63
3. How did The Students with Autism Cope with English Learning
Activity?
How these students with autism coped with English learning activity was absolutely related with teachers who keptp the contact with
them daily. This condition could not be separated from the importance of teaching a student to speak a new language before he attempts to read it
cannot be over-emphasized. Charles Carpenter Fries, author of Teaching and Learning English
as a Foreign Language, says a child will learn to read two to three times faster is he first learns to speak the language. If a written word has no oral
counterpart in the mind of the child, it is like trying to find a reflection in a mirror for which no original exists.
Or again, it is like a child trying to read when he has little or no idea what sound or sounds have been assigned to the various letters of the
alphabet. It takes a considerable amount of brain washing of the primary teacher, especially, to enable her to drop teaching of reading as
an objective and replace it with the teaching of oral language. Probably this is so because she remembers learning to read but has forgotten
learning to speak. To her, reading is the language. Having assumed that the students EAT, MB, IN and TPW have
accomplished the first objective--the awareness of the importance of learning to speak English first and proceed to the second objective--the
preparation of teaching materials. In any second language teaching
situation the three basic principles are:
1. listen
2. repeat
3. memorize
This is the way the students with autism learnt to speak the first language, and it is the only way to learn to speak a second language. It is
the application of these principles in a second language teaching situation
64 that needs to be carefully worked out. It is this variation in teaching needs
that make the ability to write ones own material so helpful. Writing or adapting material to a specific situation is not difficult if the teacher has
completely accepted the first tenet of language teaching--Learn To Talk First.
Teacher should forget about reading until the students EAT, MB, IN and TPW have a talking vocabulary of at least four hundred words,
all taught in context. Before attempting to write the needed materials, teacher look at the teaching environment. Teachers ask whether EAT,
MB, IN and TPW need to say and understand to be at home in this classroom. These are their first needs language-wise and if the teachers,
work them out they can teach them in an easy relaxed fashion. Teachers know that they are immediately useful to both teacher and the student for
communication purposes. Very often the morning greeting is the first lesson in learning a
new language. To be able to communicate at once establishes a bond and starts the day right. Teachers teach whatever form is used in the school.
During learning activity process, teacher use a formal Good morning, how are you? or a less formal Good Morning. Teachers teach the
polite forms of our language first. Good Morning will get one by anywhere. The very informal Hi will not do in formal occasions and
will be learned soon enough. Following the morning greeting, commands or requests such as Come in or Please shut close the door, What is your
name? My name is ------------------------- What is your fathers name? May I go to the bathroom? washroom, lavatory, toilet Wash your
hands, Go to the dining room lunch room, cafeteria. The choice of words must be based on usefulness. The students EAT, MB, IN and
TPW need to be at ease in their environment as soon as possible. They need to establish communication as rapidly and as economically as
65 possible. Since these needs differ more or less with each situation, it is so
helpful if each teacher can write her own materials. In association with this fact, the writer takes the study of Sally S.
Scott and Elaine Manglitz, their world 2000, Foreign Language Learning and Learning Disabilities. Scott and Elaine Manglitz suggest
teaching and learning strategies for the students with disabilities
including the children with autism:
a
Learning disabilities affect the way that an individual takes in, retains, or expresses information. Different types of learning
disabilities can impact spoken or written language, spelling, organizational skills, memory, among others. EAT, MB, IN and
TPW can be strong in listening comprehension but poor in reading comprehension or vice versa.
b
Research shows there is a link between native and foreign language learning. Mostly it shows up in phonological difficulties
e.g. problems with tasks involving putting sounds together and pulling sounds apart in spoken and written language. Students
with learning disabilities may do fine in other classes, but their difficulties emerge when in a language class. Often the
phonological difficulties are present in their native language as well Granschow and Sparks 1995.
c
Some people may have difficulties reading in some languages but not in others because of the complexity of the different language
systems e.g. frequency of word occurrence, size of vocabulary, etc.. For the students with autism EAT, MB, IN and TPW in
SMA Lazuardi Global Islamic School Depok, reading assesment is not a hard task because they are getting used to it. Mostly are
able to read fluently with correct pronunciation, articulation and punctuation.
66 Scott and Manglitz provided several points for teachers in teaching
students with disabilities. This approach is also implemented to teach those with autism at SMA Lazuardi Global Islamic School as well. The following
points are accommodation suggested by Scott and Manglitz which have also been implemented by English teachers in teaching the students with autism at
SMA Lazuardi Global Islamic School:
a
Tutoring assistance and notetakers in class. This method has been being implemented in daily English learning activity at SMA
Lazuardi Global Islamic School.
b
Individualized learning pace, such as providing one term of coursework over a two-term period. In completing this task,
English teacher in cooperation with the orthopedagogs and the students‟ parent by using „communication book‟ as the media. In
this book, the English teachers write what the students should do in their tasks and assignments.
c
Option to audit the class before taking it for credit. In several cases, these students are conditioned to learn English the material
and the orthopedagos here are needed to assist them.
d
Taking a class under a passfail condition. In several cases, by the time the students do not fulfill the minimum standard of scoring,
they will be asked to join the remedial class.
e
Permission to write dictated questions before composing responses. It always happens during the daily English Learning
activity. These students are approached by not only the English teachers but also the orthopedagog whose roles are to assist them
doing dictation of the material. For these students, the dictation is made little bit slower in order for them to be able to comprehend
the content of the material.
67
f
Extended time to formulate replies on written or oral exams. In SMA Lazuardi Global islamic School Depok, no time extended is
given to the students with autism. They are given the duration of completing the test equally with the other normal students.
g
Permitting examinations to be read orally, dictated, or typed; alternative test formats. As it has been stated at the point e.
It always occured during the daily English Learning activity. These students were approached by not only the English teachers but also the
orthopedagog whose roles are to assist them doing dictation of the material. For these students, the dictation was made little bit slower in order for them to
be able to comprehend the content of the material. The orthopedagos usually read the instruction to these students slowly and check the students whether
they completely understand it and the orthopedagos repeat it many times to convince that the students are able to do the tests.
Furthermore, in regard with how the students with autism learn English as the foreign language, the following points of teaching methods suggested by
Scott and Manglitz New materials introduced at a slower pace which also have been implemented at SMA Lazuardi Global Islamic School Depok:
a. Reduced reading in classes. As it has been stated in the literature review of stereotype of autism in which these students
have tendency of making repetitive movement, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking. In does not enable to
instruct EAT, MB, IN and TPW to read a very long text because for them it will be a very hard task, they will feel it
inconveniently.
a
Reduced vocabulary lessons, or provision of basic vocabulary on tests to assist in translation and review of passages.
68
b
Noun and adjective endings chart to assist with translation
c
Flexibility in exam scheduling. However , In SMA Lazuardi Global Islamic School Depok, the exam scheduling is based on
the fixed term.
d
Explicit about expectations regarding class attendance, homework and class participation.
e
Planned repetition and review incorporated in each lesson. In order for the students to reach the indicator as stated in the
lesson plan, planned repetition and review incorporated in each lesson is applied during daily English learning activities.
f
Use of kinesthetic, auditory and visual modalities in instruction. In SMA Lazuardi Global Islamic School Depok,
the use of kinesthetic, auditory and visual modalities in instruction is applied in order to support an enjoyable learning
activity.
g
Explicit teaching of the codes of the language
h
Supportive learning environment. During learning activity, the students are endorsed with supportive
learning activity. Not only the ambience of the class room, seating arrangement in which they sit near teacher with the assistance of their peer
normal students, their classmates also give their big supports to them by respecting instead of bullying them. As it has been stated also in the literature
review, CAPELL Connecticut Administration Program of English Language Learner, c
ultural differences may influence students‟ behavior in the classroom. This condition is described during English Learning process at
SMA Lazuardi Global Islamic School Depok especially to the students with autism. Learning styles may reflect cultural experiences. The role of parents in
the educational process may also reflect their cultural background. Literacy in a student‟s first language facilitates the transfer of skills to a second language.
69 A student who is not literate in his or her first language may require additional
time to develop basic literacy skills. Additionally, a different writing system alphabet may cause students difficulty with reading, writing, and spelling in
a second language. Students who are successful in the learning environment or those who are encouraged to succeed are usually motivated to learn. All other
factors listed here also influence motivation. An accommodation is an adjustment or provision, which removes barriers
in a specific situation. Academic accommodations allow a student with a disability to have equal access to hisher education. Accommodations should
not provide an unfair advantage or fundamentally alter the essential requirements of a program or course. In addition, The following is the detailed
description on how these students with autism deal with English learning activity:
How EAT, MB, IN and TPW coped with English learning activity could not be separated from their characters and social behavior. As it is stated in
the literature review that Autistic children differ more strikingly from social norms; for example, they have less eye contact and turn taking, and do not
have the ability to use simple movements to express themselves, such as the deficiency to point at things. These students especially EAT are less likely to
exhibit social understanding, approach others spontaneously, imitate and respond to emotions, communicate nonverbally, and take turns with others.
However, they do form attachments to their primary caregivers.
6
Most autistic children display moderately less attachment security than non-autistic
children, although this difference disappears in children with higher mental
6
Rutgers AH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, van Berckelaer-Onnes IA. Autism and attachment: a meta-analytic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004.p.45
70 development or less severe ASD. Older children and adults with ASD
perform worse on tests of face and emotion recognition.
7
Furthermore, impairments in social interaction; impairments in communication; and restricted interests and repetitive behavior. Other
aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis.
8
Autisms individual symptoms occur in the general population and appear not to associate highly, without a sharp line separating
pathologically severe from common traits.
9
Those characteristics are found on the four students, EAT, MB, IN and TPW.
1 1
. .
E E
A A
T T
E E
A A
T T
i i
s s
1 1
6 6
y y
e e
a a
r r
s s
o o
l l
d d
. .
H H
e e
w w
a a
s s
a a
s s
t t
u u
d d
e e
n n
t t
o o
f f
s s
c c
i i
e e
n n
c c
e e
c c
l l
a a
s s
s s
o o
f f
e e
l l
e e
v v
e e
n n
t t
h h
g g
r r
a a
d d
e e
o o
f f
S S
M M
A A
L L
a a
z z
u u
a a
r r
d d
i i
G G
l l
o o
b b
a a
l l
I I
s s
l l
a a
m m
i i
c c
S S
c c
h h
o o
o o
l l
. .
A A
s s
s s
t t
a a
t t
e e
d d
i i
n n
t t
h h
e e
a a
b b
o o
v v
e e
t t
a a
b b
l l
e e
t t
h h
a a
t t
h h
e e
h h
a a
d d
d d
i i
s s
t t
u u
r r
b b
a a
n n
c c
e e
i i
n n
p p
r r
o o
c c
e e
s s
s s
i i
n n
g g
a a
n n
d d
p p
r r
o o
v v
i i
d d
i i
n n
g g
i i
n n
f f
o o
r r
m m
a a
t t
i i
o o
n n
. .
I I
n n
a a
d d
d d
i i
t t
i i
o o
n n
, ,
h h
e e
h h
a a
d d
p p
r r
o o
b b
l l
e e
m m
w w
i i
t t
h h
a a
d d
a a
p p
t t
a a
t t
i i
o o
n n
a a
n n
d d
s s
o o
c c
i i
a a
l l
i i
z z
a a
t t
i i
o o
n n
a a
s s
w w
e e
l l
l l
. .
H H
e e
w w
a a
s s
l l
e e
s s
s s
i i
n n
d d
e e
p p
e e
n n
d d
e e
n n
t t
a a
n n
d d
n n
e e
e e
d d
e e
d d
e e
x x
a a
m m
p p
l l
e e
s s
t t
o o
c c
o o
m m
p p
l l
e e
t t
e e
t t
a a
s s
k k
s s
a a
n n
d d
a a
s s
s s
i i
g g
n n
m m
e e
n n
t t
s s
. .
A A
s s
a a
d d
d d
i i
t t
i i
o o
n n
a a
l l
i i
n n
f f
o o
r r
m m
a a
t t
i i
o o
n n
, ,
h h
e e
w w
a a
s s
v v
e e
r r
y y
e e
x x
c c
e e
l l
l l
e e
n n
t t
s s
k k
i i
l l
l l
i i
n n
c c
o o
u u
n n
t t
i i
n n
g g
. .
H H
e e
h h
a a
d d
h h
i i
g g
h h
r r
e e
p p
l l
i i
c c
a a
t t
i i
v v
e e
s s
k k
i i
l l
l l
. .
F F
u u
r r
t t
h h
e e
r r
m m
o o
r r
e e
, ,
h h
e e
h h
a a
d d
v v
e e
r r
y y
g g
o o
o o
d d
s s
h h
o o
r r
t t
t t
e e
r r
m m
a a
n n
d d
l l
o o
n n
g g
t t
e e
r r
m m
m m
e e
m m
o o
r r
y y
. .
H H
e e
h h
a a
d d
n n
o o
s s
p p
e e
c c
i i
f f
i i
c c
d d
i i
s s
t t
u u
r r
b b
a a
n n
c c
e e
i i
n n
a a
c c
a a
d d
e e
m m
i i
c c
s s
k k
i i
l l
l l
. .
H H
e e
w w
a a
s s
c c
o o
n n
s s
i i
d d
e e
r r
e e
d d
t t
o o
b b
e e
a a
b b
l l
e e
t t
o o
c c
a a
t t
c c
h h
u u
p p
w w
i i
t t
h h
l l
e e
a a
r r
n n
i i
n n
g g
m m
a a
t t
e e
r r
i i
a a
l l
f f
o o
r r
h h
i i
g g
h h
s s
c c
h h
o o
o o
l l
s s
t t
u u
d d
e e
n n
t t
s s
. .
T T
e e
a a
c c
h h
e e
r r
h h
a a
d d
t t
o o
s s
e e
t t
u u
p p
l l
e e
a a
r r
n n
i i
n n
g g
e e
n n
v v
i i
r r
o o
n n
m m
e e
n n
t t
i i
n n
v v
i i
s s
u u
a a
l l
a a
n n
d d
p p
a a
t t
t t
e e
r r
n n
e e
d d
s s
c c
h h
e e
m m
e e
, ,
m m
a a
p p
p p
i i
n n
g g
, ,
v v
i i
d d
e e
o o
, ,
e e
t t
c c
. .
T T
e e
a a
c c
h h
e e
r r
h h
a a
d d
t t
o o
p p
l l
a a
c c
e e
h h
i i
m m
t t
o o
s s
i i
t t
n n
e e
a a
r r
t t
e e
a a
c c
h h
e e
r r
s s
o o
r r
p p
e e
e e
r r
s s
w w
h h
o o
c c
a a
n n
g g
u u
i i
d d
e e
h h
i i
m m
. .
T T
e e
a a
c c
h h
e e
r r
s s
w w
e e
r r
e e
a a
l l
s s
o o
s s
u u
g g
g g
e e
s s
t t
e e
d d
t t
o o
g g
i i
v v
e e
s s
t t
a a
g g
e e
s s
i i
n n
c c
o o
m m
p p
l l
e e
t t
i i
n n
g g
t t
a a
s s
k k
s s
e e
i i
t t
h h
e e
r r
i i
n n
w w
r r
i i
t t
t t
e e
n n
o o
r r
o o
r r
a a
l l
l l
y y
. .
7
Sigman M, Dijamco A, Gratier M, Rozga A.Early detection of core deficits in autism. Ment Retard Dev DisabilRes Rev. 2004.p.10
8
Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT et al. The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 1999.p. 29. This paper represents a consensus of representatives from nine professional and
four parent organizations in the US.
9
London E.The role of the neurobiologist in redefining the diagnosis of autism. Brain Pathol. 2007.p.1
71 I
I n
n E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h c
c l
l a
a s
s s
s ,
, c
c o
o m
m p
p a
a r
r e
e d
d w
w i
i t
t h
h t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s w
w i
i t
t h
h s
s p
p e
e c
c i
i a
a l
l n
n e
e e
e d
d ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s q
q u
u i
i t
t e
e c
c o
o m
m p
p e
e t
t e
e n
n t
t .
. H
H e
e w
w a
a s
s ,
, h
h o
o w
w e
e v
v e
e r
r ,
, t
t h
h e
e l
l e
e a
a s
s t
t a
a c
c t
t i
i v
v e
e a
a n
n d
d t
t h
h e
e m
m o
o s
s t
t d
d e
e p
p e
e n
n d
d e
e n
n t
t o
o n
n e
e .
. T
T h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r h
h a
a d
d t
t o
o d
d i
i r
r e
e c
c t
t h
h i
i m
m t
t o
o p
p a
a y
y a
a t
t t
t e
e n
n t
t i
i o
o n
n t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h i
i n
n g
g m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n .
. I
I t
t o
o f
f t
t e
e n
n o
o c
c c
c u
u r
r e
e d
d d
d u
u r
r i
i n
n g
g l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n i
i n
n g
g a
a c
c t
t i
i v
v i
i t
t y
y ,
, w
w h
h i
i l
l e
e t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r p
p e
e e
e r
r s
s w
w e
e r
r e
e s
s e
e r
r i
i o
o u
u s
s l
l i
i s
s t
t e
e n
n i
i n
n g
g t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r e
e x
x p
p l
l a
a n
n a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s c
c o
o m
m m
m u
u n
n i
i c
c a
a t
t i
i n
n g
g w
w i
i t
t h
h h
h i
i m
m s
s e
e l
l f
f ,
, e
e v
v e
e n
n h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s l
l a
a u
u g
g h
h i
i n
n g
g a
a t
t h
h i
i m
m s
s e
e l
l f
f .
. T
T h
h e
e w
w a
a y
y t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r b
b r
r o
o u
u g
g h
h t
t h
h i
i m
m t
t o
o f
f o
o c
c u
u s
s o
o n
n t
t h
h e
e m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n w
w a
a s
s h
h a
a v
v i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i m
m s
s i
i t
t n
n e
e a
a r
r h
h e
e r
r .
. H
H e
e r
r e
e ,
, t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r h
h a
a d
d t
t o
o k
k e
e e
e p
p h
h e
e r
r e
e y
y e
e c
c o
o n
n t
t a
a c
c t
t o
o n
n h
h i
i m
m ,
, w
w h
h i
i l
l e
e e
e x
x p
p l
l a
a i
i n
n i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n i
i n
n g
g m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l a
a n
n d
d g
g u
u i
i d
d i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i m
m e
e i
i t
t h
h e
e r
r t
t o
o w
w r
r i
i t
t e
e o
o r
r t
t o
o p
p r
r o
o n
n o
o u
u n
n c
c e
e w
w o
o r
r d
d s
s .
. A
A s
s a
a m
m a
a t
t t
t e
e r
r o
o f
f f
f a
a c
c t
t ,
, i
i f
f t
t h
h e
e i
i n
n t
t e
e n
n s
s i
i v
v e
e g
g u
u i
i d
d i
i n
n g
g b
b y
y t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r w
w a
a s
s g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n i
i n
n t
t e
e n
n s
s i
i v
v e
e l
l y
y t
t o
o h
h i
i m
m ,
, h
h e
e w
w o
o u
u l
l d
d b
b e
e v
v e
e r
r y
y c
c o
o o
o p
p e
e r
r a
a t
t i
i v
v e
e a
a n
n d
d t
t e
e n
n d
d e
e d
d t
t o
o o
o b
b e
e y
y s
s t
t r
r i
i c
c t
t l
l y
y t
t h
h e
e i
i n
n s
s t
t r
r u
u c
c t
t i
i o
o n
n .
. I
I n
n a
a d
d d
d i
i t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, d
d e
e s
s p
p i
i t
t e
e h
h i
i s
s s
s h
h o
o r
r t
t c
c o
o m
m i
i n
n g
g s
s ,
, h
h e
e c
c a
a r
r e
e d
d a
a b
b o
o u
u t
t h
h i
i m
m s
s e
e l
l f
f .
. H
H e
e a
a l
l w
w a
a y
y s
s k
k e
e p
p t
t a
a s
s k
k i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r i
i n
n r
r e
e g
g a
a r
r d
d w
w i
i t
t h
h t
t h
h e
e i
i n
n s
s t
t r
r u
u c
c t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, a
a n
n d
d t
t h
h e
e o
o u
u t
t l
l i
i n
n e
e o
o f
f t
t e
e s
s t
t s
s a
a s
s w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. T
T h
h e
e a
a n
n s
s w
w e
e r
r g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n o
o u
u g
g h
h t
t t
t o
o b
b e
e d
d e
e t
t a
a i
i l
l e
e d
d a
a s
s w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. H
H e
e w
w a
a s
s n
n e
e v
v e
e r
r r
r e
e l
l u
u c
c t
t a
a n
n t
t t
t o
o t
t a
a k
k e
e s
s o
o m
m e
e n
n o
o t
t e
e s
s .
. H
H i
i s
s p
p l
l e
e a
a s
s u
u r
r e
e w
w a
a s
s w
w h
h e
e n
n h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s s
s c
c l
l o
o s
s e
e t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r .
. H
H e
e r
r e
e ,
, h
h e
e f
f e
e l
l t
t c
c o
o n
n f
f i
i d
d e
e n
n t
t a
a n
n d
d a
a w
w a
a y
y f
f r
r o
o m
m d
d i
i s
s c
c o
o m
m f
f o
o r
r t
t b
b e
e c
c a
a u
u s
s e
e o
o f
f g
g e
e t
t t
t i
i n
n g
g b
b u
u l
l l
l i
i e
e d
d b
b y
y h
h i
i s
s c
c l
l a
a s
s s
s m
m a
a t
t e
e s
s s
s o
o m
m e
e t
t i
i m
m e
e s
s .
. S
S i
i n
n c
c e
e h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s c
c o
o n
n s
s i
i d
d e
e r
r e
e d
d t
t o
o b
b e
e a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o h
h a
a v
v e
e g
g o
o o
o d
d E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h c
c o
o m
m p
p e
e t
t e
e n
n c
c e
e ,
, t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e s
s t
t w
w h
h i
i c
c h
h g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n t
t o
o h
h i
i m
m w
w a
a s
s t
t h
h e
e r
r e
e g
g u
u l
l a
a r
r t
t e
e s
s t
t l
l i
i k
k e
e t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r „
„ n
n o
o r
r m
m a
a l
l ‟
‟ p
p e
e e
e r
r s
s o
o f
f h
h i
i s
s l
l e
e v
v e
e l
l .
. F
F r
r o
o m
m s
s e
e v
v e
e r
r a
a l
l t
t e
e s
s t
t s
s h
h e
e d
d i
i d
d ,
, h
h e
e m
m a
a n
n a
a g
g e
e d
d t
t o
o m
m a
a k
k e
e g
g o
o o
o d
d r
r e
e m
m a
a r
r k
k ,
, a
a b
b o
o v
v e
e t
t h
h e
e a
a v
v e
e r
r a
a g
g e
e .
. T
T h
h e
e t
t e
e s
s t
t t
t h
h a
a t
t h
h e
e h
h a
a d
d c
c o
o m
m p
p l
l e
e t
t e
e d
d w
w e
e r
r e
e l
l i
i s
s t
t e
e n
n i
i n
n g
g ,
, w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g ,
, r
r e
e a
a d
d i
i n
n g
g a
a n
n d
d s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e s
s t
t .
. F
F o
o r
r l
l i
i s
s t
t e
e n
n i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e s
s t
t ,
, h
h e
e h
h a
a d
d g
g o
o o
o d
d l
l i
i s
s t
t e
e n
n i
i n
n g
g s
s k
k i
i l
l l
l .
. I
I n
n o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r w
w o
o r
r d
d ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o c
c o
o m
m p
p r
r e
e h
h e
e n
n d
d t
t h
h e
e c
c o
o n
n t
t e
e n
n t
t o
o f
f c
c o
o n
n v
v e
e r
r s
s a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n s
s p
p o
o k
k e
e n
n b
b y
y t
t h
h e
e s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k e
e r
r s
s .
