Khutbah Washil bin Atho' wa ma fiha minal asalib al-insyaiyah al-thalabiyah : dirasah tahliliyah
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ
ﻟﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﺣﺎﻧﻮﻡ :ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ(.
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﻋﻦ
ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ.
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ .ﻭﳋﻄﺒﺘﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﲡﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﱄ ﻭﻭﻓﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺭ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺎ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻳﲏ،
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﻧﺼﻮﺻﻪ ،ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺪﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﱵ ﺃﻥ ﺃﲝﺚ ﻣﺎ
ﻳﻠﻲ :ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ؟
ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ؟
1
ھـ
2
ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﱯ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﺎ ﻭ
ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺑﻼﻏﻲ .ﻭﺃﻋﺘﻤﺪ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ .ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ
ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ.
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ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ،ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ
ﺍﷲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ.
ﻓﺒﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﻭﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ،ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ) (S1ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺷﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﻜﻞﹼ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺷﺪﱐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻋﺎﻧﲏ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ،
ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ :
ﺩ
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.1ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳋﲑ
ﻭﻧﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲰﺤﻮﺍ ﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻓﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﰲ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.2ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻱ
ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻭﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﺑﲑ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﻗﺪ ﲰﺤﺎ ﱄ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺣﱴ ﻧﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
.3ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﲟﻬﻤﺔ
ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
.4ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﻴﺬ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺑﻮﱐ ﻭﺭﺑﻮﱐ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺒﺎ
ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻭﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻋﺮﻑ ﻭﺃﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ
ﻭﺃﻗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
.5ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ –
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
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ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﻮﺍ ﱄ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻧﻔﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.6ﺃﺧﺺ ﺑﻜﻞﹼ ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺷﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺑﲔ
ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ ﺑﺄﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺠﻌﺎﱐ ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﺍﱐ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺺ ﻭﺑﺬﻻ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﳘﺎ ﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ
ﻷﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﱵ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
.7ﻭ ﺃﺧﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺃﺧﺘﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ ،ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﺠﻌﻮﱐ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.8ﻭﺃﺧﺺ ﺷﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻷﺣﺪ ﳐﺼﻮﺹ ﰲ ﻗﻠﱯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺎﱐ ﻭﺻﺎﺣﺒﲏ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﱐ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺣﺜﹼﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ
ﺁﻣﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﲤﻜﹼﻦ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﳊﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﹼﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ.
9.ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ.
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.10ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺎﰐ ﺍﻟﻼﰐ ﺳﻜﻨﺖ ﻣﻌﻬﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ،ﻭﺻﺎﺣﺒﻨﲏ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﺗﺮﺍﺡ.
ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ،ﺃﺭﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﱃ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ
ﻋﻤﻼ ﺻﺎﳊﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ .ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﻦ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﻛﹼﻠﺖ
ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﺒﺖ.
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ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ...................................................ﺃ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ...................................................ﺏ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .............................ﺝ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ...............................................ﺩ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ ...........................................................ھـ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .................................................ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ 1 .............................................
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ 6 ..............................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 7 ........................................
ﺩ.
ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ 7 ............................................
ﻭ
8
ﻫـ .ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 9 ..............................................
ﻭ.
ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 10 ..............................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ
ﺃ.
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ 12 ..............................................
.1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ 12 .........................................
.2ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
...........................................
13
.3ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
...........................................
15
ﺏ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ 16 ..............................................
.1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻪ 16 ...................................
.2ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ 17 .............................
9
ﺃ.
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ
...........................................
17
ﺏ.
ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ 20 ..........................................
ﺝ.
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ 21 ......................................
ﺩ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﲏ27 ..........................................
ﻫـ .ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ 28 .........................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ
ﺃ.
ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ 32 .............................................
ﺏ .ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ 33 .................................................
ﺝ .ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ 35 ...........................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
10
ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ
ﺃ.
ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ 39 ........................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ 42 ........................................
.1ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ 42 ..................
.2ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ 45 ............
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ
ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ 47 .....................................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ 49 ................................................
ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ
)(54-51
11
ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ(
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺃﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻴﺪﻩ،
ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ 1.ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ
ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺮﳘﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ،ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ
ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﻣﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ.
2
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﻋﻦ
ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻭ
1
ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺲ ،ﺍﳌﻌﲔ :ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ )ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ :ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ 2005 ،ﻡ( ،ﺹ .9
2
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺼﻞ ،ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﻁ ) 1ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻡ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ 1405 ،ﻫـ(،ﺹ .26
12
ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻟﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﻪ
ﻣﺘﻤﺮﺳﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺜﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻜﻼﻡ ﳑﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﻠﻮﻧﻪ
ﻭﳝﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺙ.
3
ﺇﻥﹼ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻜﺮ ﻭﳘﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ
ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ.
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺗﺸﻌﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺖ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
4
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺍ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺠﺎﺝ ،ﻭﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﺑﻦ
3
ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺲ ،ﺍﳌﻌﲔ :ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﺹ . 10
4
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺼﻞ ،ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﺹ . 318
13
ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ ،ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ،
ﻭﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ،ﻭ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ ﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﺲ ،ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ.
ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﲰﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﺑﻮ
ﺣﺬﻳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺰﺍﻝ .ﻭﻟﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 700ﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻓﹼﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ
131ﻫـ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟـ 748ﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺭﺓ .ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﻦ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ،ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ .ﺣﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ
ﺧﻼﻑ ﻓﻄﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻠﺴﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻧﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺰﻻ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ
ﻓﺴﻤﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ.
5
ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺎﱐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ " ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺎﺏ " ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﱄ ﺃﻥ
ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ " :ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﻠﺲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ
ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺝ ﺑﺘﻜﻔﲑ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﱯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺄﻢ
ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻓﺴﻘﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺒﺎﺋﺮ ،ﻓﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﲔ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ :ﺇﻥ
ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻻ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ ﻭﻻ ﻛﺎﻓﺮ ،ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺘﲔ ،ﻓﻄﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻠﺴﻪ
5ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 17ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ 2009ﻡ ،ﻣﻦ
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%
B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1
14
ﻓﺎﻋﺘﺰﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺟﻠﺲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ،ﻓﻘﻴﻞ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻭﻷﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﻤﺎ :ﻣﻌﺘﺰﻟﻮﻥ -
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺣﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﻭﻷﻱ
ﻣﻌﲎ ﲰﻮﺍ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻗﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻭﺳﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ
6
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲰﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ".
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻫﺒﻪ ﺍﷲ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﺼﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ
ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻋﺎﻫﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ .ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ
ﳛﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﰐ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﺍﶈﺮﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ،ﻓﻴﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ،ﻓﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﱪ ﻗﻤﺤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺵ ﻣﻀﺠﻌﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺮ ﻏﻴﺜﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻧﺒﺸﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻗﺪ
ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﲡﻨﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ.
7
ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﲡﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﱄ
ﻭﻭﻓﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺭ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ
6ﺍﳊﻜﻮﺍﰐ ،ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 17ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ 2009ﻡ ،ﻣﻦ
http://www.rabitat-alwaha.net/moltaqa/showthread.php?t=28041
.7ﻧﻈﻤﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎ ،ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ
17ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ 2009ﻡ ،ﻣﻦ
http://www.55a.net/firas/arabic/? page=show_det_bot&id=27&select_page=islam
15
ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻳﲏ ،ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﻧﺼﻮﺻﻪ .ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﻗﺪ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺭ
ﰲ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺧﻔﺔ ﻭﺣﺬﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻝﹼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ
ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺗﻰ ﺇﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻓﺬﺍﺫ.
ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲨﻴﻞ ﻭﻟﻐﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﲎ
ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ،ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺔ
ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ.
