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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Time and Location
This research took place at SMP Islam Al Syukro Universal which is located on Jl.
Otista Raya Gg. H. Ma’ung. No 30 Ciputat 15411 South Tangerang. This research started from 24 July 2013 to 9 January, 2014.
B. Method of Study
The writer used the descriptive analysis method which used the procedures of error analysis. The method was used to analyze problems or
cases that happened.
C. Data and Data Source
The data of the research were the students’ errors in using personal pronoun; the data were taken from test and interviews. The data from test
were used to know kinds of errors made by students in using personal pronouns. The data from questionnaire were used to know why students of
SMP Islam Al Syukro Universal made errors in using personal pronouns.
D. The Technique of Data Collecting
To collect data, the writer gave the test and interviews the students of SMP Islam Al Syukro Universal, South Tangerang.
1. Test
2. This test was used to know the percentages of errors made by
students of SMP Islam Al Syukro Universal in using personal pronouns. The writer gave a test which focused on the use of
personal pronouns, the test consists of twenty four items, each of personal pronoun has certain items; for subject pronoun, it has six
items. Object pronoun has six, possessive adjective has four items,
possessive pronoun has four items and reflexive has four items. The writer put the items at random.
2. Interview
Interview was used to know why students of SMP Islam Al Syukro made errors in using personal pronoun. The writer did an interview which
focused on why students of SMP Islam Al Syukro Universal make errors in using personal pronoun subject, object, possessive adjective, possessive
pronoun and reflexive pronoun, and it consists of 6 items. The instrument sheet can be seen in appendix.
E. Instrument
The writer gave the test and interview to students of SMP Islam Al Syukro Universal, South Tangerang to get the data. This test consists of 24
items with the tested areas which are put in random throughout the items.
Table 3.1 Personal pronoun Area and Each item
No Personal Pronoun Area
Item Number Multiple choice Fill in the blank
1 Subject Pronoun
1,7,15, 16, 20,22
2 Object Pronoun
2,8,13 17, 21, 24
3 Possessive Adjective
4,9,12 18,
4 Possessive Pronoun
3,10 19, 23
5 Reflexive
5,6,11,14
The writer did an interview which focused on why students of SMP Islam Al Syukro Universal make errors in using personal pronoun subject, object,
possessive adjective, possessive pronoun and reflexive pronoun, and it consists of 6 items.
F. The Technique of Data Analysis
After collected, the data were analyzed according to objectives of the research, i.e. finding out the percentages and causes of error. Since
each objective is analyzed by using different instrument, the data analysis also presented differently based on each instrument.
1. Test
After collecting the data, the writer analyzed the students’ errors by focusing on their errors in using personal pronoun
from the students’ answer sheets. For data analysis procedure, the writer used descriptive
analysis technique percentage. Besides, the writer used some procedures in doing the analysis of
data. Firstly, collecting the data which will be analyzed. Secondly, identifying and analyzing the errors made by the students by circling the
errors. Thirdly, classifying the errors are produced, whether it is the error of subject I, you, he, she, it; object me, you, him, her, it, possessive
adjectivemy, your, his, her, its, our, possessive pronoun mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and reflexive pronoun myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Finally, tabulating the errors by counting the errors, putting the errors into the tables based on the
classification of errors, and counting the percentage of the errors. It will be described in the table of percentage obtained by using the formula as
follows
1
: P=
x 100 P= Percentage
F= Frequency of wrong answer N= Number of sample
1
Allan G. Bluman. Elementary Statistics : A Step by Step Approach , 5
th
edition, New York: the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2004, p. 68
Having count the percentage of errors, the writer analyzed sources of error to know why students make errors. Finally, by looking up the
results of the analysis, the next step is drawing some conclusions. After testing the students and identifying students’ errors. The third
step in the procedure is classifying the errors. The students’ errors are classified based on the kinds of personal pronoun, as seen in table:
a. Subject Pronoun
Table 3.2 Frequency of Students Error in Subject Pronoun
Personal pronoun area
Item Number Frequency of
Error Percentage
of Error
Subject Pronoun Total
b. Object Pronoun
Table 3.3 Frequency of Students Errors in Object Pronoun
Personal pronoun area
Item Number Frequency of
Error Percentage
of Error
Object Pronoun Total
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