. F
F o
o r
r w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e s
s t
t ,
, h
h e
e c
c o
o u
u l
l d
d d
d o
o i
i t
t a
a s
s w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. S
S o
o f
f a
a r
r ,
, w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e s
s t
t s
s g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n t
t o
o h
h i
i m
m w
w e
e r
r e
e p
p r
r o
o d
d u
u c
c i
i n
n g
g e
e s
s s
s a
a y
y ,
, b
b u
u i
i l
l d
d i
i n
n g
g s
s e
e n
n t
t e
e n
n c
c e
e u
u s
s i
i n
n g
g c
c e
e r
r t
t a
a i
i n
n s
s t
t r
r u
u c
c t
t u
u r
r e
e .
. I
I n
n w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i s
s e
e s
s s
s a
a y
y ,
, h
h e
e s
s u
u c
c c
c e
e e
e d
d e
e d
d i
i n
n m
m a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g i
i t
t .
. H
H e
e e
e x
x p
p l
l o
o r
r e
e d
d h
h i
i s
s i
i d
d e
e a
a s
s u
u s
s i
i n
n g
g c
c e
e r
r t
t a
a i
i n
n d
d e
e t
t e
e r
r m
m i
i n
n e
e d
d t
t o
o p
p i
i c
c s
s s
s u
u c
c h
h a
a s
s d
d e
e s
s c
c r
r i
i b
b i
i n
n g
g p
p e
e r
r s
s o
o n
n b
b y
y f
f e
e a
a t
t u
u r
r i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i s
s p
p h
h y
y s
s i
i c
c a
a l
l a
a p
p p
p e
e a
a r
r a
a n
n c
c e
e a
a n
n d
d p
p e
e r
r s
s o
o n
n a
a l
l i
i t
t y
y t
t r
r a
a i
i t
t s
s ,
, w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i s
s o
o b
b s
s e
e s
s s
s i
i o
o n
n
72 d
d e
e s
s i
i g
g n
n i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i s
s p
p l
l a
a n
n i
i n
n t
t h
h e
e f
f u
u t
t u
u r
r e
e ,
, t
t e
e l
l l
l i
i n
n g
g e
e x
x p
p e
e r
r i
i e
e n
n c
c e
e l
l i
i k
k e
e e
e n
n j
j o
o y
y i
i n
n g
g h
h o
o l
l i
i d
d a
a y
y ,
, e
e t
t c
c .
. H
H e
e w
w r
r o
o t
t e
e t
t h
h e
e m
m a
a l
l l
l i
i n
n e
e l
l o
o q
q u
u e
e n
n t
t m
m a
a n
n n
n e
e r
r w
w i
i t
t h
h v
v e
e r
r y
y t
t i
i d
d y
y a
a n
n d
d r
r e
e a
a d
d a
a b
b l
l e
e h
h a
a n
n d
d w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g .
. H
H e
e c
c o
o u
u l
l d
d a
a r
r r
r a
a n
n g
g e
e t
t h
h e
e p
p a
a r
r a
a g
g r
r a
a p
p h
h b
b a
a s
s e
e d
d o
o n
n t
t h
h e
e m
m a
a i
i n
n i
i d
d e
e a
a .
. F
F r
r o
o m
m a
a s
s e
e n
n t
t e
e n
n c
c e
e o
o f
f m
m a
a i
i n
n i
i d
d e
e a
a ,
, h
h e
e d
d e
e v
v e
e l
l o
o p
p e
e d
d i
i t
t i
i n
n t
t o
o s
s u
u p
p p
p o
o r
r t
t i
i n
n g
g d
d e
e t
t a
a i
i l
l s
s u
u n
n t
t i
i l
l i
i t
t b
b u
u i
i l
l d
d a
a v
v e
e r
r y
y g
g o
o o
o d
d p
p a
a r
r a
a g
g r
r a
a p
p h
h .
. A
A f
f t
t e
e r
r w
w a
a r
r d
d ,
, t
t h
h e
e c
c o
o m
m p
p i
i l
l a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n o
o f
f t
t h
h e
e m
m a
a i
i n
n i
i d
d e
e a
a s
s a
a n
n d
d t
t h
h e
e i
i r
r s
s u
u p
p p
p o
o r
r t
t i
i n
n g
g d
d e
e t
t a
a i
i l
l s
s b
b e
e c
c a
a m
m e
e a
a q
q u
u i
i t
t e
e g
g o
o o
o d
d a
a n
n d
d e
e n
n j
j o
o y
y a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o r
r e
e a
a d
d p
p i
i e
e c
c e
e o
o f
f w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g .
. M
M o
o r
r e
e o
o v
v e
e r
r ,
, w
w h
h e
e n
n h
h e
e d
d i
i d
d w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g w
w i
i t
t h
h t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r s
s i
i t
t t
t i
i n
n g
g n
n e
e a
a r
r h
h i
i m
m a
a n
n d
d g
g i
i v
v i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i m
m a
a h
h e
e l
l p
p d
d e
e v
v e
e l
l o
o p
p h
h i
i s
s w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g ,
, i
i t
t w
w o
o u
u l
l d
d b
b e
e m
m u
u c
c h
h b
b e
e t
t t
t e
e r
r .
. M
M o
o r
r e
e o
o v
v e
e r
r ,
, h
h e
e h
h a
a d
d a
a v
v e
e r
r y
y e
e l
l o
o q
q u
u e
e n
n t
t h
h a
a n
n d
d w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g w
w h
h i
i c
c h
h m
m a
a k
k e
e s
s i
i t
t e
e n
n j
j o
o y
y a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o r
r e
e a
a d
d .
. F
F o
o r
r s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e s
s t
t ,
, h
h e
e c
c o
o u
u l
l d
d d
d o
o i
i t
t a
a s
s w
w e
e l
l l
l a
a s
s t
t h
h e
e p
p r
r e
e v
v i
i o
o u
u s
s t
t e
e s
s t
t s
s .
. H
H e
e s
s p
p o
o k
k e
e E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h q
q u
u i
i t
t e
e f
f a
a s
s t
t .
. I
I n
n a
a c
c o
o n
n v
v e
e r
r s
s a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o p
p r
r o
o d
d u
u c
c e
e w
w o
o r
r d
d s
s a
a n
n d
d r
r e
e s
s p
p o
o n
n d
d t
t o
o h
h i
i s
s p
p a
a r
r t
t n
n e
e r
r w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. S
S o
o m
m e
e t
t o
o p
p i
i c
c s
s o
o f
f c
c o
o n
n v
v e
e r
r s
s a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n w
w e
e r
r e
e e
e x
x p
p r
r e
e s
s s
s i
i n
n g
g p
p l
l e
e a
a s
s u
u r
r e
e a
a n
n d
d d
d i
i s
s p
p l
l e
e a
a s
s u
u r
r e
e ,
, e
e x
x p
p r
r e
e s
s s
s i
i n
n g
g a
a n
n n
n o
o y
y i
i n
n g
g a
a n
n d
d a
a n
n n
n o
o y
y e
e d
d ,
, e
e x
x p
p r
r e
e s
s s
s i
i n
n g
g a
a n
n x
x i
i e
e t
t y
y ,
, m
m a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g a
a p
p l
l a
a n
n ,
, e
e t
t c
c .
. C
C o
o n
n v
v e
e r
r s
s a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n w
w a
a s
s n
n o
o t
t t
t h
h e
e o
o n
n l
l y
y s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e s
s t
t .
. O
O n
n c
c e
e ,
, a
a p
p r
r a
a c
c t
t i
i c
c a
a l
l e
e x
x a
a m
m o
o f
f s
s e
e m
m e
e s
s t
t e
e r
r 2
2 f
f o
o r
r g
g r
r a
a d
d e
e e
e l
l e
e v
v e
e n
n t
t h
h w
w a
a s
s c
c o
o n
n d
d u
u c
c t
t e
e d
d .
. A
A l
l l
l s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s o
o f
f t
t h
h i
i s
s g
g r
r a
a d
d e
e ,
, n
n o
o t
t e
e x
x c
c e
e p
p t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, w
w e
e r
r e
e r
r e
e q
q u
u i
i r
r e
e d
d t
t o
o s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k ,
, e
e x
x p
p l
l o
o r
r i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e i
i r
r i
i d
d e
e a
a s
s b
b y
y u
u s
s i
i n
n g
g a
a p
p r
r o
o c
c e
e d
d u
u r
r a
a l
l t
t e
e x
x t
t .
. T
T h
h e
e p
p u
u r
r p
p o
o s
s e
e o
o f
f t
t h
h i
i s
s t
t e
e x
x t
t i
i s
s t
t o
o i
i n
n f
f o
o r
r m
m t
t h
h e
e r
r e
e a
a d
d e
e r
r s
s o
o r
r l
l i
i s
s t
t e
e n
n e
e r
r s
s a
a b
b o
o u
u t
t h
h o
o w
w t
t o
o d
d o
o a
a t
t h
h i
i n
n g
g b
b y
y u
u s
s i
i n
n g
g s
s t
t e
e p
p s
s o
o r
r m
m e
e t
t h
h o
o d
d s
s .
. S
S i
i n
n c
c e
e h
h e
e h
h a
a d
d p
p a
a s
s s
s i
i o
o n
n i
i n
n c
c h
h i
i c
c k
k e
e n
n w
w i
i e
e n
n n
n e
e r
r s
s c
c h
h n
n i
i t
t z
z e
e l
l ,
, h
h e
e t
t o
o l
l d
d t
t h
h e
e a
a u
u d
d i
i e
e n
n c
c e
e a
a b
b o
o u
u t
t h
h o
o w
w t
t o
o m
m a
a k
k e
e i
i t
t .
. H
H e
e c
c o
o u
u l
l d
d e
e x
x p
p l
l a
a i
i n
n i
i t
t t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r s
s t
t h
h e
e i
i n
n g
g r
r e
e d
d i
i e
e n
n t
t s
s n
n e
e e
e d
d e
e d
d a
a n
n d
d t
t h
h e
e m
m e
e t
t h
h o
o d
d o
o f
f m
m a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g i
i t
t .
. H
H e
e d
d i
i d
d i
i t
t i
i n
n d
d e
e t
t a
a i
i l
l w
w i
i t
t h
h c
c l
l e
e a
a r
r e
e x
x p
p l
l a
a n
n a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n s
s o
o t
t h
h a
a t
t h
h i
i s
s a
a u
u d
d i
i e
e n
n c
c e
e w
w a
a s
s m
m a
a d
d e
e a
a m
m a
a z
z e
e d
d a
a n
n d
d i
i m
m p
p r
r e
e s
s s
s e
e d
d b
b y
y i
i t
t d
d e
e s
s p
p i
i t
t e
e h
h i
i s
s f
f a
a s
s t
t s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g .
. F
F u
u r
r t
t h
h e
e r
r m
m o
o r
r e
e ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o r
r e
e s
s p
p o
o n
n d
d t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e q
q u
u e
e s
s t
t i
i o
o n
n s
s f
f r
r o
o m
m h
h i
i s
s v
v i
i e
e w
w e
e r
r s
s .
. W
W e
e l
l l
l ,
, d
d e
e s
s p
p i
i t
t e
e h
h i
i s
s s
s h
h o
o r
r t
t c
c o
o m
m i
i n
n g
g ,
, h
h e
e h
h a
a d
d a
a n
n e
e x
x c
c e
e l
l l
l e
e n
n c
c e
e t
t h
h a
a t
t t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r s
s m
m i
i g
g h
h t
t n
n o
o t
t h
h a
a v
v e
e .
. I
I n
n s
s p
p i
i t
t e
e o
o f
f h
h i
i s
s b
b e
e i
i n
n g
g l
l e
e s
s s
s e
e x
x p
p r
r e
e s
s s
s i
i o
o n
n ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a f
f a
a s
s t
t r
r e
e a
a d
d e
e r
r .
. I
I n
n a
a r
r e
e a
a d
d i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e s
s t
t ,
, h
h e
e m
m a
a n
n a
a g
g e
e d
d t
t o
o r
r e
e a
a d
d f
f a
a s
s t
t w
w i
i t
t h
h g
g o
o o
o d
d a
a n
n d
d c
c l
l e
e a
a r
r p
p r
r o
o n
n u
u n
n c
c i
i a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n .
. T
T h
h r
r o
o u
u g
g h
h t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e x
x t
t ,
, a
a s
s i
i t
t i
i s
s i
i n
n d
d i
i c
c a
a t
t e
e d
d i
i n
n t
t h
h e
e i
i n
n d
d i
i c
c a
a t
t o
o r
r o
o f
f l
l e
e s
s s
s o
o n
n p
p l
l a
a n
n ;
; h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o
73 i
i d
d e
e n
n t
t i
i f
f y
y t
t h
h e
e s
s p
p e
e c
c i
i f
f i
i c
c i
i n
n f
f o
o r
r m
m a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n a
a n
n d
d t
t h
h e
e p
p u
u r
r p
p o
o s
s e
e o
o f
f t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e x
x t
t a
a s
s w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. H
H e
e m
m a
a d
d e
e g
g o
o o
o d
d m
m a
a r
r k
k s
s f
f o
o r
r i
i t
t .
. H
H e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a l
l w
w a
a y
y s
s e
e a
a g
g e
e r
r t
t o
o l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n a
a n
n d
d h
h i
i g
g h
h l
l y
y m
m o
o t
t i
i v
v a
a t
t e
e d
d a
a s
s w
w e
e l
l l
l t
t h
h a
a t
t e
e n
n a
a b
b l
l e
e s
s t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r e
e x
x p
p e
e r
r i
i e
e n
n c
c e
e p
p l
l e
e a
a s
s u
u r
r e
e t
t o
o t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h h
h i
i m
m .
. T
T h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r n
n e
e v
v e
e r
r m
m e
e t
t s
s i
i g
g n
n i
i f
f i
i c
c a
a n
n t
t p
p r
r o
o b
b l
l e
e m
m s
s t
t o
o d
d e
e a
a l
l w
w i
i t
t h
h h
h i
i m
m b
b e
e c
c a
a u
u s
s e
e h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s e
e a
a s
s y
y t
t o
o b
b e
e t
t a
a u
u g
g h
h t
t a
a n
n d
d d
d i
i r
r e
e c
c t
t e
e d
d .
. A
A n
n d
d i
i t
t w
w a
a s
s s
s u
u c
c h
h a
a n
n a
a d
d v
v a
a n
n t
t a
a g
g e
e f
f o
o r
r t
t h
h e
e b
b o
o t
t h
h s
s i
i d
d e
e s
s ,
, t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r a
a n
n d
d h
h i
i m
m .
. A
A s
s t
t h
h e
e r
r e
e s
s u
u l
l t
t ,
, t
t h
h e
e g
g o
o a
a l
l o
o f
f t
t h
h e
e l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n i
i n
n g
g w
w a
a s
s e
e a
a s
s i
i l
l y
y a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o b
b e
e r
r e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e d
d .
. I
I n
n t
t h
h a
a t
t s
s e
e m
m e
e s
s t
t e
e r
r ,
, a
a l
l l
l s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s i
i n
n c
c l
l u
u d
d i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e s
s e
e f
f o
o u
u r
r s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s h
h a
a d
d s
s t
t u
u d
d i
i e
e d
d v
v a
a r
r i
i o
o u
u s
s t
t o
o p
p i
i c
c s
s i
i n
n c
c l
l u
u d
d i
i n
n g
g G
G r
r a
a m
m m
m a
a r
r ,
, r
r e
e a
a d
d i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e x
x t
t ,
, l
l i
i s
s t
t e
e n
n i
i n
n g
g a
a n
n d
d d
d i
i s
s c
c u
u s
s s
s i
i n
n g
g c
c e
e r
r t
t a
a i
i n
n i
i s
s s
s u
u e
e s
s .
. F
F o
o r
r G
G r
r a
a m
m m
m a
a r
r ,
, t
t h
h e
e y
y l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n t
t „
„ a
a d
d d
d i
i n
n g
g e
e m
m p
p h
h a
a s
s i
i s
s ‟
‟ ,
, „
„ d
d i
i r
r e
e c
c t
t a
a n
n d
d i
i n
n d
d i
i r
r e
e c
c t
t s
s p
p e
e e
e c
c h
h ‟
‟ .
. F
F o
o r
r r
r e
e a
a d
d i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e x
x t
t ,
, t
t h
h e
e y
y r
r e
e a
a d
d a
a t
t e
e x
x t
t t
t i
i t
t l
l e
e d
d „
„ f
f l
l y
y v
v e
e h
h i
i c
c l
l e
e ‟
‟ .
. F
F u
u r
r t
t h
h e
e r
r m
m o
o r
r e
e ,
, w
w e
e d
d i
i s
s c
c u
u s
s s
s e
e d
d s
s o
o m
m e
e i
i s
s s
s u
u e
e s
s s
s u
u c
c h
h a
a s
s f
f a
a s
s t
t f
f o
o o
o d
d .
. H
H e
e r
r e
e t
t h
h e
e y
y w
w e
e r
r e
e e
e n
n c
c o
o u
u r
r a
a g
g e
e d
d t
t o
o e
e x
x p
p l
l o
o r
r e
e t
t h
h e
e i
i r
r i
i d
d e
e a
a s
s o
o n
n c
c o
o n
n s
s u
u m
m i
i n
n g
g f
f a
a s
s t
t f
f o
o o
o d
d a
a n
n d
d i
i t
t s
s e
e f
f f
f e
e c
c t
t o
o n
n t
t h
h e
e i
i r
r h
h e
e a
a l
l t
t h
h .
. T
T h
h e
e s
s e
e a
a u
u t
t i
i s
s t
t i
i c
c s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s i
i n
n c
c l
l u
u d
d i
i n
n g
g E
E A
A T
T m
m a
a n
n a
a g
g e
e d
d t
t o
o c
c a
a t
t c
c h
h u
u p
p t
t h
h e
e m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l q
q u
u i
i t
t e
e w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. T
T h
h e
e y
y r
r e
e s
s p
p o
o n
n d
d e
e d
d t
t h
h e
e m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n w
w i
i t
t h
h e
e n
n t
t h
h u
u s
s i
i a
a s
s m
m .
.
2 2
. .
M M
B B
M M
B B
w w
a a
s s
1 1
6 6
y y
e e
a a
r r
s s
o o
l l
d d
. .
H H
e e
h h
a a
d d
b b
e e
e e
n n
s s
t t
u u
d d
y y
i i
n n
g g
a a
t t
S S
M M
A A
L L
a a
z z
u u
a a
r r
d d
i i
G G
l l
o o
b b
a a
l l
I I
s s
l l
a a
m m
i i
c c
S S
c c
h h
o o
o o
l l
f f
o o
r r
t t
h h
e e
l l
a a
s s
t t
t t
h h
r r
e e
e e
s s
e e
m m
e e
s s
t t
e e
r r
s s
. .
W W
h h
e e
n n
t t
h h
i i
s s
r r
e e
s s
e e
a a
r r
c c
h h
w w
a a
s s
c c
o o
n n
d d
u u
c c
t t
e e
d d
, ,
h h
e e
w w
a a
s s
i i
n n
t t
h h
e e
g g
r r
a a
d d
e e
o o
f f
e e
l l
e e
v v
e e
n n
, ,
s s
o o
c c
i i
a a
l l
c c
l l
a a
s s
s s
. .
B B
a a
s s
e e
d d
o o
n n
t t
h h
e e
m m
a a
p p
p p
i i
n n
g g
o o
f f
t t
e e
a a
c c
h h
i i
n n
g g
g g
u u
i i
d d
a a
n n
c c
e e
, ,
h h
e e
h h
a a
d d
a a
b b
i i
l l
i i
t t
y y
i i
n n
l l
a a
n n
g g
u u
a a
g g
e e
a a
n n
d d
m m
u u
s s
i i
c c
. .
H H
e e
m m
a a
s s
t t
e e
r r
e e
d d
t t
h h
r r
e e
e e
f f
o o
r r
e e
i i
g g
n n
l l
a a
n n
g g
u u
a a
g g
e e
s s
. .
H H
e e
w w
a a
s s
a a
b b
l l
e e
t t
o o
a a
r r
r r
a a
n n
g g
e e
t t
o o
n n
e e
a a
n n
d d
c c
o o
m m
p p
o o
s s
e e
s s
o o
n n
g g
l l
y y
r r
i i
c c
s s
s s
o o
t t
h h
a a
t t
h h
e e
w w
a a
s s
a a
b b
l l
e e
t t
o o
p p
r r
o o
d d
u u
c c
e e
m m
u u
s s
i i
c c
. .
H H
i i
s s
w w
e e
a a
k k
n n
e e
s s
s s
w w
a a
s s
i i
n n
M M
a a
t t
h h
. .
H H
e e
n n
e e
e e
d d
e e
d d
s s
u u
p p
e e
r r
v v
i i
s s
i i
n n
g g
i i
n n
c c
o o
u u
n n
t t
i i
n n
g g
. .
H H
e e
h h
a a
d d
d d
i i
s s
t t
u u
r r
b b
a a
n n
c c
e e
i i
n n
f f
o o
c c
u u
s s
i i
n n
g g
h h
i i
s s
a a
t t
t t
e e
n n
t t
i i
o o
n n
a a
n n
d d
c c
o o
n n
c c
e e
n n
t t
r r
a a
t t
i i
n n
g g
. .
H H
e e
w w
a a
s s
a a
l l
s s
o o
h h
y y
p p
e e
r r
a a
c c
t t
i i
v v
e e
s s
o o
t t
h h
a a
t t
h h
e e
w w
a a
s s
u u
n n
a a
b b
l l
e e
t t
o o
f f
o o
c c
u u
s s
o o
n n
t t
h h
e e
t t
o o
p p
i i
c c
o o
f f
s s
p p
e e
e e
c c
h h
w w
h h
i i
c c
h h
i i
s s
b b
e e
i i
n n
g g
s s
p p
o o
k k
e e
n n
b b
y y
t t
h h
e e
o o
t t
h h
e e
r r
s s
. .
H H
e e
h h
a a
d d
g g
o o
o o
d d
c c
o o
g g
n n
i i
t t
i i
v v
e e
s s
k k
i i
l l
l l
a a
n n
d d
g g
o o
o o
d d
a a
b b
i i
l l
i i
t t
y y
i i
n n
l l
a a
n n
g g
u u
a a
g g
e e
, ,
. .
H H
e e
74 w
w a
a s
s c
c o
o n
n s
s i
i d
d e
e r
r e
e d
d t
t o
o b
b e
e a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o c
c o
o m
m e
e a
a l
l o
o n
n g
g w
w i
i t
t h
h l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n i
i n
n g
g m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l f
f o
o r
r s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s o
o f
f s
s e
e n
n i
i o
o r
r h
h i
i g
g h
h s
s c
c h
h o
o o
o l
l a
a s
s l
l o
o n
n g
g a
a s
s h
h e
e g
g e
e t
t s
s r
r e
e s
s p
p o
o n
n d
d a
a n
n d
d o
o b
b s
s e
e r
r v
v a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n f
f r
r o
o m
m h
h i
i s
s e
e n
n v
v i
i r
r o
o n
n m
m e
e n
n t
t .
. H
H e
e ,
, h
h o
o w
w e
e v
v e
e r
r ,
, h
h a
a d
d b
b o
o t
t h
h g
g o
o o
o d
d s
s h
h o
o r
r t
t t
t e
e r
r m
m a
a n
n d
d l
l o
o n
n g
g t
t e
e r
r m
m m
m e
e m
m o
o r
r y
y .
. T
T e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r g
g a
a v
v e
e h
h i
i m
m i
i n
n s
s t
t r
r u
u c
c t
t i
i o
o n
n i
i n
n d
d i
i v
v i
i d
d u
u a
a l
l l
l y
y s
s o
o t
t h
h a
a t
t h
h e
e c
c o
o u
u l
l d
d c
c a
a t
t c
c h
h t
t h
h e
e i
i n
n s
s t
t r
r u
u c
c t
t i
i o
o n
n f
f r
r o
o m
m t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r c
c l
l e
e a
a r
r l
l y
y .
. T
T e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r o
o u
u g
g h
h t
t t
t o
o s
s u
u p
p e
e r
r v
v i
i s
s e
e h
h i
i m
m f
f o
o r
r a
a n
n a
a l
l y
y t
t i
i c
c a
a l
l l
l e
e s
s s
s o
o n
n s
s a
a n
n d
d c
c o
o m
m p
p l
l e
e x
x c
c o
o m
m p
p r
r e
e h
h e
e n
n s
s i
i o
o n
n .