8
ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ
ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻹﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ 9.ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻷﻥﹼ ﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﲏ ﰲ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺒﺤﺜﻪ ﰲ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﱵ
8ﺃﲪﺪ ﺃﻛﺮﻡ ﻣﻠﺒﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ )ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ :ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ 2004-2003ﻡ(.
9ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ،ﻁ ) 1ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ :ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ1414 ،ﻫـ -
1994ﻡ( ،ﺹ .26
16
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ
ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ.
ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺍﺷﺘﺪﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﱵ ﺃﻥ ﺃﲝﺚ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ
ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭﻛﻤﺎ
ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﻭﺳﺄﻛﺘﺐ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﱵ ﲢﺖ
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ " :ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ( ".
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﺇﻥﹼ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻮ "ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ " .ﺇﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ
ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ .ﻓﺤﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ :
.1ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ؟
.2ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ؟
17
.3ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ؟
ﺝ .ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺭﻳﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻟﻜﻞﹼ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﺮﺿﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻛﻤﺎ
ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﰲ ﺻﺪﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻓﻬﻲ:
.1ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ.
.2ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ.
.3ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ.
ﺩ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ
ﻗﺪ ﲝﺜﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ
ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ،ﻭ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
18
.1
ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺲ ﺑﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﻢ ﺑﻦ ﺻﻴﻔﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻤﻲ ،ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﻜﺎ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﺎﱐ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2004ﻡ.
.2ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﺧﲑﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2005ﻡ.
.3ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻌﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻫﺮﻳﺎﰐ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2005ﻡ.
.4ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳉﻼﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺁﻝ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ،ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻡ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﺿﺤﻰ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2006ﻡ.
.5ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ،ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺯﻳﻦ
ﺍﳌﺘﻘﲔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2007ﻡ.
.6ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ،ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ
ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2008ﻡ.
ﻫـ.ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
19
ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﳌﻜﺘﱯ ﲟﻨﻬﺞ ﺑﻼﻏﻲ ﻭﻗﻔﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﺤﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ
ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ )،(Email
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ) ،(SMSﻭﺃﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﲟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺈﱐﹼ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ :
“Pedoman Penulisan Skripsi Bahasa dan Sastra Arab Fakultas Adab
dan Humaniora UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 2009”.10
ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻤﺖ ﲟﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻛﺘﺐ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺳﺄﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﻭ .ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
10ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ .ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ .ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ،
.2009
20
ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
:ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ،ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺞ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﰐ
:ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ،ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺎ،
ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ .ﻭﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ
ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ .ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ،ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ،
ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ .ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥﹼ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺗﺆﺛﺮﻩ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ.
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
:ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ،
ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ .ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ
ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ،ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﻠﹼﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ
ﱄ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
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ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ
ﺃ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
.1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﻋﻦ
ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻟﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ
ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﺳﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺜﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻜﻼﻡ ﳑﻞ
ﻓﻴﻤﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﳝﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺙ.
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ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻨﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﺔ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ
ﺧﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ :ﻷﻣﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺷﺠﺎﻋﺘﻬﻢ
11ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺼﻞ ،ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﺹ .26
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ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ .ﻭﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻫﻮ
ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻔﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ .ﻭﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﳛﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻟﺔ.
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.2ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻨﺸﻮﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ – ﻭﻫﻲ – ﻛﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ – ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ 13.ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ
12
ﺍﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ ﻭ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ :ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ 1970 – 1969 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ .1ﺹ .199
13ﺇﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ،ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﱯ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ 1963 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ .2
ﺹ .7
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ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻞﹼ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ
ﺷﺎﻋﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ.
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ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻃﻨﻮﻩ ،ﻭﺗﻔﺎﳘﻮﺍ ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻥ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪ .ﻋﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﻠﻔﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻨﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﳜﺎﻟﻔﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻨﻌﻬﻢ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻗﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺧﻄﻴﺐ
ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ.
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ﺇﻥﹼ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻘﻲ
ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﳕﻮﻫﺎ .ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻬﺎ
ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﻣﻘﺘﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ .ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ
ﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻇﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺁﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ.
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ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﺧﲑﻳﺔ ،ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ،
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 2005 ،ﻡ ،ﺹ .16
15ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳊﻮﰲ ،ﻓﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ،ﺫ 996ﻡ( ،ﺹ .39
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ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﻐﲑﺕ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﺎﺣﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ.
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.3ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻌﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺖ ،17ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ :
.1ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺪﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻆ
ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻏﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻫﻴﺐ .ﻭﻳﻨﻬﺾ
ﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳋﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻔﺔ ،ﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﺓ ،ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻄﺒﺎﺀ
ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﲞﻄﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﺓ ،ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ ،ﻭﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﺐ ،ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ ﺩﻳﻨﺮ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ .ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﺬﺍﻝ ﻷﻥﹼ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ.
16ﻟﻘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ،ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 2008 ،ﻡ ،ﺹ .4
17ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺲ ،ﺍﳌﻌﲔ :ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﺹ . 74
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.2ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﺑﺮﺃﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ
ﺑﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺧﻄﺒﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ :ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﻥ،
ﻭﺍﳊﺠﺎﺝ ،ﻭﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﺀﺓ.
.3ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻬﻨﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺧﻄﺒﺎﺀ :
ﺳﺤﺒﺎﻥ ﺧﻄﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ ﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﺲ ﺧﻄﻴﺐ ﲤﻴﻢ.
.4ﻭﺧﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺟﻴﻮﺷﻬﻢ ﻭﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﺇﱃ ﲢﻤﻴﺲ ﺍﳉﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﺘﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮﻭﺍ ﲞﻄﺒﻬﻢ ﻗﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ
ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﱄ ،ﻭﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ.
ﺏ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ
.1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻪ
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ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ
ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ 18.ﳓﻮ :ﺍﻏﻔﺮ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺣﻢ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﻪ ﺻﺪﻕ ﺃﻭ
ﻛﺬﺏ 19.ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ
ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ .ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ.
ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ
ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ.
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.2ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ
ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ،
ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ.
18
21
ﳏﺤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻢ ﺧﻔﺎﺟﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺷﺮﻑ ،ﳓﻮ ﺑﻼﻏﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ،
ﺩ.ﺕ( ،ﺹ .126
19ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻮﻡ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﴰﻲ ،ﺟﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻊ )ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺑﺎﻳﺎ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ
ﺍﳍﺪﺍﻳﺔ 1379 ،ﻫـ 1960 -ﻡ( ،ﺹ .75
20ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺶ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﻱ ،ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ،ﻁ ) 2ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻀﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺠﺎﻟﺔ1381 ،ﻫـ -
1962ﻡ( ،ﺹ .34
21ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻮﻡ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﴰﻲ ،ﺟﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻊ ،ﺹ .77
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ﺃ .ﺍﻷﻣﺮ
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﺀ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻡ ،ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺻﻴﻎ :
.1ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻳﺎ ﳛﲕ ﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ".
.2ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻟﻴﻨﻔﻖ ﺫﻭ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ".
.3ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﳓﻮ " :ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻜﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻀﺮﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻞﹼ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺍﻫﺘﺪﻳﺘﻢ".
.4ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﳓﻮ " :ﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ".
ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﺮﺝ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻡ" ﺇﱃ
ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ،ﺗﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ :
.1ﻛﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺭﰊ ﺃﻭﺯﻋﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﻧﻌﻤﺘﻚ".
.2ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻳﻚ " :ﺃﻋﻄﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺥ".
.3ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺪﺍﻳﻨﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﺒﻮﻩ،
ﻭﻟﻴﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﻴﻨﻜﻢ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻝ".
.4ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﻋﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺌﺘﻢ ،ﺇﻧﻪ ﲟﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﲑ".
