LEXICAL METAPHOR IN HAMKA’S TENGGELAMNYA KAPAL VAN DER WIJCK.

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LEXICAL METAPHOR IN

HAMKA’S

TENGGELAMNYA KAPAL VAN DER WIJCK

A THESIS

Submited to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement For the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

BY:

INDA PRATIWI SILALAHI Registration Number: 8146112015

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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ABSTRACT

Silalahi, Inda Pratiwi. Reg. No. 8146112015. Lexical Metaphor in HAMKA’s

Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2016.

This study deals with lexical metaphor in HAMKA’s Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck. It was aimed at investigating the kinds of lexical metaphor used in the novel, to describe the lexical metaphor used in the novel, and to elaborate the reasons why those kinds of lexical metaphor used in the novel in that way. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative research. The sources of data were the novel of Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck, published by Bulan Bintang, 213 pages, 26th edition, which containing of 28 texts printed in 2002, in Jakarta. The data obtained through purposive sampling technique with a focused on utterances containing of lexical metaphor. The instrument in this study was the researcher itself. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis technique, by describing the kinds of lexical metaphor, the realization of lexical metaphor, and the reason of using lexical metaphor contained in the utterances in the novel were analyzed using the Systemic Functional Language approach.The result showed that there are six concepts of lexical metaphor, namely nominal-verbal, nominal-nominal, nominal-adjective, nominal-verbal/adjective-circumstance, verbal-adjective, verbal-verbal. The dominant type of lexical metaphor in the novel is nominal-verbal the aimed to beautify or describe his literature and to describe his feeling and thought. The reason of lexical metaphor used in the novel is to describe about the culture of Minangkabau at that time which was not relevant to the social freedom and human rights in marriage, in addition to show the emotion such as sense of love, hate, anger, pleasure, and so forth of the characters in the novel who live in an environment that has a powerful custom, and to describe that this novel is a fictitious story that comes from the imagination of author associated with social and cultural life of Minangkabau society in the past time. In this study, there are new findings; the new concept of verbal-adjective and verbal-verbal.

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ABSTRAK

Silalahi, Inda Pratiwi. NIM. 8146112015. Metapora Leksikal dalam Novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.

Penelitian ini menyajikan penelitian yang dilakukan pada metafora leksikal dalam novel karya Buya HAMKA yaitu Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyelidiki jenis-jenis metafora leksikal pada novel, untuk mendeskripsikan realisasi dari metafora leksikal yang digunakan pada novel dan menjelaskan alasan – alasan mengapa jenis-jenis metafora leksikal digunakan pada novel tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Sumber data pada penelitian ini adalah novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck, diterbitkan oleh Bulan Bintang, 213 halaman, edisi ke-26, yang terdiri dari 28 teks tahun cetak 2002, di Jakarta. Data diperoleh melalui teknik purposive sampling dengan fokus pada ujaran-ujaran yang mengandung metafora leksikal. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah peneliti sendiri. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif, dengan mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis metafora leksikal, realisasi metafora leksikal, dan alasan penggunaan metafora leksikal yang terdapat pada ujaran-ujaran dalam novel yang dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan Systemic Functional Language. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat enam bentuk metafora leksikal, yaitu kata kata kerja, kata kata benda, kata benda - kata sifat, kata benda-kata kerja/benda-kata sifat-keadaan, benda-kata kerja-benda-kata sifat, dan benda-kata kerja-benda-kata kerja. Bentuk metafora leksikal yang paling dominan dalam novel adalah kata benda-kata kerja yang bertujuan untuk memperindah karya serta mengekpresikan perasaan dan pikiran penulis. Alasan metafora leksikal digunakan dalam novel adalah untuk mendeskripsikan kebudayaan Minangkabau yang kurang sesuai dengan kebebasan sosial dan hak asasi manusia, khususnya masalah pernikahan, dan juga untuk menunjukkan emosi seperti rasa cinta, benci, marah, gembira dan sebagainya dari para tokoh dalam novel yang tinggal dilingkungan yang memiliki kebudayaan kuat, dan untuk mendeskripsikan bahwa novel ini adalah cerita fiksi yang berasal dari imajinasi penulis yang berkaitan dengan sosial dan budaya Minangkabau pada masa lalu. Pada penelitian ini, diperoleh temuan baru yaitu; pertama, bentuk konsep baru yaitu kata kerja-kata sifat dan bentuk kata kerja-kata kerja.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirahmanirahim,

Praises be to Allah SWT for His Great Blessing, Health and Luck that have been continuously poured to the writer in the process of completing her studies and this piece of academic writing. Praises are also addressed to our Prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us to the better life of today. In the process of completing this thesis, the writer has to confess her profound thankfulness for the generous guidance and assistance which has been rendered to her by many people. It would be impossible to list all names but on this very special opportunity the writer would like to express her gratitude to the following people.

First of all, the writer deepest appreciation and gratitude is dedicated to Prof. Amrin Saragih M.A, Ph.D her first adviser for the guidance, comments, criticisms, suggestions and special notes for the improvement of the thesis from the very beginning up to the end of this thesis.

Next, her deepest appreciation is addressed to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed, her second adviser for her available time spent for consultation, guidance, comment, encouragement, special notes for improvement of the thesis, and full support in shaping this thesis.

She would like to take this special occasion to express her gratitude to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. as the Head and Secretary of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program for their administrative assistance and administrative requirements during the process of conducting this study and completing this thesis.

Sincere gratitude also to her reviewers and examiners, Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M. Pd, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and Dr. Didik Santoso, M. Pd, for their valuable inputs to be included in this thesis. She would like to express her gratitude to all lecturers who have given the valuable knowledge and the excellent performance in delivering the lectures during her study at the English Applied Linguistics Study.

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Next, her greatest and sincere gratitude should also go to her beloved parents Elman Silalahi, A.Md.Engineering and Lismawati Siregar A.Md.KG, her lovely brothers Imam Mahmuda Silalahi and Yudha Akbar Silalahi who have patiently given moral support, their never ending love and pray. Special and sincerest gratitude are addressed to her inspiration, Helmi Ghoffar Siregar, M.Pd for his amazing support, love and motivation for the writer to finish this thesis soon and also special debt of gratitude is addressed to all her beloved sisters

at Kinaya’s boarding house, Lisa, Angge, Witri, and Evi.

She also would like to express her thankfulness for her beloved friends on LTBI B-2 (Arief, Kak Elfida, Kak Era, Frissa, Heri, Jonris, Pak Matrejo, Pak Munnawar, Mutia, Rahmi, Ridho, Kak Rika, Kak Riosa, Riri, Kak Syarifah, Kak Titik, Vera/Arie, Kak Vina, Yonathan, and Yoshiko) and also B-1 UNIMED 2014 who can not mention one by one for their love, support and help to finish this thesis. She offers her regards and thanks to Brother Farid, who has helped her in providing the academic administration.

Medan, August 2016 The writer,

Inda Pratiwi Silalahi

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... i

ABSTRACT ... iii

ABSTRAK ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF FIGURE ... vii

LIST OF TABLE ... viii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... ix

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 The Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 The Problem of Study ... 8

1.3 The Objectives of Study... 8

1.4 The Scope of Study ... 8

1.5 The Significance of Study ... 9

CHAPTER II. REVIEW LITERATURE ... 10

2.1 Lexical Metaphor ... 10

2.2 Kinds Of Lexical Metaphor ... 12

2.3 The Process Of Realizing Lexical Metaphor ... 15

2.4 Reason For The Using Lexical Metaphor In The Novel ... 16

2.5 Function of Metaphor... 18

2.6 Literature ... 26

2.6.1 Genre Of Literature ... 26

2.6.2 Novel ... 28

2.7 Novel of Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck ... 32

2.8 Relevant Studies ... 35

2.9 Conceptual Construct ... 39

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ... 41

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3.2 Data and Source of the Data ... 42

3.3Technique of Data Collection ... 42

3.4Instrument of Data Collection ... 43

3.5Technique of Data Analysis ... 43

3.5 Trustworthines ... 47

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS RESEARCH FINDINGS & DISCUSSION ... 50

4.1 Data Analysis ... 4.2 Research Findings ... 50

4.3 Discussion ... 73

4.3.1 Kinds of Lexical Metaphor in HAMKA’s Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck ... 73

4.3.2 The Process Linguistic Realization of Lexical Metaphor .... 76

4.3.3 The Context of Lexical Metaphor Used in HAMKA’s Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck ... 77

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 82

5.1 Conclusions ... 82

5.2 Suggestions ... 83

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viii

LIST OF TABLE

Page Table 4.1: Kinds of Lexical Metaphor ... 73

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Pages Appendix 1 : Data ... 89 Appendix 2 : Analysis of Lexical Metaphor In HAMKA’s Tenggelamnya

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LIST OF FIGURE

Page Figure 1 : Conceptual Construct ... 40

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Study

Metaphor is a linguistic study that special concern significantly by linguists which is in this case, it can be evidenced by the widespread study of metaphor in the end of this year. In line with Stern (2000) states that one of the interesting topic to be discussed is about metaphor.

