13
Two of the most likely causes of L2 errors are interlingual and intralingual factors.
e. Evaluation of errors
This step involves analyisis on what effect the error has, on whoever is being addressed. According to Ellis, the design of error
evaluation studies involves decision on who the addresses e.i. the judges will be, what errors they will be asked to judge, and how they will asked to
judge them. Moreover, in the evaluation of errors the teaacher may ask the addressees of error and try to correct the error by themselves. The
evaluation of errors includes the following steps: 1
Selecting the errors to be evaluated. 2
Deciding the criteria on which the errors are to be judged. 3
Preparing the error evaluation instrument. 4
Choosing the judges.
B. Narrative Text
1. The definition of Narrative Text
Narrative is a story. Narrative text is a writing that tell about a story. We use narrative writing when we tell a friend about something
interesting that happened at work or in school. According to Keraf narrative was a form of composition, which
had the main objectives.
13
According to Charles most narratives have the following characteristics:
a. It tells story of an event or events
b. The events are usually arranged in a chronological order, in the order in
which they occured in time
14
From the definition above, the writer summarizes that narrative text is a form of writing consisting of story which happened in the past in
13
Keraf,Gorys, Argumentasi dan Narasi.Jakarta:Gramedia1982,p. 15
14
Charles,Martin, Et Al, Exploring American English.New York: Macmillan Publishing Company 1985.
14
which the writer tries to retell to the readers. The reader can find narrative writing in novel, short story, biography and autobiography
2. The Aim of Narrative
The aim of narrative, other than providing entertainment, can make the audience think about an issue, teach them a lesson, or excite their
emotions
15
. It means that the purpose of narrative text is to entertain the reader
so they get the pleasure and follow the story itself. To strengthen the statement above based on “Simpati SMP” the
purpose of narrative is to entertain the readers with a story that deals with problematic events which lead to a crisis, and then it needs a resolution
16
. This statement is suitabl
e with Andrew Goatly’s statement “the purpose of narrative is to tell a story as a means of making sense of events happening
in the world. It can be both entertaining and informing ”
17
.
3. The Types of Narrative Text
a. Humour
A humours narrative is one that aims to make audience or reader laugh as part of telling a story.
b. Romance
The romance narrative typically tells of two lovers who overcome difficulties to end up together. The examples of the romance narrative
are Romeo and Juliet and Cinderella. c.
Crime or Mystery One narrative that includes crime is Sherlock Holmes by Agatha
Christy. The words for crime or mystery narrative such as victim, alibi, clue, suspect, investigate etc.
15
Mark and Kathy Anderson, Text Types in English 3, South Yarra: Macmillan, 1997,p.3
16
Tim Kreatif Simpati, LKS Bahasa Inggris Simpati SMP, Surakarta: Percetakan Grahadi, 2009,p.26
17
Andrew Goatly, Critical Reading and Writing: An Introductory Coursebook,New York: Routldge,2000,p.30
15
d. Real-life fiction
One narrative that includes real-life fiction is Dollhouse by the Kardashian sisters Kim, Kourtney and KhloeKardashian. The novel is
based on their lives but they added a lot of crazy fictional things. e.
Historical fiction One narrative that includes historical fiction is Gone with the Wind by
Margaret Mitchell. This fiction novel includes a historical. f.
Fantasy One narrative that includes fantasy is The Witches by Roald Dahl. In the
orientation we learn that the narrator has had two experiences with real witches. Harry Potter by J.K.Rowling also one of the fantasy narrative.
g. Science fiction
Science fiction narrative use a setting involving science and technology. The novel Space Demons by Gillian Rubinstein is one example of
narrative text that includes science fiction. h.
Diary-novel Types of narrative which made based on someone’s diary.
i. Adventure
One narrative that includes adventure is A Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne. This novel also includes a science fiction story.
There can be a combinantion of narratives within each of these different types. A crime novel could also include romance and mystery.
Similarly, an adventure narrative could include humour and romance
18
.
4. The Features of Narrative Text
There are steps for constructing a narrative text, such as: a.
Orientation In this paragraph the narrator tells the audience who is in the story,
when it is happening, where it is happening and what is going on.
18
Ibid,p.18-35
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