
o'clock.
Where
do
you
mee
your friends?
t
I meet them at the bus
stop.
7) Questions without question words in the Simple Past
Auxilia Subje
Verb
ry
ct
Yes/N Subje Auxiliary
o
ct
(+ n't)
Rest
Did
Max
play football?
Did
you
watc the film
h
yesterday?
Yes,
he
did.
No,
he
didn't.
Yes,
I
did.
No,
I
didn't.
BUT:
to Subje xx
be
ct
x
Wer
you
e
Yes/N Subje Auxiliary
o
ct
(+ n't)
Rest
in Leipzig last
week?
Yes,
I
was.
No,
I
wasn't.
8) Questions with question words in the Simple Past
Question
word
Auxili Subje Ver
ary
ct
b
Rest
yesterday
evening?
Answer
I did my
homework.
What
did
you
do
When
did
she
mee her boyfriend? She met him
t
Where
did
they
yesterday.
after the
match?
go
They went to a
café.
BUT:
Question
word
Where
to Subje xxx
be
ct
xx
wer
you
e
Rest
Answer
yesterda I was at the
y?
cinema.
9) Subject question
Question Ver
word
b
Who
Rest
run to the
s
shop?
Subje Ver Object - Place ct
b
Time
Peter
run
to the shop.
s
10) Object question
Question
word
Auxili Subje
Verb
ary
ct
Rest
Who
do
you
like?
Who
did
Mand phon last
y
e
Monday?
NOTE!
Subject
question
Object question
Wh phone John Wh di Joh phone
o
d
?
o
d n
?
Answer:
Peggy phoned
Answer:
Answer
I like my mum.
Mandy phoned her
uncle.
John.
John phoned Pegg
membentuk atau memberi tambahan arti pada kalimat. Umumnya auxiliary verbs
digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja utama ( main verbs) dan membantunya
membentuk struktur gramatikal sebuah kalimat.
Ada tiga auxiliary verbs: to be, to do, dan to have. Be, do, dan have tidak
mempunyai makna jika berdiri sendiri sebagai auxiliary verbs, meskipun begitu
dalam bahasa Indonesia umumnya diartikan sebagai “sedang”, “telah”, “apakah”,
atau “sungguh-sungguh”.
To Be
Auxiliary verbs yang biasa digunakan adalah be, am, is, are, was, were, being,
been. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to be biasa digunakan bersama past participle untuk
membuat kalimat passive dan bersama present participle untuk membuat kalimat
continuous.
Contoh:
- He is watching TV.
- We are teaching you about helping verbs.
- Small fish are eaten by big fish.
- He was killed in the war.
- The agencies were completing the inventories.
- I will be seeing him soon.
- He had only been trying to help.
- The house is being painted.
To Do
Auxiliary verbs yang digunakan adalah do, does, did. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to
do biasa digunakan bersama-sama kata kerja utama (main verbs) membentuk
kalimat pertanyaan atau kalimat negatif. Dan juga dipakai untuk memberikan
tekanan atau menghindari pengulangan kata kerja utama. Auxiliary verbs ini dikenal
juga dengan istilah dummy operator atau dummy auxiliary.
Contoh:
- Do you like bananas?
- I don't feel like going out tonight.
- Where do you live?
- Don't forget to write.
- It doesn't matter if you win or lose.
- I didn't know what to do.
- What did you do with that notebook?
- He speaks faster than she does.
- I do understand.
To Have
Auxiliary verbs yang digunakan adalah have, has, had. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to
have digunakan bersama main verbs untuk membuat kalimat perfect.
Contoh:
- I have completed my work.
- She has acted in a film.
- They had forgotten to send the letter.
- Our guests have arrived.
- Has anyone phoned?
- I hadn’t seen him for fifteen years.
- Someone should have predicted these complications.
Catatan
Be, do, dan have juga berfungsi sebagai main verbs atau principal verbs. Perhatikan
contoh berikut dibawah ini.
- She is a good singer. (Principal verb)
- She is singing. (Auxiliary verb)
Auxiliary verbs juga biasa disebut dengan istilah helping verbs.
The auxiliary verbs of English are the following:
1. can, may, will, shall, must, ought, need, dare [modals]
2. be, have, do, use [non-modals]
Some of them appear in idioms--be going, have got, had better/best, would rather/sooner (as in
It is going to rain, I've got a headache, etc.)--and in such cases it is just the first verb (be, have,
had, would) that is an auxiliary, not the whole idiom."
(R. Huddleston and G. Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge
Univ. Press, 2002)
Irregular Auxiliaries
"The verbs be, have, do, and go are irregular in many of the world's languages. They are the most
commonly used verbs in most languages and often pitch in as auxiliaries: 'helper' verbs that are
drained of their own meanings so that they may combine with other verbs to express tense and
other grammatical information, as in He is jogging, He has jogged, He is going to jog. Many
language scientists believe that the meanings of these verbs--existence, possession, action,
motion--are at the core of the meanings of all verbs, if only metaphorically."
(Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. HarperCollins, 1999)
Omitting Words After Auxiliary Verbs
"To avoid repeating words from a previous clause or sentence we use an auxiliary verb (be,
have, can, will, would, etc.) instead of a whole verb group (e.g. 'has finished') or instead of a verb
and what follows it (e.g. 'like to go to Paris'):
- She says she's finished, but I don't think she has. (instead of . . . has finished.)
- 'Would any of you like to go to Paris?' 'I would.' (instead of I would like to go to Paris.)
If there is more than one auxiliary verb in the previous clause or sentence, we leave out all the
auxiliary verbs except the first instead of repeating the main verb. Alternatively, we can use two
(or more) auxiliary verbs:
- Alex hadn't been invited to the meal, although his wife had. (or . . . had been.)
- 'They could have been delayed by the snow.' "Yes, they could.' (or . . . could have (been).)"
The Auxiliary Verb
Recognize an auxiliary verb when you see one.
Every sentence must have a verb. To depict doable activities, writers use action verbs. To
describe conditions, writers choose linking verbs.
Sometimes an action or condition occurs just once—bang!—and it's over.
Nate stubbed his toe.
He is miserable with pain.
Other times, the activity or condition continues over a long stretch of time, happens predictably,
or occurs in relationship to other events. In these instances, a single-word verb like stubbed or is
cannot accurately describe what happened, so writers use multipart verb phrases to communicate
what they mean. As many as four words can comprise a verb phrase.
A main or base verb indicates the type of action or condition, and auxiliary—or helping—verbs
convey the other nuances that writers want to express.
Read these three examples:
Sherylee smacked her lips as raspberry jelly dripped from the donut onto her white shirt.
Sherylee is always dripping something.
Since Sherylee is such a klutz, she should have been eating a cake donut, which would not have
stained her shirt.
In the first sentence, smacked and dripped, single-word verbs, describe the quick actions of both
Sherylee and the raspberry jelly.
Since Sherylee has a pattern of messiness, is dripping communicates the frequency of her
clumsiness. The auxiliary verbs that comprise should have been eating and would have stained
express not only time relationships but also evaluation of Sherylee's actions.
Below are the auxiliary verbs. You can conjugate be, do, and have; the modal auxiliaries,
however, never change form.
Be Do Have
am
is
has
are does
have
was do
had
were did
having
being
been
Modal Auxiliaries [Never Change Form]
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would
Understand the dual nature of be, do, and have.
Be, do, and have are both stand-alone verbs and auxiliary verbs. When these verbs are auxiliary,
you will find them teamed with other verbs to complete the verb phrase. Compare these
sentences:
Freddy is envious of Beatrice’s steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew.
Is = linking verb.
Freddy is studying Beatrice’s steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew with envy in his eyes.
Is = auxiliary verb; studying = present participle completing the verb phrase.
We did our homework for Mrs. Long.
Did = action verb.
We’re not slackers! We did prepare our homework for Mrs. Long.
Did = auxiliary verb; prepare = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Selena has twelve orange goldfish in her aquarium.
Has = action verb.
Selena has bought a catfish to help keep the tank clean.
Has = auxiliary verb; bought = past participle completing the verb phrase.
Form progressive tenses with the auxiliary verb be.
All progressive tenses use a form of be. Present progressive follows this pattern:
am, is, or are + present participle
Use the present progressive tense to convey an action or condition happening right now or
frequently.
I am baking chocolate-broccoli muffins today.
Am = auxiliary verb; baking = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Alex is sitting at the kitchen table, anticipating his first bite.