In social life, consciously or unconsciously people used the metaphor at the time to communicate both verbally and in writing. Therefore, we did not realize also that the metaphor is part of our lives. Goatly (2005) emphasizes that metaphor is an essential topic in linguistics to be discussed. He says that the study of metaphor is important for two basic reasons. Because, consciously or not people are employing metaphor all the time. And also because the working of metaphor sheds light on the ways in which operates literal language. Therefore, the metaphor plays an important role in the use of everyday language.

According to Duranti & Stern (in Saragih, 2010) state that metaphor is defined as representing meaning in or interpreting meaning from two sides or perspectives. In line with Saragih (2006: 56) states that metaphor inherently implies two points: comparison and uncommon representation. Firstly, a metaphorical coding involves a comparison with an emphasis on similarity such as the expression of the door of his heart where his heart is viewed as having similar feature to that of a house in that a house has a door and his heart also has one. Secondly, a metaphor implies an uncommon way of coding experience. Thus,

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it is understood that the metaphor is to compare two types of words that basically is not uncommon or incongruent to be compared but have a similarity meaning in the semiotic.

There are many metaphors in literature and poetry, and also in everyday conversations often used figurative language, especially when you want to express emotions. Lakoff's (2003) metaphor is much more to the literature. In Indonesia, the use of metaphor is often encountered in literature. Literature is also part of the cultural heritage of Indonesia. Khaidir (1995) states that the literary both new and old, including oral literature belong to man of great value, because it distinguishes humans from other creatures. The opinion gives an understanding that literature is the work generated by the potential of reason and feeling that only exist in human beings. These potentials are very influenced by the values inherent and there around the neighborhood where the individual lives.

Usually, literature is divided by geographical region or the language itself. Different types of literature produced by human’s creativity which divided into two forms, both oral and written. One of form in writing literary is novel. The novel is a fiction story in writing which has a narrative story line. Watt (in Gates, 2008) states the novel was written in prose the language of the everyday to authenticate its characters, locations and events, and narratives arose from multiple and varying views point which allowed for both psychological closeness to characters and more detached, evaluative musings on the part of the author. A novel is usually tells about the life of human interaction with the environment and

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each other. In a novel, the author tried as much as possible to direct the reader to the images of the reality of life through the stories contained in the novel.

One of the famous novel that contain of literary value is Tenggelamnya Kapal Var Der Wijck written by Buya Hamka, it is also become the object of this research. In HAMKA's Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck is an old novel that was first published in 1939. In order to conduct a study that is no time limit to the object of research, especially novel in this study. The old or new a novel which published it is not a problem in the study, as long as it can contribute to the development of linguistic knowledge, especially in this case, then the object is decent to be researched. In addition, they still lack of research analyzing metaphor in HAMKA's Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck, it is also the reason of this novel worthy to be studied.

This novel describes the culture of Minangkabau which is in precisely West Sumatera in the 1930s. This novel tells the love story of two people based on the sincerity and purity. In the story background with customs regulations are strong and sturdy. That is what happened to Zainuddin. He was an orphan and he was cast out of the land of his birth, Makassar. He wasted because his mother came from the native of Makassar married to his father derived from the native of Minang embracing system matrilineal while in Makassar based on the patrilineal system.

The novel tells the story of a love which is not achieved because it was obstructed by customs that very strong. Zainudin was a young man of mixed marriages Minangkabau and Makassar. He knitted in love with a woman who

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came from Batipuh, one of the names of existing region in Padang, her name called Hayati. But, their relationship had to end because of customs, because based on the customary deliberation, Zainuddin’s mother is not considered as native of Minang.

The story line is full of stories of love and conflict are packaged using a very complex sentence because it uses standard Malay language which makes this novel gained the attention of researchers in the field of linguistics. For instance there are some utterances which contain in the novel:

Zainuddin : Lepaskan Mak, jangan bermenung juga, (Let me go Mom, do not bother me)

Mamak : Bagaimana Mamak tidak akan bermenung, bagaimana hati mamak tidak akan berat. (How should I get rid it off as have deep concern) When analyzed hati ‘heart’ mamak tidak akan berat ‘heavy’, the word berat ‘heavy’ is an adjective which compare with objects that have weight. Using of the word berat ‘heavy’ commonly used to describe the weight of an object referred to difficult or cannot be lifted. The word hati ‘heart’ is an organ located in the chest and a place of emotions and feelings. By giving the feature of heavy on the heart as usual or congruently it can be interpreted as a great weight on the heart. But, in this context there are unusual coding that describe the heart is difficult to bear a sense, the word hati ‘heart’ has a meaning semiotic connotation with the word difficult. In this case, the expression from Mak Base to Zainuddin aimed to say difficult for accepting the situation if let him go to Padang.