. I
I n
n E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h c
c o
o m
m p
p e
e t
t e
e n
n c
c e
e ,
, c
c o
o m
m p
p a
a r
r e
e d
d t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s w
w i
i t
t h
h t
t h
h e
e s
s p
p e
e c
c i
i a
a l
l n
n e
e e
e d
d ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s t
t h
h e
e m
m o
o s
s t
t o
o u
u t
t s
s t
t a
a n
n d
d i
i n
n g
g .
. H
H i
i s
s f
f a
a m
m i
i l
l y
y b
b a
a c
c k
k g
g r
r o
o u
u n
n d
d s
s u
u p
p p
p o
o r
r t
t e
e d
d h
h i
i m
m t
t o
o h
h a
a v
v e
e s
s u
u c
c h
h c
c o
o m
m p
p e
e t
t e
e n
n c
c e
e b
b e
e c
c a
a u
u s
s e
e h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s c
c o
o n
n d
d i
i t
t i
i o
o n
n e
e d
d t
t o
o c
c o
o m
m m
m u
u n
n i
i c
c a
a t
t e
e i
i n
n E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h d
d a
a i
i l
l y
y .
. D
D u
u e
e t
t o
o t
t h
h i
i s
s c
c o
o n
n d
d i
i t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, d
d e
e a
a l
l i
i n
n g
g w
w i
i t
t h
h c
c o
o m
m m
m u
u n
n i
i c
c a
a t
t i
i n
n g
g i
i n
n E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h i
i s
s h
h a
a r
r d
d l
l y
y a
a b
b i
i g
g p
p r
r o
o b
b l
l e
e m
m f
f o
o r
r h
h i
i m
m .
. I
I n
n a
a n
n y
y c
c o
o n
n d
d i
i t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, w
w h
h e
e n
n e
e v
v e
e r
r h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a s
s k
k e
e d
d ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a l
l w
w a
a y
y s
s r
r e
e a
a d
d y
y t
t o
o p
p r
r e
e s
s e
e n
n t
t ,
, e
e x
x p
p l
l a
a i
i n
n ,
, t
t e
e l
l l
l s
s t
t o
o r
r y
y ,
, e
e t
t c
c .
. H
H e
e w
w a
a s
s t
t h
h e
e o
o n
n e
e t
t o
o w
w h
h o
o m
m h
h i
i s
s f
f r
r i
i e
e n
n d
d s
s a
a s
s k
k e
e d
d a
a n
n d
d c
c o
o n
n s
s u
u l
l t
t e
e d
d i
i n
n r
r e
e g
g a
a r
r d
d w
w i
i t
t h
h E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h .
. M
M o
o r
r e
e o
o v
v e
e r
r ,
, h
h i
i s
s f
f r
r i
i e
e n
n d
d s
s l
l i
i k
k e
e d
d h
h i
i m
m b
b e
e c
c a
a u
u s
s e
e o
o f
f h
h i
i s
s p
p e
e r
r s
s o
o n
n a
a l
l i
i t
t y
y ,
, f
f r
r i
i e
e n
n d
d l
l y
y a
a n
n d
d h
h e
e l
l p
p f
f u
u l
l i
i n
n c
c e
e r
r t
t a
a i
i n
n c
c i
i r
r c
c u
u m
m s
s t
t a
a n
n c
c e
e .
. I
I n
n E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h c
c l
l a
a s
s s
s ,
, t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r n
n e
e v
v e
e r
r h
h a
a d
d p
p r
r o
o b
b l
l e
e m
m t
t o
o d
d e
e a
a l
l w
w i
i t
t h
h h
h i
i m
m .
. D
D u
u r
r i
i n
n g
g l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n i
i n
n g
g a
a c
c t
t i
i v
v i
i t
t y
y o
o n
n p
p r
r o
o g
g r
r e
e s
s s
s ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a l
l w
w a
a y
y s
s c
c o
o o
o p
p e
e r
r a
a t
t i
i v
v e
e ,
, e
e n
n t
t h
h u
u s
s i
i a
a s
s t
t a
a n
n d
d e
e a
a g
g e
e r
r l
l y
y r
r e
e s
s p
p o
o n
n d
d s
s t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h i
i n
n g
g m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l .
. H
H e
e a
a l
l w
w a
a y
y s
s h
h a
a d
d g
g o
o o
o d
d o
o p
p i
i n
n i
i o
o n
n t
t o
o s
s h
h a
a r
r e
e w
w h
h e
e n
n e
e v
v e
e r
r h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a s
s k
k e
e d
d f
f o
o r
r .
. C
C o
o m
m m
m o
o n
n l
l y
y i
i n
n s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g c
c l
l a
a s
s s
s ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s s
s u
u c
c c
c e
e s
s s
s f
f u
u l
l t
t o
o p
p r
r a
a c
c t
t i
i c
c e
e .
. I
I n
n d
d e
e t
t a
a i
i l
l e
e x
x p
p l
l a
a n
n a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, s
s e
e v
v e
e r
r a
a l
l s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g c
c l
l a
a s
s s
s e
e s
s w
w e
e r
r e
e b
b e
e i
i n
n g
g c
c o
o n
n d
d u
u c
c t
t e
e d
d s
s u
u c
c h
h a
a s
s p
p r
r a
a c
c t
t i
i c
c i
i n
n g
g c
c o
o n
n v
v e
e r
r s
s a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n w
w h
h e
e r
r e
e s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s w
w e
e r
r e
e r
r e
e q
q u
u i
i r
r e
e d
d t
t o
o e
e x
x p
p r
r e
e s
s s
s v
v a
a r
r i
i o
o u
u s
s e
e x
x p
p r
r e
e s
s s
s i
i o
o n
n s
s .
. I
I n
n R
R o
o l
l e
e p
p l
l a
a y
y i
i n
n g
g ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o p
p l
l a
a y
y a
a c
c h
h a
a r
r a
a c
c t
t e
e r
r o
o f
f s
s o
o m
m e
e b
b o
o d
d y
y e
e i
i t
t h
h e
e r
r i
i n
n p
p a
a i
i r
r o
o r
r i
i n
n s
s m
m a
a l
l l
l g
g r
r o
o u
u p
p e
e l
l s
s e
e q
q u
u i
i t
t e
e w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. E
E v
v e
e n
n i
i n
n t
t h
h e
e h
h a
a r
r d
d e
e s
s t
t l
l e
e v
v e
e l
l o
o f
f s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g c
c l
l a
a s
s s
s s
s u
u c
c h
h d
d e
e b
b a
a t
t i
i n
n g
g ,
, h
h e
e s
s u
u c
c c
c e
e e
e d
d e
e d
d i
i n
n m
m a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g i
i t
t e
e i
i t
t h
h e
e r
r a
a s
s b
b e
e i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e p
p r
r o
o o
o r
r t
t h
h e
e c
c o
o n
n t
t r
r a
a t
t e
e a
a m
m .
. H
H e
e ,
, w
w i
i t
t h
h h
h i
i s
s B
B r
r i
i t
t i
i s
s h
h p
p r
r o
o n
n u
u n
n c
c i
i a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, h
h a
a d
d s
s u
u c
c h
h e
e n
n o
o r
r m
m o
o u
u s
s b
b r
r i
i l
l l
l i
i a
a n
n t
t i
i d
d e
e a
a s
s t
t o
o a
a r
r g
g u
u e
e a
a n
n d
d r
r e
e b
b u
u t
t t
t h
h a
a t
t m
m a
a k
k e
e h
h i
i s
s o
o p
p p
p o
o n
n e
e n
n t
t s
s n
n e
e a
a r
r l
l y
y s
s p
p e
e e
e c
c h
h l
l e
e s
s s
s .
.
75 I
I n
n s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e s
s t
t ,
, w
w h
h e
e n
n h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s i
i n
n t
t h
h e
e s
s e
e c
c o
o n
n d
d s
s e
e m
m e
e s
s t
t e
e r
r o
o f
f g
g r
r a
a d
d e
e t
t e
e n
n ,
, a
a l
l l
l s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s w
w e
e r
r e
e o
o b
b l
l i
i g
g a
a t
t e
e d
d t
t o
o a
a c
c c
c o
o m
m p
p l
l i
i s
s h
h a
a b
b o
o o
o k
k a
a n
n d
d n
n o
o v
v e
e l
l r
r e
e v
v i
i e
e w
w a
a s
s t
t h
h e
e r
r e
e q
q u
u i
i r
r e
e m
m e
e n
n t
t f
f o
o r
r p
p a
a s
s s
s i
i n
n g
g g
g r
r a
a d
d e
e .
. I
I t
t t
t o
o o
o k
k q
q u
u i
i t
t e
e l
l o
o n
n g
g p
p r
r o
o c
c e
e s
s s
s .
. 3
3 m
m o
o n
n t
t h
h w
w a
a s
s g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n t
t o
o a
a l
l l
l s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s i
i n
n c
c l
l u
u d
d i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i m
m t
t o
o s
s e
e l
l e
e c
c t
t a
a n
n y
y E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h n
n o
o v
v e
e l
l ,
, r
r e
e a
a d
d ,
, r
r e
e s
s u
u m
m e
e a
a n
n d
d a
a t
t t
t h
h e
e e
e n
n d
d o
o f
f t
t h
h e
e p
p r
r o
o c
c e
e s
s s
s w
w a
a s
s t
t o
o p
p r
r e
e s
s e
e n
n t
t i
i t
t b
b e
e f
f o
o r
r e
e a
a u
u d
d i
i e
e n
n c
c e
e .
. M
M B
B s
s u
u c
c c
c e
e e
e d
d e
e d
d i
i n
n m
m a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g i
i t
t a
a n
n d
d m
m a
a d
d e
e a
a l
l l
l a
a u
u d
d i
i e
e n
n c
c e
e a
a s
s t
t o
o u
u n
n d
d e
e d
d w
w i
i t
t h
h h
h i
i s
s p
p r
r e
e s
s e
e n
n t
t a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n .
. I
I n
n h
h i
i s
s p
p r
r e
e s
s e
e n
n t
t a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, h
h e
e t
t o
o l
l d
d u
u s
s t
t h
h e
e w
w h
h o
o l
l e
e p
p r
r o
o c
c e
e s
s s
s o
o f
f r
r e
e v
v i
i e
e w
w i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e n
n o
o v
v e
e l
l w
w i
i t
t h
h n
n o
o s
s i
i g
g n
n i
i f
f i
i c
c a
a n
n t
t m
m i
i s
s t
t a
a k
k e
e .
. A
A s
s i
i f
f h
h e
e h
h a
a d
d b
b e
e e
e n
n a
a p
p r
r o
o f
f e
e s
s s
s i
i o
o n
n a
a l
l s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k e
e r
r ,
, h
h e
e s
s p
p o
o k
k e
e g
g e
e n
n t
t l
l y
y a
a n
n d
d b
b o
o l
l d
d l
l y
y i
i n
n v
v o
o i
i c
c i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i s
s o
o p
p i
i n
n i
i o
o n
n a
a n
n d
d i
i m
m p
p r
r e
e s
s s
s i
i o
o n
n o
o f
f h
h i
i s
s n
n o
o v
v e
e l
l .
. N
N o
o t
t o
o n
n l
l y
y h
h i
i s
s f
f l
l u
u e
e n
n c
c y
y i
i n
n s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g b
b u
u t
t a
a l
l s
s o
o h
h i
i s
s e
e l
l o
o q
q u
u e
e n
n t
t m
m a
a n
n n
n e
e r
r i
i n
n w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i s
s s
s y
y n
n o
o p
p s
s i
i s
s a
a n
n d
d h
h i
i s
s s
s k
k i
i l
l l
l i
i n
n p
p r
r o
o d
d u
u c
c i
i n
n g
g p
p o
o w
w e
e r
r p
p o
o i
i n
n t
t p
p r
r e
e s
s e
e n
n t
t a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n o
o f
f n
n o
o v
v e
e l
l r
r e
e v
v i
i e
e w
w a
a m
m a
a z
z e
e d
d u
u s
s .