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.5ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴﺰ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻓﺄﺗﻮﺍ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ".
.6ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﺷﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺮ".
.7ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﺻﱪﻭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﺼﱪﻭﺍ".
.8ﻭﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻡ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﺩﺧﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻼﻡ ﺁﻣﻨﲔ".
.9ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻥ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻓﻜﻠﻮﺍ ﳑﺎ ﺭﺯﻗﻜﻢ ﺍﷲ".
.10ﻭﺍﻹﻫﺎﻧﺔ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻛﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺣﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﺍ".
.11ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﻫﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ".
.12ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻨﻲ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻣﺮﻯﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺲ :
"ﺃﻻ ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻻ ﺍﳒﻠﻲ
ﺑﺼﺒﺢ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﺎﺡ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺑﺄﻣﺜﻞ".
.13ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﻧﻈﺮﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﲦﺮﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﲦﺮ".
ﻟﻄﻴﻔﺔ ﺣﺎﻧﻮﻡ :ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ )ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ(.
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﻋﻦ
ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ.
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ .ﻭﳋﻄﺒﺘﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﲡﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻮﺍﱄ ﻭﻭﻓﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺭ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺎ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻳﲏ،
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﻧﺼﻮﺻﻪ ،ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺪﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﱵ ﺃﻥ ﺃﲝﺚ ﻣﺎ
ﻳﻠﻲ :ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ؟
ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ؟
1
ھـ
2
ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﱯ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﺎ ﻭ
ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺑﻼﻏﻲ .ﻭﺃﻋﺘﻤﺪ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ .ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ
ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ.
3
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ
ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ
ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﲔ ،ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ
ﺍﷲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ ﺃﲨﻌﲔ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ.
ﻓﺒﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﻭﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ،ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ) (S1ﰲ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ
ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ.
ﻭﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺷﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﻜﻞﹼ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺷﺪﱐ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻋﺎﻧﲏ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ،
ﻓﻤﻦ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ :
ﺩ
4
.1ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳋﲑ
ﻭﻧﻮﺍﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲰﺤﻮﺍ ﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻓﻘﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻲ ﰲ
ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.2ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻱ
ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻭﺳﻜﺮﺗﲑﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺯﺑﲑ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﻗﺪ ﲰﺤﺎ ﱄ
ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺣﱴ ﻧﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
.3ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪﻭﺱ ﺃﺩﺍﻧﺞ ﺃﺳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﲟﻬﻤﺔ
ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
.4ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﻴﺬ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺑﻮﱐ ﻭﺭﺑﻮﱐ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺒﺎ
ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﻭﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺃﻋﺮﻑ ﻭﺃﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ
ﻭﺃﻗﺪﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
.5ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ –
ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
5
ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﻮﻇﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﻮﺍ ﱄ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻧﻔﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.6ﺃﺧﺺ ﺑﻜﻞﹼ ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺷﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻱ ﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﺍﶈﺒﻮﺑﲔ
ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺑﻴﺎﱐ ﺻﻐﲑﺍ ﺑﺄﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺠﻌﺎﱐ ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﺍﱐ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺺ ﻭﺑﺬﻻ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﳘﺎ ﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ
ﻷﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﱵ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
.7ﻭ ﺃﺧﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻴﻖ ﻭﺃﺧﺘﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ ،ﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺷﺠﻌﻮﱐ ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
.8ﻭﺃﺧﺺ ﺷﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻷﺣﺪ ﳐﺼﻮﺹ ﰲ ﻗﻠﱯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺎﱐ ﻭﺻﺎﺣﺒﲏ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﱐ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺣﺜﹼﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ
ﺁﻣﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﱴ ﲤﻜﹼﻦ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﳊﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﹼﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ.
9.ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ.
6
.10ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺎﰐ ﺍﻟﻼﰐ ﺳﻜﻨﺖ ﻣﻌﻬﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﻜﻦ ،ﻭﺻﺎﺣﺒﻨﲏ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﺗﺮﺍﺡ.
ﻭﺃﺧﲑﺍ ،ﺃﺭﺟﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﱃ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ
ﻋﻤﻼ ﺻﺎﳊﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ .ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﻦ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﻛﹼﻠﺖ
ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﺒﺖ.
7
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻑ ...................................................ﺃ
ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ...................................................ﺏ
ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .............................ﺝ
ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺷﻜﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ...............................................ﺩ
ﲡﺮﻳﺪ ...........................................................ھـ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .................................................ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ 1 .............................................
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ 6 ..............................................
ﺝ .ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 7 ........................................
ﺩ.
ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ 7 ............................................
ﻭ
8
ﻫـ .ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 9 ..............................................
ﻭ.
ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ 10 ..............................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ
ﺃ.
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ 12 ..............................................
.1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ 12 .........................................
.2ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
...........................................
13
.3ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
...........................................
15
ﺏ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ 16 ..............................................
.1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻪ 16 ...................................
.2ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ 17 .............................
9
ﺃ.
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ
...........................................
17
ﺏ.
ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ 20 ..........................................
ﺝ.
ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ 21 ......................................
ﺩ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﲏ27 ..........................................
ﻫـ .ﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ 28 .........................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ
ﺃ.
ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ 32 .............................................
ﺏ .ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ 33 .................................................
ﺝ .ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ 35 ...........................................
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
10
ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ
ﺃ.
ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ 39 ........................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ 42 ........................................
.1ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ 42 ..................
.2ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ 45 ............
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ
ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ 47 .....................................................
ﺏ .ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ 49 ................................................
ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ
)(54-51
11
ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ(
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﺃ.
ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺃﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ،ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻴﺪﻩ،
ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ 1.ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ
ﻭﺃﺷﻬﺮﳘﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ،ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ
ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﻣﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ.
2
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﻋﻦ
ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻭ
1
ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺲ ،ﺍﳌﻌﲔ :ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ )ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ :ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ
ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ 2005 ،ﻡ( ،ﺹ .9
2
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺼﻞ ،ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﻁ ) 1ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻡ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ
ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ 1405 ،ﻫـ(،ﺹ .26
12
ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻟﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﻪ
ﻣﺘﻤﺮﺳﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺜﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻜﻼﻡ ﳑﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﻠﻮﻧﻪ
ﻭﳝﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺙ.
3
ﺇﻥﹼ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻜﺮ ﻭﳘﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ
ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ.
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺗﺸﻌﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺖ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
4
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺍ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺠﺎﺝ ،ﻭﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﺑﻦ
3
ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺲ ،ﺍﳌﻌﲔ :ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﺹ . 10
4
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺼﻞ ،ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﺹ . 318
13
ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ ،ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ،
ﻭﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ،ﻭ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ ﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﺲ ،ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ.
ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﲰﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﺑﻮ
ﺣﺬﻳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﺍﳌﻠﻘﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺰﺍﻝ .ﻭﻟﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 700ﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻓﹼﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ
131ﻫـ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟـ 748ﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻮﺭﺓ .ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﻦ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ،ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ .ﺣﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ
ﺧﻼﻑ ﻓﻄﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻠﺴﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻧﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺰﻻ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ
ﻓﺴﻤﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺘﺰﻟﺔ.
5
ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺎﱐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ " ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺎﺏ " ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﱄ ﺃﻥ
ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ " :ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﻠﺲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻇﻬﺮ
ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺭﺝ ﺑﺘﻜﻔﲑ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﱯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺄﻢ
ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻓﺴﻘﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺒﺎﺋﺮ ،ﻓﺨﺮﺝ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﲔ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ :ﺇﻥ
ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺔ ﻻ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ ﻭﻻ ﻛﺎﻓﺮ ،ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﺘﲔ ،ﻓﻄﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻠﺴﻪ
5ﻭﻳﻜﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 17ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ 2009ﻡ ،ﻣﻦ
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%
B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1
14
ﻓﺎﻋﺘﺰﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺟﻠﺲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ،ﻓﻘﻴﻞ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻭﻷﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﻤﺎ :ﻣﻌﺘﺰﻟﻮﻥ -
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺣﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﻭﻷﻱ
ﻣﻌﲎ ﲰﻮﺍ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻗﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻦ ﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻭﺳﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ
6
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲰﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ".
ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻫﺒﻪ ﺍﷲ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﺼﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ
ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻋﺎﻫﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ .ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ
ﳛﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﰐ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺐ ﺍﶈﺮﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ،ﻓﻴﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻮﺍﻩ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ،ﻓﻴﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﱪ ﻗﻤﺤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺵ ﻣﻀﺠﻌﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺮ ﻏﻴﺜﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻧﺒﺸﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻗﺪ
ﺳﺠﻞ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﲡﻨﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ.
7
ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﲡﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﱄ
ﻭﻭﻓﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻗﺘﺪﺭ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ
6ﺍﳊﻜﻮﺍﰐ ،ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ 17ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ 2009ﻡ ،ﻣﻦ
http://www.rabitat-alwaha.net/moltaqa/showthread.php?t=28041
.7ﻧﻈﻤﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎ ،ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﰲ
17ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ 2009ﻡ ،ﻣﻦ
http://www.55a.net/firas/arabic/? page=show_det_bot&id=27&select_page=islam
15
ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻳﲏ ،ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﱘ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻪ ﻭﻧﺼﻮﺻﻪ .ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﻗﺪ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺭ
ﰲ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﺧﻔﺔ ﻭﺣﺬﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻓﺎﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻝﹼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ
ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺗﻰ ﺇﻻ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻓﺬﺍﺫ.
ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﲨﻴﻞ ﻭﻟﻐﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻌﲎ
ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ،ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﺔ
ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ.
8
ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ
ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻹﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ 9.ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻷﻥﹼ ﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﲏ ﰲ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺒﺤﺜﻪ ﰲ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﱵ
8ﺃﲪﺪ ﺃﻛﺮﻡ ﻣﻠﺒﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻥ )ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ :ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ 2004-2003ﻡ(.
9ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ،ﻁ ) 1ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺽ :ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ1414 ،ﻫـ -
1994ﻡ( ،ﺹ .26
16
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﲨﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ
ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ.
ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺍﺷﺘﺪﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﱵ ﺃﻥ ﺃﲝﺚ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ
ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭﻛﻤﺎ
ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ،ﻭﺳﺄﻛﺘﺐ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﱵ ﲢﺖ
ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ " :ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ
)ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ( ".
ﺏ .ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﺇﻥﹼ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻮ "ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ " .ﺇﻥﹼ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ
ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ .ﻓﺤﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ :
.1ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ؟
.2ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ؟
17
.3ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ ؟
ﺝ .ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺭﻳﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻟﻜﻞﹼ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﺮﺿﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻛﻤﺎ
ﻭﻗﻌﺖ ﰲ ﺻﺪﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻓﻬﻲ:
.1ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ.
.2ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ.
.3ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ.
ﺩ .ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ
ﻗﺪ ﲝﺜﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ
ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ،ﻭ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
18
.1
ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﺲ ﺑﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﻢ ﺑﻦ ﺻﻴﻔﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻤﻲ ،ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﻜﺎ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﺎﱐ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2004ﻡ.
.2ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﺧﲑﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2005ﻡ.
.3ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺏ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻌﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻫﺮﻳﺎﰐ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2005ﻡ.
.4ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳉﻼﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ
ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺁﻝ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ،ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻡ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﺿﺤﻰ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2006ﻡ.
.5ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ،ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺯﻳﻦ
ﺍﳌﺘﻘﲔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2007ﻡ.