Zainuddin : Tetapi itulah kemalangan nasib saya, kenapa dahulu saya berkenalan dengan dia.(But, that's the misfortune of my fate, formerly why I became acquainted with her)

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Datuk : Ya, kasihan Hayati, engkau tahu sendiri bagaimana dia (Hayati) dipandang bunga di dalam persukuannya.( Yes, how so sad Hayati, you know how she is to be regarded flower in the tribal)

Commonly, bunga ‘flower’ is part of the plants that have beautiful colors and beautiful to look at. Flowers are also a lot of people liked. Dia (Hayati) ‘she’is a woman who is respected in Batipuh, she became the spotlight of citizens because of her beauty and friendliness. By comparing of Hayati with flower in linguistics called unusual coding or metaphorical coding. In semiotics, there are similarities between Hayati with Flowers, which is equally beautiful and loved by many people.

Datuk: Zainuddin, sudihlah kiranya engkau melepas Hayati dari kenanganmu dan berangkatlah dari negeri Batipuh yang kecil ini. (Zainuddin, I ask you to let it go away from your memory about Hayati and go away from this small village of Batipuh)

Zainuddin: artinya Engku merenggut jantung saya dari dada saya. (it means that Engku grabbed my heart from my chest)

The utterance artinyaEngkumerenggut jantungsaya ‘grabbed my heart’ dari dada saya. Grabbed is a verb which means to take action, seize and forcibly pulled out something and fast. This action can make others unhappy. The heart is a vital organ in the chest which is pumping blood to be distributed throughout the organ systems in humans, which is if stops pumping then people will die. In this context the word heart also compared with something unusual or incongruent, that is Hayati. It is because Hayati is a woman who makes Zainuddin feel happy life with her love. In common word the meaning of grabbed heart is repeal or take away a person's heart from his chest by force, such actions can certainly cause death. In this context there is a sense of unusual but has a meaning semiotic

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describe that Zainuddin said that Datuk wanted to keep him away from someone who makes Zainuddin feel happy life, namely Hayati.

In HAMKA's Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck is a novel that there are many sentences use unusual linguistic forms/ incongruent/ metaphorical coding and also so closely associated with cultural element of Minangkabau that make the readers difficult to understand the real meaning of the metaphor. Therefore, this study is very interesting to be discussed in order to provide a deep understanding for the readers of novel.

The use of uncommon, incongruent coding or marked based on form of linguistic is considered metaphor that can be analyzed using the SFL (System Functional Linguistic). O'Donnell (2011) states that the Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SFL) is an approach to language developed mainly by M.A.K. Halliday in the U.K. during the 1960s, and later in Australia. The approach is now used world-wide, particularly in language education, and for purposes of discourse analysis. While many of the linguistic theories in the world today are concerned with language as a mental process, SFL is more closely aligned with Sociology: it explores how language is used in social contexts to achieve particular goals. Halliday (1978) states that the context of situation is a theoretical construct for explaining how a text relates to the social processes within which is located. In addition, Signos (2010) declares context of situation consists of three components: the main social activity taking place, the people involved in it (plus the way they relate to one another), and the roles and functions of the text within

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this social activity-known technically in systemic function linguistics as ‘field’, ‘tenor’, and ‘mode’.

Metaphor is divided into lexical metaphor which has been well known for a long (Lakoff and Johnson: 2003) and grammatical metaphor, the which is created by Halliday. In this study, it was analyzed the lexical metaphor aimed to understand other meanings in lexically. Saragih (2011) also states that lexical metaphor can be classified into four concepts namely; noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective, and noun-adjective and circumstances. In addition, lexical metaphor may occur in social context. Lexical metaphor in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) refers to representing meaning or interpreting meaning from two perspectives. Saragih (2001) declares that lexical metaphor shows lexical meaning is partly referred to understand another meaning. If further analysis, there are many sentences shaped metaphor that can be found in the novel which is still to be understood deeply.

Therefore, the researcher wants to conduct a study of lexical metaphor in the Novel of Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck with reference to Systemic Functional Linguistics. The theory of metaphor in SFL is appropriate to investigate and analyze the unusual form of linguistics. In this case, researcher focused on the analysis of lexical metaphor in the novel in order to readers be easier to understand the content of novel and the message that contained in the novel would be conveyed to the reader with appropriate.

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Based on the explanation above, the researcher wants to conduct a research by the title “Lexical Metaphor in HAMKA’s Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck

1.2 The Problems of the Study

In relation to the background of the study, the problems are formulated as the following.

(1) What kinds of lexical metaphor are used in HAMKA’s Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck?

(2) How are the lexical metaphor linguistically realized in the novel? (3) Why are the lexical metaphor realized in the ways they are in the novel?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In relation to the problems of the study, the objectives of this research are (1) to investigate the kinds of lexical metaphor in HAMKA’s Tenggelamnya

Kapal Van Der Wijck

(2) to describe the linguistic realization of lexical metaphor in novel, and (3) to elaborate the reasons for the use of lexical metaphor in novel

1.4 The Scope of the Study

This scope of this study is limited into the lexical metaphor. Lexical metaphor concerns with the utterances in HAMKA’s Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck. It focuses on the analysis of the kinds of lexical metaphor in novel. Based on Saragih (2011), there are four kinds of lexical metaphor, such as noun-noun, noun-verb, noun-adjective, noun-verb/adjective-circumstance.

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1.5 The Significance of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to be relevant theoretically and practically, where they are expected to enrich the theories of linguistics especially about lexical metaphor, specifically in the literary work or in the novel.

Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected to

(1) add up new horizon in theoretically of linguistics, especially to the application of Systemic Functional Linguistics and

(2) be references for further studies related to lexical metaphor in the novel Practically, the findings of this study are useful for:

(1) as a reference for the students’ university who are interested in studying discourse and interested in conducting any further studies in lexical metaphor

(2) the readers, especially for the students of English Department, the results of the study can be purposed to introduce them which referred to lexical metaphor and its realization in the novel.

(3) other researchers to conduct other research on the basis SFL in which the finding can give surprising progress in linguistic field.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions

Based on the research findings, it is obtained some conclusions as follows:

1. There are 126 utterances that contained of lexical metaphor in HAMKA's

Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck. It divided into six concepts of

lexical metaphor. Specifically, 63 (50%) for nominal-verbal, 32 (25.4%) for nominal-nominal, 21 (16.68%) for nominal-adjective, 5 (3.96%) for nominal-verbal/ adjective-circumstance, and the next two lexical metaphors are the new findings in this study namely verbal-adjective amount 4 (3.17%) and verbal-verbal amount 1 (0.79%). And the dominant

types of lexical metaphor in HAMKA’s Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der

Wijck is noun-verb. It means that the most of lexical metaphor is compared

by noun and verb. It identifies that to beautify or describe his literature, the author used the lexical metaphor by comparing noun-verb to describe his feeling and thought.

2. Lexical metaphor realized in HAMKA's Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der

Wijck by comparing with nominal, verbal,

nominal-adjective, nominal-verbal/adjective-circumstance, verbal-verbal, and verbal-adjective.

3. Lexical metaphor used in HAMKA's Tenggelamnya Kapal Van Der Wijck

is to describe about the culture of Minangkabau at that time which was not relevant to the social freedom and human rights in marriage, in addition to show the emotion such as sense of love, hate, anger, pleasure, and so forth of the characters in the novel who live in an environment that has a

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powerful custom, and to describe that this novel is a fictitious story that comes from the imagination of author associated with social and cultural life of Minangkabau society in the past time.

5.2 Suggestions

There are some constructive points suggested as the following:

1. For the linguist and practitioners

It is advisable to continue to examine and explore matters relating to the special linguistic lexical metaphor in order to contribute to the development of the science of language.

2. For further researchers

It is recommended to conduct research by extending the study on others literature in order to obtain new findings specifically related to lexical metaphor and also the others discourse to be conducted such as political field, economical field, etc.

3. For the authors

It is advisable to continue to develop the works that contain literary value as lexical metaphor in order to increase the study of linguistic and increase the motivation to read for the public.

4. For the readers

It is advisable to continue to increase the interest in reading, especially the works of literature that contains a positive value and beneficial to the development of science. In this case, the readers are not only to know about lexical metaphor in that novel, but also used in daily

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communication in order to be more polite and more honor so that their and others will appreciate each other.

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powerful custom, and to describe that this novel is a fictitious story that comes from the imagination of author associated with social and cultural life of Minangkabau society in the past time.

5.2 Suggestions

There are some constructive points suggested as the following: 1. For the linguist and practitioners

It is advisable to continue to examine and explore matters relating to the special linguistic lexical metaphor in order to contribute to the development of the science of language.

2. For further researchers

3. For the authors

It is advisable to continue to develop the works that contain literary value as lexical metaphor in order to increase the study of linguistic and increase the motivation to read for the public.

4. For the readers

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communication in order to be more polite and more honor so that their and others will appreciate each other.

(3)

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