. T
T h
h e
e p
p u
u r
r p
p o
o s
s e
e o
o f
f h
h i
i m
m a
a n
n d
d t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r s
s r
r e
e v
v i
i e
e w
w i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h i
i s
s n
n o
o v
v e
e l
l w
w a
a s
s i
i n
n o
o r
r d
d e
e r
r f
f o
o r
r t
t h
h e
e m
m t
t o
o b
b e
e a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o b
b e
e s
s k
k i
i l
l l
l f
f u
u l
l i
i n
n f
f o
o u
u r
r l
l a
a n
n g
g u
u a
a g
g e
e c
c o
o m
m p
p o
o n
n e
e n
n t
t s
s ;
; r
r e
e a
a d
d i
i n
n g
g ,
, w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g ,
, s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g a
a n
n d
d l
l i
i s
s t
t e
e n
n i
i n
n g
g .
. I
I n
n r
r e
e a
a d
d i
i n
n g
g ,
, h
h e
e t
t o
o o
o k
k t
t i
i m
m e
e t
t o
o r
r e
e a
a d
d t
t h
h e
e n
n o
o v
v e
e l
l c
c h
h a
a p
p t
t e
e r
r b
b y
y c
c h
h a
a p
p t
t e
e r
r .
. F
F r
r o
o m
m h
h e
e r
r e
e ,
, n
n o
o t
t o
o n
n l
l y
y h
h e
e g
g o
o t
t l
l o
o t
t s
s o
o f
f i
i n
n f
f o
o r
r m
m a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n a
a n
n d
d w
w a
a s
s a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o i
i d
d e
e n
n t
t i
i f
f y
y s
s p
p e
e c
c i
i f
f i
i c
c i
i n
n f
f o
o r
r m
m a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n f
f r
r o
o m
m i
i t
t b
b u
u t
t a
a l
l s
s o
o h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o f
f i
i n
n d
d n
n e
e w
w g
g l
l o
o s
s s
s a
a r
r y
y ,
, p
p r
r o
o v
v e
e r
r b
b s
s a
a n
n d
d q
q u
u o
o t
t a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n .
. A
A t
t t
t h
h e
e e
e n
n d
d ,
, h
h i
i s
s h
h o
o r
r i
i z
z o
o n
n w
w a
a s
s e
e n
n r
r i
i c
c h
h e
e d
d .
. I
I n
n w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e s
s y
y n
n o
o p
p s
s i
i s
s ,
, t
t h
h e
e m
m a
a i
i n
n l
l e
e s
s s
s o
o n
n h
h e
e g
g o
o t
t w
w a
a s
s t
t h
h a
a t
t h
h e
e s
s u
u c
c c
c e
e e
e d
d e
e d
d i
i n
n d
d e
e v
v e
e l
l o
o p
p i
i n
n g
g h
h i
i s
s s
s k
k i
i l
l l
l i
i n
n a
a r
r r
r a
a n
n g
g i
i n
n g
g s
s e
e n
n t
t e
e n
n c
c e
e s
s a
a n
n d
d c
c l
l a
a u
u s
s e
e s
s .
. H
H e
e r
r e
e ,
, h
h e
e m
m a
a n
n a
a g
g e
e d
d t
t o
o p
p o
o u
u r
r h
h i
i s
s t
t h
h o
o u
u g
g h
h t
t s
s i
i n
n t
t o
o h
h i
i s
s w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g .
. I
I n
n s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g c
c o
o m
m p
p e
e t
t e
e n
n c
c e
e ,
, h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o d
d e
e m
m o
o n
n s
s t
t r
r a
a t
t e
e h
h i
i s
s s
s k
k i
i l
l l
l i
i n
n d
d e
e l
l i
i v
v e
e r
r i
i n
n g
g p
p r
r e
e s
s e
e n
n t
t a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n ,
, c
c o
o m
m m
m u
u n
n i
i c
c a
a t
t i
i n
n g
g i
i n
n t
t e
e r
r a
a c
c t
t i
i v
v e
e l
l y
y t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e j
j u
u d
d g
g e
e s
s ,
, e
e n
n t
t e
e r
r t
t a
a i
i n
n i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e a
a u
u d
d i
i e
e n
n c
c e
e ,
, c
c o
o n
n c
c l
l u
u d
d i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e w
w h
h o
o l
l e
e c
c o
o n
n t
t e
e n
n t
t o
o f
f h
h i
i s
s m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l .
. H
H i
i s
s g
g r
r e
e a
a t
t e
e f
f f
f o
o r
r t
t s
s w
w e
e r
r e
e d
d e
e c
c e
e n
n t
t t
t o
o b
b e
e a
a p
p p
p r
r e
e c
c i
i a
a t
t e
e d
d .
. D
D u
u e
e t
t o
o h
h i
i s
s e
e x
x c
c e
e l
l l
l e
e n
n t
t s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g c
c o
o m
m p
p e
e t
t e
e n
n c
c e
e ,
, t
t h
h e
e w
w r
r i
i t
t e
e r
r d
d e
e c
c i
i d
d e
e d
d t
t o
o t
t a
a k
k e
e h
h i
i m
m t
t o
o p
p a
a r
r t
t i
i c
c i
i p
p a
a t
t e
e i
i n
n a
a n
n E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h s
s p
p e
e e
e c
c h
h c
c o
o m
m p
p e
e t
t i
i t
t i
i o
o n
n h
h e
e l
l d
d l
l a
a s
s t
t m
m o
o n
n t
t h
h i
i n
n a
a s
s e
e n
n i
i o
o r
r h
h i
i g
g h
h s
s c
c h
h o
o o
o l
l n
n e
e a
a r
r b
b y
y .
. H
H e
e r
r e
e ,
, h
h e
e h
h a
a d
d t
t o
o c
c o
o m
m p
p e
e t
t e
e w
w i
i t
t h
h t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r 2
2 2
2 p
p a
a r
r t
t i
i c
c i
i p
p a
a n
n t
t s
s .
. H
H e
e w
w a
a s
s t
t h
h e
e o
o n
n l
l y
y s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t w
w i
i t
t h
h a
a u
u t
t i
i s
s m
m a
a m
m o
o n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r
76 „
„ n
n o
o r
r m
m a
a l
l ‟
‟ p
p a
a r
r t
t i
i c
c i
i p
p a
a n
n t
t s
s .
. D
D e
e s
s p
p i
i t
t e
e h
h i
i s
s l
l o
o s
s i
i n
n g
g ,
, h
h e
e m
m a
a d
d e
e n
n o
o t
t o
o n
n l
l y
y t
t h
h e
e a
a u
u d
d i
i e
e n
n c
c e
e b
b u
u t
t a
a l
l s
s o
o t
t h
h e
e j
j u
u d
d g
g e
e f
f e
e l
l t
t a
a m
m a
a z
z e
e d
d w
w i
i t
t h
h h
h i
i s
s s
s k
k i
i l
l l
l .
. T
T h
h e
e t
t o
o p
p i
i c
c g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n t
t o
o a
a l
l l
l a
a u
u d
d i
i e
e n
n c
c e
e w
w a
a s
s „
„ Y
Y o
o u
u n
n g
g p
p e
e o
o p
p l
l e
e ,
, w
w h
h a
a t
t w
w i
i l
l l
l y
y o
o u
u d
d o
o i
i n
n y
y o
o u
u r
r l
l i
i f
f e
e ?
? W
W i
i t
t h
h h
h i
i s
s g
g e
e n
n t
t l
l e
e s
s e
e l
l f
f -
- c
c o
o n
n f
f i
i d
d e
e n
n c
c e
e ,
, h
h e
e s
s p
p o
o k
k e
e h
h i
i s
s m
m i
i n
n d
d f
f l
l u
u e
e n
n t
t l
l y
y .
. E
E v
v e
e r
r y
y s
s i
i n
n g
g l
l e
e w
w o
o r
r d
d w
w a
a s
s u
u t
t t
t e
e r
r e
e d
d c
c l
l e
e a
a r
r l
l y
y a
a n
n d
d c
c o
o n
n t
t a
a i
i n
n i
i n
n g
g d
d e
e e
e p
p m
m e
e a
a n
n i
i n
n g
g .
. H
H e
e d
d i
i d
d h
h i
i s
s b
b e
e s
s t
t .
. I
I n
n s
s e
e v
v e
e r
r a
a l
l t
t e
e s
s t
t s
s e
e v
v e
e r
r c
c o
o n
n d
d u
u c
c t
t e
e d
d f
f o
o r
r h
h i
i m
m f
f o
o r
r s
s e
e v
v e
e r
r a
a l
l t
t i
i m
m e
e s
s ,
, h
h e
e m
m a
a n
n a
a g
g e
e d
d t
t o
o d
d o
o t
t h
h e
e m
m a
a l
l l
l s
s u
u c
c c
c e
e s
s s
s f
f u
u l
l l
l y
y b
b y
y g
g a
a i
i n
n i
i n
n g
g s
s c
c o
o r
r e
e s
s r
r e
e a
a c
c h
h i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e s
s t
t a
a n
n d
d a
a r
r d
d a
a v
v e
e r
r a
a g
g e
e ,
, e
e v
v e
e n
n b
b e
e y
y o
o n
n d
d t
t h
h e
e a
a v
v e
e r
r a
a g
g e
e a
a l
l t
t h
h o
o u
u g
g h
h t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e s
s t
t s
s g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n t
t o
o h
h i
i m
m a
a r
r e
e t
t h
h e
e s
s a
a m
m e
e w
w i
i t
t h
h t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r „
„ n
n o
o r
r m
m a
a l
l ‟
‟ p
p e
e e
e r
r s
s .
. W
W h
h i
i l
l e
e t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s w
w i
i t
t h
h t
t h
h e
e a
a u
u t
t i
i s
s m
m h
h a
a d
d s
s p
p e
e c
c i
i a
a l
l t
t e
e s
s t
t s
s d
d e
e s
s i
i g
g n
n e
e d
d s
s p
p e
e c
c i
i a
a l
l f
f o
o r
r t
t h
h e
e m
m .
. H
H e
e w
w a
a s
s ,
, n
n e
e v
v e
e r
r t
t h
h e
e l
l e
e s
s s
s ,
, a
a l
l w
w a
a y
y s
s s
s e
e l
l f
f -
- c
c o
o n
n f
f i
i d
d e
e n
n t
t i
i n
n a
a n
n y
y k
k i
i n
n d
d s
s o
o f
f t
t e
e s
s t
t s
s .
. H
H e
e g
g o
o t
t h
h i
i m
m s
s e
e l
l f
f p
p r
r e
e p
p a
a r
r e
e d
d f
f o
o r
r t
t h
h e
e m
m .
. D
D u
u r
r i
i n
n g
g E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h c
c l
l a
a s
s s
s ,
, r
r e
e l
l u
u c
c t
t a
a n
n c
c e
e w
w a
a s
s a
a w
w a
a y
y f
f r
r o
o m
m h
h i
i m
m .
. H
H e
e ,
, w
w i
i t
t h
h h
h i
i s
s t
t i
i d
d y
y a
a n
n d
d r
r e
e a
a d
d a
a b
b l
l e
e h
h a
a n
n d
d w
w r
r i
i t
t i
i n
n g
g ,
, w
w a
a s
s a
a l
l w
w a
a y
y s
s r
r e
e a
a d
d y
y t
t o
o t
t a
a k
k e
e n
n o
o t
t e
e s
s f
f o
o r
r a
a n
n y
y i
i m
m p
p o
o r
r t
t a
a n
n t
t l
l e
e s
s s
s o
o n
n .
. H
H e
e p
p a
a i
i d
d c
c l
l o
o s
s e
e a
a t
t t
t e
e n
n t
t i
i o
o n
n t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e r
r e
e x
x p
p l
l a
a i
i n
n i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n i
i n
n g
g m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l s
s .
. H
H e
e f
f o
o l
l l
l o
o w
w e
e d
d t
t h
h e
e w
w h
h o
o l
l e
e p
p r
r o
o c
c e
e s
s s
s o
o f
f t
t e
e a
a c
c h
h i
i n
n g
g q
q u
u i
i t
t e
e w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. I
I n
n o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r w
w o
o r
r l
l d
d ,
, t
t h
h e
e g
g o
o a
a l
l o
o f
f E
E n
n g
g l
l i
i s
s h
h l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n i
i n
n g
g c
c o
o u
u l
l d
d b
b e
e r
r e
e a
a c
c h
h e
e d
d a
a s
s i
i t
t w
w a
a s
s d
d e
e s
s i
i g
g n
n e
e d
d i
i n
n t
t h
h e
e a
a n
n n
n u
u a
a l
l p
p r
r o
o g
g r
r a
a m
m a
a n
n d
d l
l e
e s
s s
s o
o n
n p
p l
l a
a n
n .
