GSM Radio Network Planning And Implementation.
GSM RADIO NETWORK PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
NUR HAZWANI BINTI ZAIDOON
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) With
Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek : ……… Sesi Pengajian : ………
Saya ……….. (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD* (Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
√ TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________ ___________________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap:
Tarikh: ……….. Tarikh: ………..
GSM RADIO NETWORK PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION 2005/2009
NUR HAZWANI BINTI ZAIDOON
10, JLN CEMPAKA 6 TMN CEMPAKA 48200 SERENDAH SELANGOR
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“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited in the references.”
Signature : ………
Author : ………
Date : ………
NUR HAZWANI BINTI ZAIDOON
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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering
(Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours.”
Signature : ………...
Supervisor‟s Name : ………..
Date : ………...
CIK NURMALA IRDAWATY BINTI HASSAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, all Praise to thank to Allah SWT the Almighty for giving me an opportunity to finish my Project Sarjana Muda successfully. Special thanks to my supervisor, Cik Nurmala Irdawaty Hassan for giving me a full support and patiently supervising my progress during this project and all Celcom (M) Bhd Mobile Access Department‟s staff for giving their full support, experiences sharing and cooperation during the project. I also would like to thank my beloved friends for their support and friendship for the whole four years since I‟ve been in UTeM. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family especially my parents for their encouragement and advices.
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ABSTRACT
This purpose of this project is to build-up a new Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) radio network area that having high traffic density. The new network will overcome this traffic congestion problem and provide enough capacity with good grade of service. The main objective of this project is to provide an optimum solution in term of cost, traffic capacity and grade of service. Planning process begins with traffic analysis to determine the problem and design the new radio network. The design should consist of capacity, frequency and coverage planning. Capacity is planned based on channel utilization and it will provide enough capacity cater the overloaded of its utilization. Frequency planning is done to set a new frequency to the new radio network to enable the connection between the new network and existing network. The frequency need to plan wisely to avoid interference with the other sites or radio network. Then, coverage planning is done to provide good handover to neighbor cells. Then the system will implement and optimize to observe its performance. Optimization is done by tilting the antenna direction or adjusting the frequency. The system will be tuned until it meet users requirement.
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ABSTRAK
Projek ini bertujuan untuk membina rangkaian radio Global System untuk komunikasi telefon bimbit (GSM) yang baru dikawasan yang mempunyai kepadatan trafik yang tinggi. Rangkaian radio yang baru ini akan mengatasi masalah trafik yang berlebihan dan menyediakan kapasiti rangkaian yang cukup dengan kualiti servis yang baik. Objektif utama projek ini adalah untuk menyediakan penyelesaian yang optimum dari segi kos, kapasiti trafik dan kualiti servis. Proses merancang dimulakan dengan analsis kepadatan trafik untuk mengenalpasti masalah dan mereka rangkaian radio yang baru. Rekaan ini terdiri daripada merancang kapasiti, frekuensi dan liputan. Kapasiti dirancang berdasarkan pengunaan saluran dan ia akan menyediakan kapasiti yang cukup untuk menampung lebihan beban pengunaan saluran berkenaan. Perancangan frekuensi pula dilakukan untuk membolehkan komunikasi diantara rangkaian radio yang baru dengan rangkaian radio yang sedia ada. Frekuensi perlu dirancang dengan baik untuk mengelakkan pertindihan dengan frekuensi rangkaian radio yang lain. Selepas itu, perancangan liputan dilakukan untuk menyediakan interaksi yang baik dengan rangkain bersebelahan. Sistem akan dilaksanakan dan ditalakan untuk memerhatikan keberkesanannya. Talaan dilakukan dengan mengubah arah antena atau mengubah frekuensinya. Sistem akan ditalakan sehingga memenuhi kehendak pelanggan.
