translator will try to use his knowledge to decide which one best equivalent right to divert the intended meaning by considering the
components of the meaning of the word references; phrase of Nujuh Bulan Sundanese are difficult to find the equivalent in English
langage. So, the manner is better with to give an additional explanation or note in the word to realize the meaning and the others. In his book
―A Textbook of Translation,‖ Peter Newmark neutralizes nineteen of
translation procedure. Translation procedure that neutralized by Peter Newmark can be a reference for the translator to concepts unknown in
recipient language
.
Based on the translation of cultural words context, something that is needed is a right way in solving the problem, such as non-
equivalence or hard in finding the equivalence. Therefore, ―procedure‖ is the best term of all. In this case, procedure is a correct way to cope
the problem which is non-equivalence or hard to find the equivalence between source language and target language.
So,
in this research, the writer will discuss about the procedure of translation that was taken
from the concept Peter Newmark in translating cultural words.
2. Kinds of Translation Procedure
Translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language, they are sentence, clause, phrase and
word.
44
And also, According to Peter Newmark, the procedure of translation are used to overcome the problem of translation in the
level of word, phrase and sentence. The kinds of translation procedures were explained by Peter Newmark theory, from his
statement there were nineteen kind the translation procedures are used to solve the problem of translation, they are :
45
1. Literal Translation
Just as word for word translation, is a method of translation in which the text in SL is translated into TL one by one, out of
the context, but the grammatical constructions in SL are converted into their nearest equivalents in TL.
46
For example : driving school is translated into sekolah menyetir.
2. Transference or borrowing
Transference or borrowing is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure. It is the same as
Catford‘s transference, and includes transliteration, which relates to the conversion of different alphabets: e.g. Russian Cyrillic,
Greek, Arabic, Chinese, etc. into English. The word then becomes
44
Frans Sayogie 2009, op.cit. p. 69.
45
Peter Newmark 1988, op.cit. p. 75 p. 81-92.
46
Ibid. p. 75.
a ―loan word.‖
47
For example : Football is translated into Football also.
3. Naturalization
This procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology
word-forms of the TL.
48
For example : dynamite is translated into dinamit.
4. Cultural Equivalent
Cultural equivalent is approximate translation where a SL cultural word is translated by a TL cultural word. Usually a source
cultural word is translated by target language cultural word.
49
Cultural equivalent or adaptation is a translation technique that involves modifying a cultural reference for the target text
readership, stated by Vinay and Darbelnet in Hatim and Munday.
50
Regarding this, Newmark says that their translation uses are limited, since they are not accurate, but they can be used in general
texts, publicity and propaganda.
51
For example : prince of unknown is translated into pangeran dari negeri antah berantah.
47
Ibid. p. 81.
48
Ibid. p. 82.
49
Ibid.
50
B. Hatim and J. Munday, Translation: An Advanced Resource Book New York: Routledge, 2004, p. 334.
51
Peter Newmark 1988, op.cit. p. 83.
5. Functional Equivalent
