13 or word that cannot be interpreted literally, they have to think and they are given
the pleasure of interpretation. Third, metaphor is more efficient and economical than ordinary language. Fourth, metaphor also creates new meaning. It allows us
to write about feelings, thoughts and things. Fifth, metaphor is one way to make the abstract thing becomes concrete and also gave us the color and vigor in the
sentences where it forces the readers to open their mind to find speakers needs by their interpretation.
Besides that, there are three communicative functions that metaphors might serve. First, they might allow one to express that which is difficult or
impossible to express if one is restricted to literal use of language. Second, they may constitute a particularly compact means of communication. At last, metaphor
may help capture the vividness of phenomenal experience. If metaphors convey chunks of information rather discrete units, they can paint a richer more detailed
picture of our subjective experience than might be expressed by literal language.
2.2 Type of Metaphor
Based on the two things being compared and viewed in terms of figurative language, the writer only divided the metaphor into four types:
2.2.1 Simile
Kennedy 1983:680 says, “Simile is a comparison of two things, indicated by some connective, usually, like, as, than, or a verb such as resembles
”. A simile expresses a similarity. Still, for a simile to exist, the things compared have to be
dissimilar in kind.
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14 Siregar 1992:13 says, “Simile is a comparison between two objects using
like or as ”.
For example: “John swims like a fish”
In that example, it shows the ability of John in swimming is compared with a fish. Fish is an animal that live in the water and uses fins and tail for swimming. It can
swim well. So, the expression above means John can swim well like a fish.
2.2.2 Hyperbole
The word hyperbole is derived from Greek language that is hyper means „over‟ and ballien means „to throw‟. Kennedy 1983:687 says that hyperbole or
overstatement is a statement containing exaggeration to emphasize a point. On the other hand, hyperbole is an expression to make something looks bigger or greater
that it really is. Siswantoro 2005:34 says
, “Hyperbole is used by the writer to describe an object, idea, etc, with giving exaggeration emphasize to get effect intently
”. It means that, hyperbole uses an exaggerate word to emphasize a point.
For example: “I was hopping mad”
That statement is not literally true, but people make them to sound impressive or to emphasize something.
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15
2.2.3 Personification
The word personification comes from Latin. That is persona means „actor,
person, doer or a mask which used in a play‟ and the word fic means „to make‟. Personification is the arbitrary of human qualities to inanimate object. A figure
that endows animal, ideals, abstraction, and inanimate object with human form, the representing of imaginary creatures or things as having human personalities,
intelligence and emotions. It is the representation of a thing in the format of person.
Kennedy 1983:686 says, “Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing or abstract term truth, nature is made human
”. For example:
“My heart was asleep” The word „asleep‟ as used to express human‟s personal qualities. In this sentence,
means a condition that someone has not feeling.
2.2.4 Synecdoche