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
PROJECT TITLE i
STATUS REPORT FORM ii
STUDENT DECLARATION iii
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABCTRACT vii
ABSTRAK ix
CONTENTS x
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xviii
LIST OF APPENDICES xx
I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Problem Statement 2
1.4 Project Scope 2
1.5 Methodology 3
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II LITERATURE RIVIEW 5
2.1 Cellular System 5
2.1.1 Second Generation Mobile Network (GSM) 5
2.1.2 Cell Concept 6
2.1.3 Channel Concept 8
2.1.3.1 Traffic Channel (TCH) 8
2.1.3.2 Control Channel (CCH) 9
2.2 Radio Cell and Wave Propagation 10
2.3 Wave Propagation Effects and Parameters 13
2.3.1 Free Space Loss 13
2.3.2 Radio Wave Propagation Concepts 15
2.4 Traffic Dimensioning 19
2.4.1 Telecommunication Traffic 19
2.4.2 Erlang 20
2.4.3 Grade of Service (GoS) 21
2.4.4 Channel Configuration 22
2.4.5 Channel Utilization Efficiency 24
2.5 Capacity Enhancement Techniques 27
2.6 Basic of GSM Radio Network Planning 29
2.6.1 The Scope of Radio Network Planning 29
2.6.2 Elements in a Radio Network 30
2.6.2.1 Mobile Station (MS) 30
2.6.2.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 31
2.7 Radio Network Planning Process 32
2.7.1 Traffic and Coverage Analysis 32
2.7.2 Nominal Cell Plan 33
2.7.3 Surveys 33
2.7.4 System Design 34
2.7.5 Implementation 34
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2.8 Antenna Selection 35
2.8.1 Definition 36
2.8.2 Base Station Antennas 39
2.8.2.1 Omni Directional Antennas 39
2.8.2.2 Directional Antennas 41
2.8.3 Omni Directional vs. Directional Antenna 43
III METHODOLOGY 44
3.1 Developing a Site – Process Flow 44
3.2 Traffic Monitoring 46
3.2.1 MapInfo Professional 47
3.3 Desktop Planning 48
3.3.1 Masterplan 49
3.3.2 Determining Antenna Height and 49
Antenna Beamwidth
3.3.3 TRX Combination 51
3.3.4 Frequency Spectrum 51
3.4 Site Survey 53
3.4.1 Site Identification Package (SIP) 55
3.5 Coverage Prediction 56
3.5.1 TEMS Cell Planner (TCP) 56
3.5.2 Coverage Prediction Using TEMS Cell Planner 57
3.5.3 Site Identification Form (SIF) 67
3.6 Frequency Planning 68
3.6.1 Frequency Planning Using TEMS Cell Planner 68
3.7 Equipment Installation and Testing 71
3.7.1 Equipment Required 71
3.7.1.1 Antennas 71
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3.7.1.3 Feeder Cable 73
3.7.1.4 Microwave Antenna 73
3.7.2 Site Design Package (SDP) 74
3.7.3 Site Design Data (SDD) 75
3.8 Drive Test 77
3.8.1 TEMS Investigation (TI) 78
IV CASE STUDY AND RESULTS 80
4.1 Traffic Analysis 80
4.2 Desktop Planning 81
4.3 Site Survey 83
4.4 Coverage Plot 87
4.5 Equipment Installation 89
4.6 Frequency Assignment 90
4.7 Cost Estimation 92
V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 93
5.1 Conclusion 93
5.2 Recommendations 95
REFERENCES 96
APPENDIX A 98
APPENDIX B 100
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APPENDIX D 102
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LIST OF TABLES
NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 Traffic Distribution Over 5 Cells 25
2.2 Comparison between Capacity Enhancement Techniques 28
2.3 Comparison between Omni Directional and Directional Antenna 43
3.1 Frequency Band for Celcom (M) Bhd 52
4.1 Planned Details for New Site 82
4.2 Details for New Site after Site Survey 84
4.3 Equipment Installed 89
4.4 Frequency Assigned 90
4.5 Neighbor List 91
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LIST OF FIGURES
NO TITLE PAGE
2.1 GSM Network Architecture 6
2.2 Omni Site 7
2.3 Sector Site 7
2.4 Half-rate Channel 9
2.5 Hierarchical Cell Structure 11
2.6 (a) Monopole and (b) Tower Structures 11
2.7 Rooftop Structure 12
2.8 Radio Propagation in Free Space 13
2.9 Radio Wave Reflections 15
2.10 Diffraction of Radio Wave Propagation through Urban Area 17
2.11 Radio Wave Diffraction in Rural Area 19
2.12 Comparison of Traffic at Different Time 20
2.13 Channel Configuration 22
2.14 Erlang B Table for Example of Calculation 23
2.15 Erlang B Table 25
2.16 Relationships between Erlangs and Number of Channel 26
2.17 The Scope of Radio Network Planning 29
2.18 Block Diagram of a GSM mobile station 30
2.19 Mobile Phone with SIM card 30
2.20 Ericsson RBS 2106 BTS 31
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2.22 Radio Network Planning Process 32
