c. Semantic change
According to Fasold and Linton 2006:284, “semantic change is mainly concerned with changes in the meanings of words”. For example, in the Modern
English words nice and silly are the results of odysseys of semantic change. In Middle English nice means ‘foolish, simple, fastidious, delicious’, while in
Modern English its meaning are solely positive as enjoyable, polite. The word silly
in Old English means timely, while in Middle English it changed to seli [seli] or sili
[sili] with the meaning of happy, blessed, innocent. In Modern English, silly
means stupid, frivolous, dazed. Those examples are taken from Fasold and Linton’s theory of the language change 2006:284.
d. Phonological change
According to Fasold and Linton 2006:281, “phonological change refers to any change in the sound system’. Sound change becomes the focus in the
phonological change.
2. Sound change
Sound change is one of the language changes which belong to phonological change. Fasold and Linton 2006:281 state that “sound change is a
change in the way members of a speech community pronounce particular sounds”. In this study, sound change refers to the change of the sound which is produced by
the first grade students as the speech community. Sound change is classified according to whether they are unconditioned or conditioned Campbell, 2004:18.
Unconditioned sound change occurs not dependent on the phonetic or neighboring sounds in which it occurs Campbell, 2004:18. Unconditioned sound
change is a change that affects the sound in all contexts, for example, the most varieties of Latin American Spanish have changed palatalized [l] to [y]
unconditionally. Every case of [l] has change to [y]. Conditioned sound change occurs dependent on the phonetic or
neighboring sounds in which it occurs, for example, the Spanish change of [p] to [b] is conditioned. Only those [p] which are between vowels become [b], while [p]
in other positions do not change. Those examples are taken from Campbell’s theory of the language change 2004:18.
O’grady, Dabrovolsky, and Katamba 1996:315 describe four causes of sound change as mentioned in the following part.
a. Articulatory simplification
According to O’grady, Dabrovolsky, and Katamba 1996:315, articulatory simplification refers to the idea of ‘ease of articulation’. If there is a
sound or sounds in a language which is difficult to pronounce, it is likely to be simplified. Articulatory simplification is always occurred on everyday speech as
in the deletion of consonant in cluster, the insertion of a vowel in cluster O’grady, Dabrovolsky, and Katamba, 1996:315. For example, in the deletion of
consonant [ θ] in [fifθs] becomes [fifs]. The example is taken from O’grady’s
theory of language change 2005:247.
b. Spelling pronunciation
According to O’grady, Dabrovolsky, and Katamba 1996:315, “since the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
written form of a word can differ significantly from the way it is pronounced, a new pronunciation can arise which seems to reflect more closely the spelling of
the word”. For example, in the word often, since the letter [t] was retained in the spelling, [t] has been reintroduced into foreign speaker’ pronunciation and they
pronounced it as [ ftn]. The example is taken for O’grady’s theory of the language change 1996:315.
c. Analogy and reanalysis
“Analogy reflects the preference of speakers for regular patterns over irregular ones O’grady, Dabrovolsky, and Katamba, 1996:316”.
“Reanalysis is particularly common in morphological change O’grady, Dabrovolsky, and Katamba, 1996:316”. Morphological reanalysis more refers to
the attribute For example, on the basis of its phonological similarity such verbs as stingstung and swingswung, in some dialects bring has developed a form
brung .
d. Language contact
“Language contact occurs when speakers of one language frequently interact with the speakers of another language or dialect O’grady, Dabrovolsky,
and Katamba, 96:316”. As consequence, borrowing can occur where there are significant numbers of bilinguals or multilinguals. For example, English has
borrowed many French words such as parent, cousin, animal, soup, colour, and major
. The examples are taken from O’grady’s theory of the language change 1996:317
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