Is = auxiliary verb; sitting = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Alex must wait a while longer because the muffins are cooling by the window.
Are = auxiliary verb; cooling = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Impatient Alex is always waiting to taste whatever I cook.
Is = auxiliary verb; waiting = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Past progressive follows this pattern:
was or were + present participle
Use the past progressive tense to show either 1) an action or condition that continued in the past
or 2) an action or condition interrupted by another.
Naomi was hoping for an A in her organic chemistry class.
Was = auxiliary verb; hoping = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Unfortunately, Naomi's lab reports were missing the nutritional data on chocolate-broccoli
muffins.
Were = auxiliary verb; missing = present participle completing the verb phrase.
While Naomi was obsessing about her grade, Jason shared the data that she needed.
Was = auxiliary verb; obsessing = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Future progressive looks like this:
will + be + present participle
Use the future progressive tense to indicate an action that will continue in the future.
I will be growing broccoli in the backyard this spring.
Will, be = auxiliary verbs; growing = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Soon, Alex will be eating organic chocolate-broccoli muffins!
Will, be = auxiliary verbs; eating = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Form passive voice with be.
You can make any transitive verb—an action verb that can take a direct object—passive with the
auxiliary verb be.
Active voice looks like this:
subject + verb + direct object.
Here are some samples:
We licked our lips.
Frank devoured a bacon double cheeseburger.
Everyone envied his enjoyment.
Passive voice makes these changes:
direct object as subject + form of be + past participle + by + subject as object of the preposition.
Now read these revisions:
Our lips were licked by us.
The double bacon cheeseburger was being devoured by Frank.
His enjoyment was envied by everyone.
Notice how wordy and clunky passive voice is! Now you know why English teachers tell you to
avoid it!
Form perfect tenses with have.
All perfect tenses use a form of have. Present perfect follows this pattern:
has or have + past participle
Use the present perfect tense to convey an action or condition that began in the past but
continues [or is finished] in the present.
Marge has bought earplugs to drown out her husband's snoring.
Has = auxiliary verb; bought = past participle completing the verb phrase.
The earplugs have saved Marge's marriage to George.
Have = auxiliary verb; saved = past participle completing the verb phrase.
Past perfect follows this pattern:
had + past participle
Use the past perfect tense to show that one action in the past occurred before another.
Because Marge had purchased the earplugs, she no longer fantasized about smothering George
with a pillow.
Had = auxiliary verb; purchased = past participle completing the verb phrase.
Future perfect follows this pattern:
will + have + past participle
Use the future perfect tense to indicate that an action will be finished in the future.
This Sunday, Marge will have gotten an entire week of uninterrupted sleep.
Will, have = auxiliary verbs; gotten = past participle completing the verb phrase.
Form emphatic tenses with do.
When you use a form of do as an auxiliary verb, you form the emphatic tense. This tense is
useful for asking questions or emphasizing an action. The patterns look like these:
form of do + main verb
form of do + subject + main verb ... ?
I did not eat your leftover pizza!
Did = auxiliary verb; eat = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Do you always accuse the first person you see?
Do = auxiliary verb; accuse = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Doesn't the evidence point to Samuel, who still has a bit of black olive stuck to his front tooth?
Does = auxiliary verb; point = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Understand the job of modal auxiliary verbs.
Modal auxiliary verbs never change form. You cannot add an ed, ing, or s ending to these words.
Can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would have only one form.
You can use modal auxiliary verbs in these patterns:
modal + main verb
modal + be + present participle
modal + have + past participle
With modal auxiliaries, you can indicate necessity or obligation:
To lose her orange glow, Yvonne should eat fewer carrots.
John must remember his wife's birthday this year.
If Cecilia wants a nice lawn, she ought to be raking the leaves.
Or you can show possibility:
Fred might share his calculus homework if you offer him a slice of pizza.
Ann could have run the half marathon if she had started to train four months ago.
Modal auxiliaries also show willingness or ability:
Nicole will babysit your pet iguana for a reasonable fee.
Jason can pass chemistry this semester if he stops spending his study time at the
arcade.
Question Word Function Example what asking for information about something What
is your name? asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.
You did what? what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?
when asking about time When did he leave? where asking in or at what place or
position Where do they live? which asking about choice Which colour do you want?
who asking what or which person or people (subject) Who opened the door? whom
asking what or which person or people (object) Whom did you see? whose asking
about ownership Whose are these keys?
Whose turn is it? why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that? why
don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you? how asking about manner How
does this work? asking about condition or quality How was your exam? how +
adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below how far distance How far
is Pattaya from Bangkok? how long length (time or space) How long will it take? how
many quantity (countable) How many cars are there? how much quantity
(uncountable) How much money do you have? how old age How old are you? how
come (informal) asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?
) Yes/No questions - be
Subject and verb change their position in statement and question.
statement
You are from
Germany.
question
Are you from
Germany?
We always use the short answer, not only "Yes" or "No". This sounds rude.
NOTE:
If the answer is "Yes", we always use the long form.
Example: Yes, I am.
If the answer is "No", we either use the long or the contrated form (short form).
Example: No, I am not - No, I'm not.
Yes
I
,
am.
No, I
am
not.
'm
not.
Ar
you
e
from
Germany?
Is he
your friend?
Yes
he is.
,
Ar Peter and
e John
from
England?
Yes the
are.
,
y
2) Questions with question words - be
Question
word
Verb
Rest
Answer
Where
are
you from?
I'm from Stuttgart.
What
is
your name?
My name is Peter.
How
are
Pat and Sue?
They're fine.
3) Yes/No Questions and short answers - have
Auxilia
Ver
Subject
ry
b
Rest
Yes/N Subje
o
ct
Auxilia
ry
(+ n't)
Have
you
got a cat?
Yes,
I
have.
Have
you
got a new
No,
we
haven't
car?
.
Has
your
brother
got a bike?
Yes,
he
has.
Do
you
hav
a cat?
e
Yes,
I
do.
Do
you
hav a new
e
car?
No,
we
don't.
Does
your
brother
hav
a bike?
e
Yes,
he
does.
4) Questions with question words - have
Question
word
Auxili Subje Ver
ary
ct
b
Rest
your
ruler?
Where
have
you
got
Where
do
you
hav your
e
ruler?
Answer
I've got it in my pencil
case.
I have it in my pencil case.
5) Questions without question words in the Simple Present
Auxilia Subje Ver
Yes/N Subje Auxiliary
Rest
ry
ct
b
o
ct
(+ n't)
Yes,
rea
books?
d
No,
Do
you
Does
Peter play
footbal
Yes,
l?
I
do.
I
don't.
he
does.
6) Questions with question words in the Simple Present
Question
Auxili Subject Ver
Rest
Answer
word
ary
b
What
do
you
play
on your
computer?
I play games on my
computer.
When
does
your
mother
go
to work?
She goes to work at 6
o'clock.
Where
do
you
mee
your friends?
t
I meet them at the bus
stop.
7) Questions without question words in the Simple Past
Auxilia Subje
Verb
ry
ct
Yes/N Subje Auxiliary
o
ct
(+ n't)
Rest
Did
Max
play football?
Did
you
watc the film
h
yesterday?
Yes,
he
did.
No,
he
didn't.
Yes,
I
did.
No,
I
didn't.
BUT:
to Subje xx
be
ct
x
Wer
you
e
Yes/N Subje Auxiliary
o
ct
(+ n't)
Rest
in Leipzig last
week?
Yes,
I
was.
No,
I
wasn't.
8) Questions with question words in the Simple Past
Question
word
Auxili Subje Ver
ary
ct
b
Rest
yesterday
evening?
Answer
I did my
homework.
What
did
you
do
When
did
she
mee her boyfriend? She met him
t
Where
did
they
yesterday.
after the
match?
go
They went to a
café.
BUT:
Question
word
Where
to Subje xxx
be
ct
xx
wer
you
e
Rest
Answer
yesterda I was at the
y?
cinema.
9) Subject question
Question Ver
word
b
Who
Rest
run to the
s
shop?
Subje Ver Object - Place ct
b
Time
Peter
run
to the shop.
s
10) Object question
Question
word
Auxili Subje
Verb
ary
ct
Rest
Who
do
you
like?
Who
did
Mand phon last
y
e
Monday?
NOTE!
Subject
question
Object question
Wh phone John Wh di Joh phone
o
d
?
o
d n
?
Answer:
Peggy phoned
Answer:
Answer
I like my mum.
Mandy phoned her
uncle.
John.
John phoned Pegg