2.23 Antenna Polarizations 36
2.24 E-plane and (b) H-plane 37
2.25 3-D Graphs 37
2.26 Antenna Gain vs. Half-power Beamwidth 38
2.27 (a) Omni directional and (b) Directional Antenna 39
2.28 Signal Received by Omni Antenna 40
2.29 (a) Horizontal and
(b) Vertical Omni directional Antenna Radiation Pattern 40
2.30 Sector Antenna 41
2.31 (a) Horizontal and
(b) Vertical Directional Antenna (90°) Radiation Pattern 42
2.32 (a) Horizontal and
(b) Vertical Directional Antenna (65°) Radiation Pattern 42
3.1 Process Flow of Developing a New Site 46
3.2 Traffic Monitoring Process 47
3.3 Analysis Using MapInfo 48
3.4 Rural Area 49
3.5 Urban and Suburban Areas 50
3.6 (a) VSAT and (b) Microwave Antenna 51
3.7 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 53
3.8 Location of Proposed Site in MapInfo 54
3.9 Compass 55
3.10 Important Details of SIP 55
3.11 TEMS Provided by Ericsson 56
3.12 Setting Map Properties 57
3.13 Use “Select Cursor” To Select the Neighbors Sites 58
3.14 Selected Sites 59
3.15 To Calculate Pathloss 60
3.16 List of Sites Involved 60
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3.18 Best Server Analysis Window 62
3.19 TCP Legends for Coverage Prediction 62
3.20 Coverage Area Predicted After the Installation of New Site 63
3.21 Remove BKTLAREK from Coverage Prediction 64
3.22 Coverage Prediction before the New Site is Commission 65
3.23 Selecting BKTLAREK Only 66
3.24 Stand Alone Coverage Prediction 67
3.25 BCCH and TCH 68
3.26 Editing Frequency in ARFCN Window 69
3.27 Frequencies Planning in TCP 70
3.28 Frequency Planning Results 70
3.29 Sector Antennas on Structure 72
3.30 BTS in Equipment Room 72
3.31 Feeder Cable 73
3.32 Microwave Antenna 74
3.33 Material Requirements for New Base Station 74
3.34 Actual Equipments Location in SDP 75
3.35 Equipments Installed 75
3.36 List of Equipment Installed 76
3.37 Sample of Antenna Test Result 76
3.38 Drive Test Equipments 77
3.39 GPS is connected to Satellite during Drive Test 78
3.40 Drive Test Result on Signal Level 78
3.41 Drive Test Result on Signal Quality 79
4.1 MapInfo of Area That Having a Problem 81
4.2 Google Earth View 82
4.3 Proposed Structure Locations 85
4.4 RAMO Structure 85
4.5 Coverage Area of Each Cell (a) 80°, (b) 240° and (c) 320° 86
4.6 Line of Sight (LoS) – UiTM Palapes 86
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4.8 Coverage Plot (a) Before, (b) After and (c) Stand Alone 88
4.9 Actual Structure 90
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BTS - Base Transceiver Station
TCP - TEMS Cell Planner
TI - TEMS Investigation
TRX - Transceiver
TCH - Traffic Channel
SDCCH - Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel
GoS - Grade of Service
SDP - Site Design Packages
GSM - Global System for Mobile
RF - Radio Frequency
CCH - Control Channel
BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
MS - Mobile Station / Mobile Subscriber
GMSK - Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
SIM - Subscriber Identity Module
BSC - Base Station Controller
MSC - Mobile Switching Network
TC - Transcoder
TCSM - Transcoder and Submultiplexer
BSS - Base Subsystem
NSS - Network Switching Subsystem
NMS - Network Management Subsystem
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CDD - Cell Design Data
QoS - Quality of Service
EIRP - Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network
HPBW - Half-power Beamwidth
MAP - Mobile Access Planning
MAI - Mobile Access Implementation
TXP - Transmission Planning
CME - Civil, Mechanical and Electrical
SIP - Site Identification Package
SIF - Site Identification Form
BoQ - Bill of Quantity
LoA - Letter of Award
MAO - Mobile Access Optimization
VSAT - Very Small Aperture Terminal
MCMC - Malaysia Communications and Multimedia Commission
GPS - Global Positioning Systems
ARFCN - Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number
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LIST OF APPENDICES
NO TITLE PAGE
A Erlang B Table 98
B Frequency Spectrum for Service Provider 100
C Frequency Spectrum for Celcom (M) Bhd 101
D Location Map (Case Study) 102
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 will give a brief idea on the project. This chapter consists of project overview, objectives, problem statement, project scope, and methodology and thesis organization.
