CHAPTER 3 METHOD OF RESEARCH
Chapter 3 presents method of investigation. It consists of research design, subject of the study, instrument for collecting the data, method of collecting the data,
scoring system, and formula of analyzing the data.
3.1 Research Design
3.1.1 Experimental Design
Research design refers to the outline, plan, or strategy specifying the procedure to be used in seeking an answer to the research question. An experimental research
involves two groups, they are experimental group and controlled group where the experimental group typically has treatment under investigation, while the
controlled group is treated as usual. Based on Best 1981:68 there are three categories of experimental design.
Those are: 1
True experimental design This design employs randomization to provide for control of the
equivalence of groups and exposure to treatment. 2
Quasi-experimental design This design provides a less satisfactory degree of control, used only when
randomization is not feasible.
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3 Pre-experimental design
This design is the least effective, for it either provides no control group, or no way of equating groups that are used.
In this research the writer uses quasi experimental design because the samples of the research were not randomly chosen. The design of the quasi
experimental design, pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups, can be described as follows:
E O
1
X O
2
C O
3
- O
4
Where: E
: Experimental group C
: Controlled group O
1
: Pre-test for the experimental group O
2
: Post-test for the experimental group O
3
: Pre-test for the control group O
4
: Post-test for the control group X
: Treatment with study tour technique -
: Treatment as usual Best, 1981:73
3.1.2 Procedure of Experimental Design
Based on Isaac and William 1971:43, the procedure of Nonrandomized Control-Group Pretest-Posttest design are:
1 Select subject from a population without random methods.
2 Assign subjects to groups, the treatment X and the nontreatment .
groups. 3
Pre-test the groups on the dependent variable T1, finding the means and standard deviations for both the experimental and control groups and are
then compared for similarity. 4
Keep all conditions the same for both groups, except for exposing only the experimental group to X, the experimental treatment independent variable
for a specified period of time. 5
Test the groups on T2, the dependent variable, and find the mean post-test score for both groups.
6 Find the difference between the T1 and T2 means for each group separately
T2 – T1.
7 Compare these differences to determine whether the application of X is
associated with a change favoring the experimental group over the control group which was not exposed to X.
8 Apply an appropriate statistical test to determine whether the difference in
the scores is significant —that is, if the difference is large enough to reject
the null hypothesis that the difference is simply a chance occurrence. The design of Nonrandomized Control-Group Pretest-Posttest is as
follows:
Table 3.1 Nonrandomized Control-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
Pre- test
Treatment Post-
test Experimental
Group T
1
X T
2
Control Group T
1
. T
2
Source: Isaac and William, 1971:43
In this study, some steps were applied, they were: 1
Choosing the students of the eighth grade of SMP Takhasus Al Qur‘an Wonosobo, in the academic year of 20112012 as the population.
2 Taking two groups from the population as an experimental group and a
control group. 3
Giving the pre-test for the control group and the experimental group. 4
Conducting the real experiment; using study tour method for the experimental group and using pictures without study tour method for the
control group as media in teaching writing descriptive text. 5
Asking the two groups to make a descriptive text in the post-test. 6
Collecting the data from the pre-test and the post-test of control and experimental groups.
7 Analyzing the data.
3.1.3 Administration of Experiment
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