Herlin Octaviani, 2014 An Analysis Of The
Strengths Of Arguments Of The 2012 United States’ Presidential Debate
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |
repository.upi.edu |
perpustakaan.upi.edu
qualitative text. The researcher has, therefore, begun the research because he attempted to find the data source.
1.7 Clarification of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpreting, the researcher defines the operational definition of the key terms as follows:
1. Toulmin Argumentation Model
Toulmin 1958 introduces six elements of persuasive argument, namely: claim, grounds, warrant, backing, rebuttal and qualifier.
Toulmin‟s method has appeared as a very useful approach in argumentative analysis.
2. Cogency
An argument is said to be cogent if it has factual grounds and a valid warrant even though the arguments conclusion can be either certainty,
possibility or preference.
3. Soundness
The Soundness of an argument is delivered from a pattern of analysis where the elements of an argument are „hanging‟ together Toulmin‟s
Argumentation Pattern. In this level, the elements require are claim, grounds, warrant and backing.
4. Argument Strength
The last level of analysis deals with the strength of the connections on which the argument depends. In this level, we shall have to pay special
attention to the notion of qualifier and rebuttal.
Herlin Octaviani, 2014 An Analysis Of The
Strengths Of Arguments Of The 2012 United States’ Presidential Debate
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |
repository.upi.edu |
perpustakaan.upi.edu
1.8 Organization of the Paper
The paper consists of five chapters, including Introduction, Literature Review, Research Method, Findings and Discussion, and the Conclusion of the
study. Chapter one or Introduction introduces the background of the study, the
formulation of the problems or research questions, the aims of the study, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, the research method and design,
clarification of the terms used in the study, and finally the organization of the paper.
Chapter two or Literature Review contains a review of Toulmin Models of Argumentation as the theoretical basis of this study along with the previous
studies. Chapter three or Research Method covers the methodology of the study,
including the research design, participants of the study, the resources of the data or data collection, and the steps and procedures in analyzing the data which were
gathered. Finally, the chapter displays examples of data analysis of the study presented further in chapter four.
Chapter four presents the results of the study. It consists of the findings of the research and the discussion of the findings that answer the problems of the
study. Chapter five provides the conclusions of the study, an interpretation
toward the findings or the results of the study. It also presents suggestions for further future research in the same field.
Herlin Octaviani, 2014 An Analysis Of The
Strengths Of Arguments Of The 2012 United States’ Presidential Debate
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia |
repository.upi.edu |
perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Introduction
This chapter aims to give a description concerning the procedure of this study. The first section covers the formulation of problems which comprises the
issues being analyzed in this study. Later, the research design applied during the course of this study encompasses a conceptual structure used in the research. It
constitutes the design of the collection of data and the analysis of the data collected.
3.2 Formulation of the Problems
This study presents an examination of argumentation that is used in a presidential debate. It covers an investigation of the strength of presidential
candidate‟s argument in convincing the public that he deserves to be the nation‟s leader. Here, the strength of an argument is determined by a logical relationship
between each element that constitute an argument. The constituent elements of an argument, namely: claim, grounds, warrant, backing, rebuttal and qualifier that
are used in this study is based on Toulmin Argumentation Model1958 The study involved the two American presidential candidates 2012,
Barrack Obama from the Democratic party and Mitt Romney from Republican party. The researcher took the latest debate of the 2012 American presidential
candidates as the research data of this study. In particular, the researcher aims to determine the strength of arguments from both candidates and compare them to
determine the winner of the latest debate. On the other hand, the purpose of examining the argumentation elements and its relationship is also to discover what
are the argument structures that exist in the latest debate.