1.1 Project Overview
The increases in the number of mobile subscribers in certain area caused traffic congestion and poor signal quality. In order to meet the requirements of that particular area, the radio network must offer sufficient coverage and capacity. The radio network planning process begins with the investigation of new network requirements. Then, site survey will be done to the possible site to set up new Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The process proceeds with coverage and capacity planning for that area and the installation of the equipments. The last stage of the process is optimization that will improve the performance of the new radio network. The goal is to achieve as much coverage as possible with optimal capacity and low cost. This project will use TEMS Cell Planner (TCP) for frequency and coverage planning and TEMS Investigation (TI) for drive test.
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1.2 Objective
The aims of this project are:
i. To identify the problems that usually happened in real radio network. ii. To provide optimum solution in terms of cost, capacity, coverage and signal
quality.
1.3 Problem Statement
In Kuala Lumpur, the number of mobile subscribers increase drastically caused by the increasing number of population. This condition results traffic congestion since the existing network cannot provide enough capacity for users to make a call especially during peak time (working hours). Thus, the need for more installed capacity is rising. To provide more capacity for certain area, the possible solutions are installing more Transceiver (TRX) on the existing BTS or implementing additional radio network or BTS.
For urban area, the problem is how to locate the new BTS since there are many obstacles such as high building that will absorbs or reflects the signal. Besides the frequency planning also become important because there are many existing radio network in urban area. So the frequencies need to be plan wisely to avoid signal interference that will reduce service quality.
1.4 Project Scope
The project will focus on site planning and implementation. Site planning is consists of coverage prediction and frequency planning using TEMS Cell Planner. Coverage planning will predict the path loss and radio wave properties while frequency planning is designing the cell patterns and re-use distance to reduce interference. At the
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same time there will be a research on capacity dimensioning such as traffic calculation, Traffic Channel (TCH) and Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) usage and Grade of Service (GoS). Besides, there will be a study on types and characteristics of suitable antenna for the new network. System optimization will not be cover in this report.
1.5 Methodology
The planning part starts with traffic and coverage analysis, information about the geographical area and the expected need of capacity. Drive test also will be done to determine the actual problem of that area. Using the data from traffic and coverage analysis, a nominal cell plan will produce. Nominal cell plan contains the information such as number of sector, antenna height, location of the new station (latitude and longitude) and antenna direction. The next stage is site survey and the survey will consider the nearby obstacles, space for radio equipment and transmission link. The survey will come out with the actual planned data (antenna height, antenna direction, suitable location). After the site survey, the process will proceed with coverage prediction and frequency planning using planning tools (TEMS Cell Planner).
The implementation part will start with Site Design Packages Survey (SDP). This survey contains the material requirements and the actual position of radio equipment after the new structure (tower or monopole) built. After that, the new antenna system will install and commission using the frequency assigned during planning process. When the site is on-air, system tuning is done. This process will check the system performance and determine whether the site meet customers requirement with good grade of service. If the new system does not meet the objective, some parameter will be change. Drive test will run again to make sure the problem is solved.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BTS - Base Transceiver Station
TCP - TEMS Cell Planner
TI - TEMS Investigation
TRX - Transceiver
TCH - Traffic Channel
SDCCH - Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel
GoS - Grade of Service
SDP - Site Design Packages GSM - Global System for Mobile
RF - Radio Frequency
CCH - Control Channel
BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
MS - Mobile Station / Mobile Subscriber GMSK - Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying SIM - Subscriber Identity Module BSC - Base Station Controller MSC - Mobile Switching Network
TC - Transcoder
TCSM - Transcoder and Submultiplexer
BSS - Base Subsystem
NSS - Network Switching Subsystem NMS - Network Management Subsystem
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CDD - Cell Design Data QoS - Quality of Service
EIRP - Effective Isotropic Radiated Power PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network HPBW - Half-power Beamwidth MAP - Mobile Access Planning MAI - Mobile Access Implementation TXP - Transmission Planning
CME - Civil, Mechanical and Electrical SIP - Site Identification Package SIF - Site Identification Form BoQ - Bill of Quantity
LoA - Letter of Award
MAO - Mobile Access Optimization VSAT - Very Small Aperture Terminal
MCMC - Malaysia Communications and Multimedia Commission GPS - Global Positioning Systems
ARFCN - Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number VSWR - Voltage Stand Wave Ratio
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LIST OF APPENDICES
NO TITLE PAGE
A Erlang B Table 98
B Frequency Spectrum for Service Provider 100
C Frequency Spectrum for Celcom (M) Bhd 101
D Location Map (Case Study) 102
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 will give a brief idea on the project. This chapter consists of project overview, objectives, problem statement, project scope, and methodology and thesis organization.
1.1 Project Overview
The increases in the number of mobile subscribers in certain area caused traffic congestion and poor signal quality. In order to meet the requirements of that particular area, the radio network must offer sufficient coverage and capacity. The radio network planning process begins with the investigation of new network requirements. Then, site survey will be done to the possible site to set up new Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The process proceeds with coverage and capacity planning for that area and the installation of the equipments. The last stage of the process is optimization that will improve the performance of the new radio network. The goal is to achieve as much coverage as possible with optimal capacity and low cost. This project will use TEMS Cell Planner (TCP) for frequency and coverage planning and TEMS Investigation (TI) for drive test.
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1.2 Objective
The aims of this project are:
i. To identify the problems that usually happened in real radio network. ii. To provide optimum solution in terms of cost, capacity, coverage and signal
quality.
1.3 Problem Statement
In Kuala Lumpur, the number of mobile subscribers increase drastically caused by the increasing number of population. This condition results traffic congestion since the existing network cannot provide enough capacity for users to make a call especially during peak time (working hours). Thus, the need for more installed capacity is rising. To provide more capacity for certain area, the possible solutions are installing more Transceiver (TRX) on the existing BTS or implementing additional radio network or BTS.
For urban area, the problem is how to locate the new BTS since there are many obstacles such as high building that will absorbs or reflects the signal. Besides the frequency planning also become important because there are many existing radio network in urban area. So the frequencies need to be plan wisely to avoid signal interference that will reduce service quality.
1.4 Project Scope
The project will focus on site planning and implementation. Site planning is consists of coverage prediction and frequency planning using TEMS Cell Planner. Coverage planning will predict the path loss and radio wave properties while frequency planning is designing the cell patterns and re-use distance to reduce interference. At the
(6)
same time there will be a research on capacity dimensioning such as traffic calculation, Traffic Channel (TCH) and Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) usage and Grade of Service (GoS). Besides, there will be a study on types and characteristics of suitable antenna for the new network. System optimization will not be cover in this report.
1.5 Methodology
The planning part starts with traffic and coverage analysis, information about the geographical area and the expected need of capacity. Drive test also will be done to determine the actual problem of that area. Using the data from traffic and coverage analysis, a nominal cell plan will produce. Nominal cell plan contains the information such as number of sector, antenna height, location of the new station (latitude and longitude) and antenna direction. The next stage is site survey and the survey will consider the nearby obstacles, space for radio equipment and transmission link. The survey will come out with the actual planned data (antenna height, antenna direction, suitable location). After the site survey, the process will proceed with coverage prediction and frequency planning using planning tools (TEMS Cell Planner).
The implementation part will start with Site Design Packages Survey (SDP). This survey contains the material requirements and the actual position of radio equipment after the new structure (tower or monopole) built. After that, the new antenna system will install and commission using the frequency assigned during planning process. When the site is on-air, system tuning is done. This process will check the system performance and determine whether the site meet customers requirement with good grade of service. If the new system does not meet the objective, some parameter will be change. Drive test will run again to make sure the problem is solved.