. S
S i
i n
n c
c e
e h
h e
e w
w a
a s
s c
c o
o n
n s
s i
i d
d e
e r
r e
e d
d t
t o
o b
b e
e a
a b
b l
l e
e t
t o
o j
j o
o i
i n
n r
r e
e g
g u
u l
l a
a r
r c
c l
l a
a s
s s
s l
l i
i k
k e
e t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r „
„ n
n o
o r
r m
m a
a l
l ‟
‟ f
f r
r i
i e
e n
n d
d s
s o
o f
f h
h i
i s
s l
l e
e v
v e
e l
l d
d o
o ,
, t
t h
h e
e r
r e
e w
w a
a s
s n
n o
o s
s p
p e
e c
c i
i a
a l
l t
t r
r e
e a
a t
t m
m e
e n
n t
t g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n t
t h
h e
e m
m .
. H
H e
e m
m a
a n
n a
a g
g e
e d
d t
t o
o c
c o
o n
n c
c e
e n
n t
t r
r a
a t
t e
e a
a n
n d
d r
r e
e s
s p
p o
o n
n d
d s
s t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n i
i n
n g
g m
m a
a t
t e
e r
r i
i a
a l
l q
q u
u i
i t
t e
e w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. H
H i
i s
s a
a t
t t
t i
i t
t u
u d
d e
e t
t o
o w
w a
a r
r d
d t
t h
h e
e l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n i
i n
n g
g p
p r
r o
o c
c e
e s
s s
s w
w a
a s
s r
r e
e g
g a
a r
r d
d e
e d
d a
a p
p p
p r
r e
e c
c i
i a
a t
t i
i v
v e
e a
a s
s w
w e
e l
l l
l .
. F
F u
u r
r t
t h
h e
e r
r m
m o
o r
r e
e ,
, t
t h
h e
e t
t e
e s
s t
t s
s ,
, e
e i
i t
t h
h e
e r
r s
s p
p e
e a
a k
k i
i n
n g
g o
o r
r w
w r
r i
i t
t t
t e
e n
n t
t e
e s
s t
t g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n t
t o
o h
h i
i m
m i
i s
s e
e x
x a
a c
c t
t l
l y
y t
t h
h e
e s
s a
a m
m e
e l
l i
i k
k e
e t
t h
h o
o s
s e
e g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n t
t o
o t
t h
h e
e o
o t
t h
h e
e r
r „
„ n
n o
o r
r m
m a
a l
l f
f r
r i
i e
e n
n d
d s
s o
o f
f h
h i
i s
s l
l e
e v
v e
e l
l .
. S
S o
o f
f a
a r
r ,
, h
h e
e h
h a
a d
d n
n e
e v
v e
e r
r m
m e
e t
t s
s u
u c
c h
h h
h a
a r
r d
d p
p r
r o
o b
b l
l e
e m
m s
s .
. T
T h
h e
e m
m a
a r
r k
k e
e d
d t
t h
h a
a t
t h
h e
e h
h a
a d
d m
m a
a d
d e
e w
w e
e r
r e
e n
n e
e a
a r
r l
l y
y p
p e
e r
r f
f e
e c
c t
t .
. B
B a
a s
s e
e d
d o
o n
n t
t h
h i
i s
s r
r e
e a
a s
s o
o n
n s
s ,
, I
I E
E P
P I
I n
n d
d i
i v
v i
i d
d u
u a
a l
l i
i z
z e
e d
d E
E d
d u
u c
c a
a t
t i
i o
o n
n a
a l
l P
P r
r o
o g
g r
r a
a m
m w
w a
a s
s n
n o
o t
t g
g i
i v
v e
e n
n t
t o
o h
h i
i m
m .
. I
I n
n t
t h
h a
a t
t s
s e
e m
m e
e s
s t
t e
e r
r ,
, a
a l
l l
l s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s i
i n
n c
c l
l u
u d
d i
i n
n g
g t
t h
h e
e s
s e
e f
f o
o u
u r
r s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s h
h a
a d
d s
s t
t u
u d
d i
i e
e d
d v
v a
a r
r i
i o
o u
u s
s t
t o
o p
p i
i c
c s
s i
i n
n c
c l
l u
u d
d i
i n
n g
g G
G r
r a
a m
m m
m a
a r
r ,
, r
r e
e a
a d
d i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e x
x t
t ,
, l
l i
i s
s t
t e
e n
n i
i n
n g
g a
a n
n d
d d
d i
i s
s c
c u
u s
s s
s i
i n
n g
g c
c e
e r
r t
t a
a i
i n
n i
i s
s s
s u
u e
e s
s .
. F
F o
o r
r G
G r
r a
a m
m m
m a
a r
r ,
, t
t h
h e
e y
y h
h a
a d
d l
l e
e a
a r
r n
n t
t „
„ a
a d
d d
d i
i n
n g
g e
e m
m p
p h
h a
a s
s i
i s
s ‟
‟ ,
, „
„ d
d i
i r
r e
e c
c t
t
77 a
a n
n d
d i
i n
n d
d i
i r
r e
e c
c t
t s
s p
p e
e e
e c
c h
h ‟
‟ .
. F
F o
o r
r r
r e
e a
a d
d i
i n
n g
g t
t e
e x
x t
t ,
, t
t h
h e
e y
y r
r e
e a
a d
d a
a t
t e
e x
x t
t t
t i
i t
t l
l e
e d
d „
„ f
f l
l y
y v
v e
e h
h i
i c
c l
l e
e ‟
‟ .
. F
F u
u r
r t
t h
h e
e r
r m
m o
o r
r e
e ,
, w
w e
e d
d i
i s
s c
c u
u s
s s
s e
e d
d s
s o
o m
m e
e i
i s
s s
s u
u e
e s
s s
s u
u c
c h
h a
a s
s f
f a
a s
s t
t f
f o
o o
o d
d .
. H
H e
e r
r e
e t
t h
h e
e y
y w
w e
e r
r e
e e
e n
n c
c o
o u
u r
r a
a g
g e
e d
d t
t o
o e
e x
x p
p l
l o
o r
r e
e t
t h
h e
e i
i r
r i
i d
d e
e a
a s
s o
o n
n c
c o
o n
n s
s u
u m
m i
i n
n g
g f
f a
a s
s t
t f
f o
o o
o d
d a
a n
n d
d i
i t
t s
s e
e f
f f
f e
e c
c t
t o
o n
n t
t h
h e
e i
i r
r h
h e
e a
a l
l t
t h
h .
. T
T h
h e
e s
s e
e a
a u
u t
t i
i s
s t
t i
i c
c s
s t
t u
u d
d e
e n
n t
t s
s i
i n
n c
c l
l u
u d
d i
i n
n g
g
M M
B B
m m
a a
n n
a a
g g
e e
d d
t t
o o
c c
a a
t t
c c
h h
u u
p p
t t
h h
e e
m m
a a
t t
e e
r r
i i
a a
l l
q q
u u
i i
t t
e e
w w
e e
l l
l l
. .
T T
h h
e e
y y
r r
e e
s s
p p
o o
n n
d d
e e
d d
t t
h h
e e
m m
a a
t t
e e
r r
i i
a a
l l
g g
i i
v v
e e
n n
w w
i i
t t
h h
e e
n n
t t
h h
u u
s s
i i
a a
s s
m m
. .
3 3
. .
T T
P P
W W
T T
P P
W W
w w
a a
s s
a a
s s
t t
u u
d d
e e
n n
t t
o o
f f
g g
r r
a a
d d
e e
e e
l l
e e
v v
e e
n n
s s
o o
c c
i i
a a
l l
. .
A A
m m
o o
n n
g g
a a
l l
l l
s s
t t
u u
d d
e e
n n
t t
s s
w w
i i
t t
h h
s s
p p
e e
c c
i i
a a
l l
n n
e e
e e
d d
f f
r r
o o
m m
g g
r r
a a
d d
e e
X X
I I
, ,
T T
P P
W W
w w
a a
s s
t t
h h
e e
l l
e e
a a
s s
t t
c c
o o
m m
p p
e e
t t
e e
n n
t t
i i
n n
E E
n n
g g
l l
i i
s s
h h
. .
H H
i i
s s
c c
o o
m m
p p
r r
e e
h h
e e
n n
s s
i i
o o
n n
i i
n n
E E
n n
g g
l l
i i
s s
h h
s s
k k
i i
l l
l l
r r
e e
a a
d d
i i
n n
g g
, ,
w w
r r
i i
t t
i i
n n
g g
, ,
s s
p p
e e
a a
k k
i i
n n
g g
a a
n n
d d
l l
i i
s s
t t
e e
n n
i i
n n
g g
i i
s s
s s
t t
r r
o o
n n
g g
l l
y y
n n
e e
e e
d d
e e
d d
t t
o o
i i
m m
p p
r r
o o
v v
e e
. .
B B
a a
s s
e e
d d
o o
n n
t t
h h
e e
m m
a a
p p
p p
i i
n n
g g
o o
f f
t t
e e
a a
c c
h h
i i
n n
g g
g g
u u
i i
d d
i i
n n
g g
a a
b b
o o
v v
e e
, ,
i i
t t
i i
s s
s s
t t
a a
t t
e e
d d
t t
h h
a a
t t
T T
P P
W W
h h
a a
d d
d d
i i
s s
t t
u u
r r
b b
a a
n n
c c
e e
i i
n n
f f
o o
c c
u u
s s
i i
n n
g g
h h
i i
s s
a a
t t
t t
e e
n n
t t
i i
o o
n n
, ,
a a
n n
d d
c c
o o
n n
c c
e e
n n
t t
r r
a a
t t
i i
n n
g g
. .
H H
e e
a a
l l
s s
o o
h h
a a
d d
d d
i i
s s
t t
u u
r r
b b
a a
n n
c c
e e
i i
n n
c c
o o
m m
p p
r r
e e
h h
e e
n n
d d
i i
n n
g g
a a
b b
s s
t t
r r
a a
c c
t t
o o
b b
j j
e e
c c
t t
s s
, ,
p p
r r
o o
c c
e e
s s
s s
i i
n n
g g
a a
n n
d d
c c
o o
n n
v v
e e
y y
i i
n n
g g
i i
n n
f f
o o
r r
m m
a a
t t
i i
o o
n n
c c
a a
l l
c c
u u
l l
a a
t t
i i
o o
n n
i i
n n
h h
i i
s s
d d
a a
i i
l l
y y
l l
i i
f f
e e
. .
H H
e e
n n
e e
e e
d d
e e
d d
f f
u u
l l
l l
g g
u u
i i
d d
a a
n n
c c
e e
i i
n n
c c
o o
m m
p p
r r
e e
h h
e e
n n
d d
i i
n n
g g
l l
e e
a a
r r
n n
i i
n n
g g
m m
a a
t t
e e
r r
i i
a a
l l
s s
. .
H H
o o
w w
e e
v v
e e
r r
, ,
h h
e e
w w
a a
s s
v v
e e
r r
y y
i i
n n
d d
e e
p p
e e
n n
d d
e e
n n
t t
i i
n n
h h
i i
s s
d d
a a
i i
l l
y y
l l
i i
f f
e e
. .
H H
e e
h h
a a
d d
g g
o o
o o
d d
i i
n n
t t
e e
l l
l l
i i
g g
a a
n n
c c
e e
i i
n n
a a
r r
t t
, ,
e e
s s
p p
e e
c c
i i
a a
l l
l l
y y
i i
n n
c c
l l
a a
s s
s s
i i
c c
a a
l l
p p
i i
a a
n n
o o
p p
l l
a a
y y
, ,
a a
n n
d d
d d
r r
a a
w w
i i
n n
g g
. .
H H
e e
w w
a a
s s
a a
l l
s s
o o
v v
e e
r r
y y
s s
k k
i i
l l
l l
f f
u u
l l
i i
n n
d d
r r
a a
w w
i i
n n
g g
. .
