The population and Sample

P : percentage of students’ improvement y : pre test result y 2 : post test 2 The hypothesis in CAR is considered to be presented in a description of the data gained during the research that is used charts, tables, etc. In order to support the acceptance hypothesis, the writer uses n-gain analysis and students’ response analysis. b. N-Gain Analysis In data analysis, the writer uses gain score to identify cognitive aspect or concept mastery of the students. Gain is the interval between posttest score and pretest score. It shows the improvement score after the action. Meanwhile, to calculate students’ achievement in conditional sentence type 1 after implementing CAR, the writer uses the formula as follow: With the categories: g-high : score g 0.70 g-middle : 0.70 g 0.3 g-low : score g 0.3 c. Analyzing Students Response Besides analyzing the result of the tests and observing the activity during CAR, the writer also uses questionnaire to find out students’ response toward using journal writing technique in learning conditional sentence type 1. The N-Gain = posttest score – pretest score ideal score – pretest score writer uses the Likert scale in scoring the answer of the question. In analyzing the students’ response, the writer uses formula: 4 P = the percentage f = frequency of the percentage is being calculated N = number of cases

2. The Validity of the Data

Validity is an essential criterion for evaluating the quality and acceptable of the research regarding validity in action research, the writer adopt Anderson, Herr and Nihlen’s criteria that mention the validity of action research including democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity and dialogic validity. 5 In this study, the writer uses democratic, process and dialogic validity. Anderson defines outcome validity as follows: “Outcome validity requires that the action emerging from a particular study leads to the successful resolution of the problem that was being studied, that is, your study can be considered valid of you learn something that can be applied to the subsequent research cycle.” 6 Based on the explanation above, the outcome validity could be seen from the result of the test. When the result of cycle two is better than cycle one, it means that the study is successful. Then, process validity is “the 4 Anas Sudjiono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2008, P. 43 5 Geoffrey E. Mills, Action Research: A Guide for the Teacher Researcher, Second Edition New Jersey; Pearson Education, 2003, P. 84. 6 Geoffrey E. Mills, Action Research: A Guide for the Teacher Researcher, Second Edition New Jersey; Pearson Education, 2003, P.84.