II LITERETURE REVIEW
2.1 Antenna 8
2.2 Antenna Properties 9
2.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna 11
2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antenna 13
2.5 Feeding Techniques 14
2.6 Radiation Mechanism 15
2.7 Microstrip Antenna Array 15
2.8 Mutual Coupling 16
2.9 Electromagnetic Band Gap EBG 16
2.10 Surface Wave Current 18
III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Project Methodology 20
3.2 Flow Chart 21
3.3 Literature study of the antenna 23
3.4 Design and Simulation 23
3.5 Fabrication Process 28
3.6 Measurement Process 30
IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Single Microstrip Patch Antenna 33
4.1.1 Calculation of Microstrip Patch Antenna 34
4.1.2 Calculation of Ground Plane size 36
4.1.3 Single Microstrip Patch Antenna Dimension and Result
36
4.2 Microstrip Patch Antenna Array 39
4.2.1 Simulation 41
4.2.2 Measurement 42
4.3 Electromagnetic Bandgap EBG 44
4.3.1 Simulation 46
4.4 Microstrip Array Antenna with EBG 48
4.4.1 Simulation 49
4.4.2 Measurement 52
4.5 Comparison between Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with and without EBG
55
V CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion 58
5.2 Proposed Future Work 59
REFERENCES
60
LIST OF TABLES
NO. TITLE
PAGE
4.1 Parameter of Microstrip Patch Antenna
34 4.2
Dimension of Single Patch Antenna 38
4.3 Comparison parameter of single patch antenna
39 4.4
Dimension of Antenna Array 40
4.5 Result of antenna array
42 4.6
Comparison between antenna array with and without EBG simulation and measured.
44
4.7 Dimension of Mushroom-like EBG surface
45 4.8
Dimension of Uni-planar EBG surface 46
4.9 Dimension of antenna array with and without EBG
49 4.10
Result of microstrip antenna array with EBG 50
4.11 Comparison between antenna array with EBG simulation and
measured. 53
4.12 Comparison between antenna array with and without EBG
simulation and measured. 57
LIST OF FIGURES
NO. TITLE
PAGE
1.1 Top View
5 1.2
Front View 5
1.3 Side View
5 1.4
Flow chart of project 6
2.1 2D radiation pattern
9 2.2
Radiation lobes 10
2.3 Graph of Return Loss vs Frequency
11 2.4
Microstrip patch antenna structure 12
2.5 Various shapes of microstrip patch atenna
13 2.6
Microstrip feed line 14
2.7 Coaxial feed
14 2.8
Radiation mechanism of microstrip patch antenna
15
2.9 Various types of EBG structure
17 2.10
EBG structure 18
2.11 Propagation of surface waves in substrate
18 2.12
Propagation surface wave with and without EBG
19
3.1 Methodology flow chart
21 3.2
CST software 23
3.3 Antenna planar template
25 3.4
Layout based simulation 25
3.5 Create a brick layout
25 3.6
Transient and Frequency Domain Solver Parameters layout
26
3.7 Field monitor layout
26 3.8
S-Parameter result layout 27
3.9 Screenshot of the Impedance Calculation
27 3.10
UV light generator 28
3.11 Developer acid
29 3.12
Etching tank 29
3.13 Dryer
29 3.14
Solder iron 30
3.15 Microstrip antenna array
30 3.16
Antenna array being test with network analyser 31
3.17 Measurement setting
32 3.18
Antenna array with EBG in H and E plane 32
4.1 Single patch antenna design layout
37 4.2
Single patch antenna design layout with ground above substrate
37
4.3 S11 of single patch antenna formula
38 4.4
S11 of single patch antenna optimize 39
4.5 Antenna array dimension
40 4.6
S-parameters of antenna array simulation 41
4.7 Gain of antenna array
41 4.8
Comparison S11 between simulation and measured
43
4.9 Comparison S12 between simulation and
measured 43
4.10 Mushroom-like EBG surface
45 4.11
Uni-planar surface and dimension 46
4.12 Reflection phase of a mushroom-like EBG
47 4.13
Reflection phase of a uni-planar EBG 47
4.14 a Microstrip patch array antenna b EBG and
EBG’s ground plane 48
4.15 S-parameters of microstrip antenna array with
EBG simulation 49
4.16 Gain and directivity of microstrip antenna array
with EBG 50
4.17 E-Polar radiation pattern
51 4.18
E-Cross Polar radiation pattern 51
4.19 H-Polar radiation pattern
51 4.20
H-Cross Polar radiation pattern 51
4.21 Comparison S11 between simulation and
measured 52
4.22 Comparison S12 between simulation and
measured 53
4.23 E-Polar radiation pattern
54 4.24
E-Cross Polar radiation pattern 54
4.25 H-Polar radiation pattern
54 4.26
H-Cross Polar radiation pattern 54
4.27 Comparison S11 between simulation and
measured for antenna array with and without EBG
56
4.28 Comparison S12 between simulation and
measured for antenna array with and without EBG
56
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction