Single Microstrip Patch Antenna 33

II LITERETURE REVIEW 2.1 Antenna 8 2.2 Antenna Properties 9 2.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna 11 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antenna 13 2.5 Feeding Techniques 14 2.6 Radiation Mechanism 15 2.7 Microstrip Antenna Array 15 2.8 Mutual Coupling 16 2.9 Electromagnetic Band Gap EBG 16 2.10 Surface Wave Current 18 III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Project Methodology 20 3.2 Flow Chart 21 3.3 Literature study of the antenna 23 3.4 Design and Simulation 23 3.5 Fabrication Process 28 3.6 Measurement Process 30 IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Single Microstrip Patch Antenna 33

4.1.1 Calculation of Microstrip Patch Antenna 34 4.1.2 Calculation of Ground Plane size 36 4.1.3 Single Microstrip Patch Antenna Dimension and Result 36 4.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Array 39 4.2.1 Simulation 41 4.2.2 Measurement 42 4.3 Electromagnetic Bandgap EBG 44 4.3.1 Simulation 46 4.4 Microstrip Array Antenna with EBG 48 4.4.1 Simulation 49 4.4.2 Measurement 52 4.5 Comparison between Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with and without EBG 55 V CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion 58 5.2 Proposed Future Work 59 REFERENCES 60 LIST OF TABLES NO. TITLE PAGE 4.1 Parameter of Microstrip Patch Antenna 34 4.2 Dimension of Single Patch Antenna 38 4.3 Comparison parameter of single patch antenna 39 4.4 Dimension of Antenna Array 40 4.5 Result of antenna array 42 4.6 Comparison between antenna array with and without EBG simulation and measured. 44 4.7 Dimension of Mushroom-like EBG surface 45 4.8 Dimension of Uni-planar EBG surface 46 4.9 Dimension of antenna array with and without EBG 49 4.10 Result of microstrip antenna array with EBG 50 4.11 Comparison between antenna array with EBG simulation and measured. 53 4.12 Comparison between antenna array with and without EBG simulation and measured. 57 LIST OF FIGURES NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Top View 5 1.2 Front View 5 1.3 Side View 5 1.4 Flow chart of project 6 2.1 2D radiation pattern 9 2.2 Radiation lobes 10 2.3 Graph of Return Loss vs Frequency 11 2.4 Microstrip patch antenna structure 12 2.5 Various shapes of microstrip patch atenna 13 2.6 Microstrip feed line 14 2.7 Coaxial feed 14 2.8 Radiation mechanism of microstrip patch antenna 15 2.9 Various types of EBG structure 17 2.10 EBG structure 18 2.11 Propagation of surface waves in substrate 18 2.12 Propagation surface wave with and without EBG 19 3.1 Methodology flow chart 21 3.2 CST software 23 3.3 Antenna planar template 25 3.4 Layout based simulation 25 3.5 Create a brick layout 25 3.6 Transient and Frequency Domain Solver Parameters layout 26 3.7 Field monitor layout 26 3.8 S-Parameter result layout 27 3.9 Screenshot of the Impedance Calculation 27 3.10 UV light generator 28 3.11 Developer acid 29 3.12 Etching tank 29 3.13 Dryer 29 3.14 Solder iron 30 3.15 Microstrip antenna array 30 3.16 Antenna array being test with network analyser 31 3.17 Measurement setting 32 3.18 Antenna array with EBG in H and E plane 32 4.1 Single patch antenna design layout 37 4.2 Single patch antenna design layout with ground above substrate 37 4.3 S11 of single patch antenna formula 38 4.4 S11 of single patch antenna optimize 39 4.5 Antenna array dimension 40 4.6 S-parameters of antenna array simulation 41 4.7 Gain of antenna array 41 4.8 Comparison S11 between simulation and measured 43 4.9 Comparison S12 between simulation and measured 43 4.10 Mushroom-like EBG surface 45 4.11 Uni-planar surface and dimension 46 4.12 Reflection phase of a mushroom-like EBG 47 4.13 Reflection phase of a uni-planar EBG 47 4.14 a Microstrip patch array antenna b EBG and EBG’s ground plane 48 4.15 S-parameters of microstrip antenna array with EBG simulation 49 4.16 Gain and directivity of microstrip antenna array with EBG 50 4.17 E-Polar radiation pattern 51 4.18 E-Cross Polar radiation pattern 51 4.19 H-Polar radiation pattern 51 4.20 H-Cross Polar radiation pattern 51 4.21 Comparison S11 between simulation and measured 52 4.22 Comparison S12 between simulation and measured 53 4.23 E-Polar radiation pattern 54 4.24 E-Cross Polar radiation pattern 54 4.25 H-Polar radiation pattern 54 4.26 H-Cross Polar radiation pattern 54 4.27 Comparison S11 between simulation and measured for antenna array with and without EBG 56 4.28 Comparison S12 between simulation and measured for antenna array with and without EBG 56 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction