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certain perception or believe. Thus, this definition also gives us a clear picture that people with racist tend to use their own set of thinking for someone who possesses
certain characteristic must own certain attitude that they need to be aware off.
2.3 Anti-Racism
Anti-racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. In general, anti-racism is intended to promote an
egalitarian society in which people do not face discrimination on the basis of their race, however defined. By its nature, anti-racism tends to promote the view that
racism in a particular society is both pernicious and socially pervasive, and that particular changes in political, economic, andor social life are required to eliminate
it.
Anti-racism is both a concept and a practice. Alistair Bonnet says that “Refers to those forms of thought andor practice that seek to confront, eradicate andor
ameliorate racism. Anti-racism implies the ability to identify a phenomenon – racism – and to do something about it” 2000:4. Anti-racists are not merely the opposite of
racists because racism in institutional and even the staunchest anti-racist can have internalized racism. As a practice, there are many differing positions and strategies
that can conflict, even though the end goal is the same. Generally, anti-racism can take two forms; either a revolutionary politics or a strategy to accommodate racial
difference. A further conflict arises because state resources that anti-racism often relies on are used for revolutionary purposes.
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Civil rights are the rights of individuals to receive equal treatment and to be free from unfair treatment or discrimination in a number of settings -- including
education, employment, housing, and more -- and based on certain legally-protected characteristics. Historically, the Civil Rights Movement referred to efforts toward
achieving true equality for African-Americans in all facets of society, but today the term civil rights is also used to describe the advancement of equality for all people
regardless of race, sex, age, disability, national origin, religion, or certain other characteristics.
Related to this thesis, in America, The civil rights movement began in the 1950s when, degrading despite the abolition of slavery, black people still lived in
poverty, under a system of racial segregation, known as Jim Crow. Many southern states denied blacks the right to vote, organise or meet together. Transport, public
toilets and schools were segregated, with the worst conditions reserved for black people. Beganning in 1955, when Mrs. Rosa Parks refused to move to the Negro
section of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, a series of nonviolent civil rights demonstrations and protests galvanized public opinion, the mass media, and the
world community. Diplomatic representative from independent African nations had already encountered segregated facilities in United States, creating considerable
international embarrassment. During this time the underlying economic, legal, and political contexts of race
relations were changing, resulting in a different moral and ideological climate. The tension between equal rights and segregation grew intolerable. One of the ministers
asked to lead the protest was Martin Luther King. He went on to become the most
famous leader of the civil rights movement. In 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, lead
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the March on Washington, where he proclaimed to more than 200,000 blacks and white assembled at the Lincoln Memorial,”I have a dream….of an America where
blacks and white can walk together as equals” Persell,1987:239. The civil rights movement spanned over 25 years, with many anti-racist
groups and organisations growing out of it. Not only was the movement about fighting racism, it was also about fighting the poverty that many black families were
forced to live in. Even in America today, such movements against racism and poverty are just as important as ever.
2.4 Literary Review