H H
e e
h h
a a
d d
h h
i i
g g
h h
r r
e e
p p
l l
i i
c c
a a
t t
i i
v v
e e
s s
k k
i i
l l
l l
, ,
g g
o o
o o
d d
s s
h h
o o
r r
t t
t t
e e
r r
m m
a a
n n
d d
l l
o o
n n
g g
t t
e e
r r
m m
m m
e e
m m
o o
r r
y y
. .
Teacher had to set up learning environment in visual and patterned scheme, mapping, video, etc. Teacher had to place him to sit near
teachers or peers who could guide him.Teachers were also suggested togive stages in completing tasks either in written or orally.
In English learning class, a close friend of him sat beside him helping him understand the explanation by the teacher. His friend re-explained the
explanation and instructions which was given by the teacher. In explaining the teaching material to him, his friend had to translate it into Bahasa
Indonesia to him in order to make him more comprehend the teaching material.
78 TPW was not too good in performing his speaking skill. He spoke less
English words. He recognized some common expressions such as “Hi,
Good morning, How are things?”; “Mrs., May I go to the toilet?”; “Mrs., It i
s break time now.” When the teacher had a talk with him in English, he made effort to
respond it. In spite of the fact that he asked the teacher for repetition, the teacher had to talk loudly with very clear articulation and with slow
rhythm in order to make him understand the content of the conversation. The teacher even had to use body gesture to make the communication run
on smoothly. Since TPW
‟s learning style was by visualization, the teacher designed the teaching method by using visualization as well. One advantage of
English learning that both the teacher and Tara experience was during the English learning, they used some books in which various enticing pictures
were provided. In addition, the teacher provided a number of slides featuring pictures during English learning.
TPW was not good in producing words orally since he was not good in verbal skill. Neither did he comprehend the pattern of a sentence based on the
tenses and the use of the other grammar lessons. Having realized this condition, the teacher usually designed
a „special‟ test for him which is different from the others. In several tests ever conducted, the instructions
commonly asked him to draw various pictures describing an activity. For instant, the test material which given to him was producing sentences using
„if conditional clause‟ type 0, 1, 2 and 3. This test would be absolutely hard for him since he did not recognize the pattern well and it was very hard for
him to memorize the pattern. His difficulty in comprehending the concept was such a big problem for him. As the result, the form of the test was
simplified using simple words and clauses. Furthermore, here, he was not required to produce sentences by writing but by drawing some pictures
figuring out the instruction instead, because it most enabled him to accomplish
79 the test. Moreover, it would be his pleasure to accomplish it. He would
absolutely enjoy it as drawing was his passion, particularly, the pictures that he produces are magnificent.
In that semester, all students including these four students hadstudied various topics including Grammar, reading text, listening and discussing
certain issues. For Grammar, they had learnt „adding emphasis‟, „direct and
indirect speech‟. For reading text, they read a text titled „fly vehicle‟. Furthermore, we discussed some issues such as fast food. Here they were
encouraged to explore their ideas on consuming fast food and its effect on their health. These autistic students including TPW managed to catch up the
material quite well. They responded the material given with enthusiasm.
4 4
. .
I I
N N
I I
N N
w w
a a
s s
a a
s s
t t
u u
d d
e e
n n
t t
o o
f f
e e
l l
e e
v v
e e
n n
t t
h h
g g
r r
a a
d d
e e
o o
f f
s s
o o
c c
i i
a a
l l
c c
l l
a a
s s
s s
. .
H H
e e
h h
a a
d d
b b
e e
e e
n n
s s
t t
u u
d d
y y
i i
n n
g g
a a
t t
S S
M M
A A
L L
a a
z z
u u
a a
r r
d d
i i
G G
l l
o o
b b
a a
l l
I I
s s
l l
a a
m m
i i
c c
S S
c c
h h
o o
o o
l l
D D
e e
p p
o o
k k
f f
o o
r r
t t
h h
e e
l l
a a
s s
t t
o o
n n
e e
a a
n n
d d
h h
a a
l l
f f
y y
e e
a a
r r
s s
w w
h h
e e
n n
t t
h h
i i
s s
r r
e e
s s
e e
a a
r r
c c
h h
w w
a a
s s
c c
o o
n n
d d
u u
c c
t t
e e
d d
. .
T T
h h
e e
s s
o o
c c
i i
a a
l l
b b
e e
h h
a a
v v
i i
o o
r r
a a
n n
d d
t t
h h
e e
c c
h h
a a
r r
a a
c c
t t
e e
r r
i i
s s
t t
i i
c c
o o
f f
I I
l l
h h
a a
m m
r r
e e
s s
e e
m m
b b
l l
e e
d d
w w
i i
t t
h h
t t
h h
e e
d d
e e
s s
c c
r r
i i
p p
t t
i i
o o
n n
o o
f f
t t
h h
e e
l l
i i
t t
e e
r r
a a
t t
u u
r r
e e
r r
e e
v v
i i
e e
w w
t t
h h
a a
t t
I I
n n
a a
p p
a a
i i
r r
o o
f f
s s
t t
u u
d d
i i
e e
s s
, ,
h h
i i
g g
h h
- -
f f
u u
n n
c c
t t
i i
o o
n n
i i
n n
g g
a a
u u
t t
i i
s s
t t
i i
c c
c c
h h
i i
l l
d d
r r
e e
n n
a a
g g
e e
d d
8 8
– –
1 1
5 5
p p
e e
r r
f f
o o
r r
m m
e e
d d
e e
q q
u u
a a
l l
l l
y y
w w
e e
l l
l l
a a
s s
, ,
a a
n n
d d
a a
d d
u u
l l
t t
s s
b b
e e
t t
t t
e e
r r
t t
h h
a a
n n
, ,
i i
n n
d d
i i
v v
i i
d d
u u
a a
l l
l l
y y
m m
a a
t t
c c
h h
e e
d d
c c
o o
n n
t t
r r
o o
l l
s s
a a
t t
b b
a a
s s
i i
c c
l l
a a
n n
g g
u u
a a
g g
e e
t t
a a
s s
k k
s s
i i
n n
v v
o o
l l
v v
i i
n n
g g
v v
o o
c c
a a
b b
u u
l l
a a
r r
y y
a a
n n
d d
s s
p p
e e
l l
l l
i i
n n
g g
. .
B B
o o
t t
h h
a a
u u
t t
i i
s s
t t
i i
c c
g g
r r
o o
u u
p p
s s
p p
e e
r r
f f
o o
r r
m m
e e
d d
w w
o o
r r
s s
e e
t t
h h
a a
n n
c c
o o
n n
t t
r r
o o
l l
s s
a a
t t
c c
o o
m m
p p
l l
e e
x x
l l
a a
n n
g g
u u
a a
g g
e e
t t
a a
s s
k k
s s
s s
u u
c c
h h
a a
s s
f f
i i
g g
u u
r r
a a
t t
i i
v v
e e
l l
a a
n n
g g
u u
a a
g g
e e
, ,
c c
o o
m m
p p
r r
e e
h h
e e
n n
s s
i i
o o
n n
a a
n n
d d
i i
n n
f f
e e
r r
e e
n n
c c
e e
. .
A A
s s
p p
e e
o o
p p
l l
e e
a a
r r
e e
o o
f f
t t
e e
n n
s s
i i
z z
e e
d d
u u
p p
i i
n n
i i
t t
i i
a a
l l
l l
y y
f f
r r
o o
m m
t t
h h
e e
i i
r r
b b
a a
s s
i i
c c
l l
a a
n n
g g
u u
a a
g g
e e
s s
k k
i i
l l
l l
s s
, ,
t t
h h
e e
s s
e e
s s
t t
u u
d d
i i
e e
s s
s s
u u
g g
g g
e e
s s
t t
t t
h h
a a
t t
p p
e e
o o
p p
l l
e e
s s
p p
e e
a a
k k
i i
n n
g g
t t
o o
a a
u u
t t
i i
s s
t t
i i
c c
i i
n n
d d
i i
v v
i i
d d
u u
a a
l l
s s
a a
r r
e e
m m
o o
r r
e e
l l
i i
k k
e e
l l
y y
t t
o o
o o
v v
e e
r r
e e
s s
t t
i i
m m
a a
t t
e e
w w
h h
a a
t t
t t
h h
e e
i i
r r
a a
u u
d d
i i
e e
n n
c c
e e
c c
o o
m m
p p
r r
e e
h h
e e
n n
d d
s s
. .
1 1
Based on the table of description of students with the special need, it is stated that he was able to express his feeling and willing to ask actively in
regard with anything he doesn‟t know. Ilham had good memory, friendly to
10
Williams DL, Goldstein G, Minshew NJ. Neuropsychologic functioning in children with autism: further evidence for disordered complex information-processing. Child Neuropsychol. 2006.p.12
80 everyone and possesses solidarity with people around him, independent and
able to absorb teaching material with little aid in certain circumstance. Despite his friendliness, sometimes, he was unable to control his
emotion, getting angry easily and furious in case of finding unexpected thing. In addition, He was unable to adapt with the rules and social norms, either.
He had poor hard and mild motor skill. As the result, his handwriting was awful and hardly able to be read. He was always in hurry in completing his
task. He was good in reading pattern and so is his abstract skill. He was able to catch intruction and information quickly.While learning activity was on
progress, Teachers had to give placement and extra time to review his understanding. Teachers had to give him extra take home task to complete at
home, too. Praises and rewards had to be expressed continuously to build his motivationand self confidence.
In daily English class, IN was always enthusiast as he had great passion in learning English in spite of his disability. He always sat in the first
row, listening attentively to the teacher‟s explanation. He was able to respond the teacher‟s questions as well.
In his classroom, he was conditioned to sit in regular class where he studied
with his „normal‟ friends of his level. He sat near his closest „normal‟ peers, students with very good English competence. He got his closest peers
to re-teach and re- explain the teacher‟s explanation to him. His „normal‟
peers with their pleasure would do it for him. IN had studied various kinds of English learning materials as the
others students do, including four components of language reading, writing, speaking and listening. He had quite good understanding to deal with these
learning materials. The tests, particularly the mid-term and final test, nevertheless, were designed different for him since the teacher considered
him to find difficulties if the „regular tests‟ are given to him. In the first
81 semester of grade X
, the teacher gave him the „regular test‟; however, this test was pretty hard for him to accomplish. As the result, he failed to make
good grade. Since then, the test given to him is designed „more special‟, except for practical exams. The model of the test given to him is simplified
with the instruction designed simpler in order for him to be able to accomplish it. In spite of the fact that the material of the tests given to him
was the similar with the other students as the materials given are the similar and delivered in the same time for them. The matter was the simplification.
So far, he had accomplished various kinds of tests. For speaking, he managed to express annoyance, excitement, congratulating. He succeeded in
working either in pairs or in a small group playing role of characters as well. In the practical exam in the second semester of grade X, all students
regardless of their academic background, either „ordinary‟ or „those with special need‟ were required to do English novel review. While the other
students reviewed „hard‟ and thick novel with hard language such as those
authored by Mitch Albom, IN preferred to review a simpler , thin, and likely more decent for kids one, „Pinocchio‟. In spite of his shortcoming, he did the
whole process in correct procedure. Furthermore, the peak event came. He, in his bold and firm manner, managed to present it with his power point
presentation before the audience quite well. All audience felt very amazed, impressed and got entertaining because of him.
The latest test of practical exam conducted for all eleven graders was all students were obligated to do a task as being a radio broadcaster
broadcasting the single topic, “My excitement of conducting my research.” Most students performed their tasks very well including IN who in great
enthusiasm spoke before the radio microphone. In that semester, all students including these four students had studied
various topics including Grammar, reading text, listening and discussing
82 certain issues. For Grammar, they had
learnt „adding emphasis‟, „direct and indirect speech‟. For reading text, they read a text titled „fly vehicle‟.
Furthermore, we discussed some issues such as fast food. Here they were encouraged to explore their ideas on consuming fast food and its effect on
their health. These autistic students including IN managed to catch up the
material quite well. They responded the material given with enthusiasm.
4. How did English Teachers Conduct Their Tasks for the Students
Kategori