.6ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ،ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ
ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 2008ﻡ.
ﻫـ.ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
19
ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﳌﻜﺘﱯ ﲟﻨﻬﺞ ﺑﻼﻏﻲ ﻭﻗﻔﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﺤﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ
ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺭﺧﻮﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ )،(Email
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ) ،(SMSﻭﺃﻣﺎﻳﺘﻌﻠﹼﻖ ﲟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺈﱐﹼ ﺃﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ
ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ :
“Pedoman Penulisan Skripsi Bahasa dan Sastra Arab Fakultas Adab
dan Humaniora UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta 2009”.10
ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻤﺖ ﲟﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻛﺘﺐ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻭﺳﺄﺫﻛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ.
ﻭ .ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
10ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ .ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ .ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ،
.2009
20
ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺑﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
:ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ،ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺞ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ،ﻭﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﰐ
:ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ،ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺎ،
ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ .ﻭﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ
ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ .ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﺪﻩ ،ﻭﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ،
ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ .ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥﹼ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﺗﺆﺛﺮﻩ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ.
21
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
:ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺒﺘﻪ،
ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ .ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ
ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﺎﺀ.
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ :ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ ،ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻛﻠﹼﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ
ﱄ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ.
22
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ
ﶈﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ
ﺃ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
.1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻃﻒ ﻋﻦ
ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻣﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﲝﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ .ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻄﺒﺔ ﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻟﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻋﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ
ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﺳﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺜﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻜﻼﻡ ﳑﻞ
ﻓﻴﻤﻠﻮﻧﻪ ﻭﳝﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺙ.
11
ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻨﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﺔ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ
ﺧﻄﺒﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﺓ :ﻷﻣﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺷﺠﺎﻋﺘﻬﻢ
11ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺑﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺼﻞ ،ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﺹ .26
23
ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﳍﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ .ﻭﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺐ ﻫﻮ
ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﻟﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻔﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ .ﻭﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﳛﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺎﻟﺔ.
12
.2ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻨﺸﻮﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ – ﻭﻫﻲ – ﻛﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ – ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ 13.ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﻌﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ
12
ﺍﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ ﻭ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ) ،ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ :ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ 1970 – 1969 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ .1ﺹ .199
13ﺇﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ،ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﱯ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ 1963 ،ﻡ( ،ﻁ .2
ﺹ .7
24
ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻞﹼ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ
ﺷﺎﻋﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ.
14
ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻃﻨﻮﻩ ،ﻭﺗﻔﺎﳘﻮﺍ ﺑﻠﺴﺎﻥ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪ .ﻋﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﻠﻔﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻨﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻓﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﳜﺎﻟﻔﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻨﻌﻬﻢ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻗﻨﻌﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺧﻄﻴﺐ
ﻭﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ.
15
ﺇﻥﹼ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻘﻲ
ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﳕﻮﻫﺎ .ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺒﻬﺎ
ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﻣﻘﺘﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ .ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ
ﺃﻥﹼ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻇﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺁﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺷﻜﺎﳍﺎ.
14
ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﺧﲑﻳﺔ ،ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ،
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 2005 ،ﻡ ،ﺹ .16
15ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳊﻮﰲ ،ﻓﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ،ﺫ 996ﻡ( ،ﺹ .39
25
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﻐﲑﺕ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﺎﺣﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻼ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ.
16
.3ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻌﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺖ ،17ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ :
.1ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺪﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻆ
ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﺒﻴﲔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻏﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻫﻴﺐ .ﻭﻳﻨﻬﺾ
ﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳋﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻔﺔ ،ﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﺓ ،ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻄﺒﺎﺀ
ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﲞﻄﺒﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﺓ ،ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺍﺑﻦ
ﻋﻤﺮﻭ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺹ ،ﻭﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﺐ ،ﻭﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺑﻦ ﺩﻳﻨﺮ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ
ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ .ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﺬﺍﻝ ﻷﻥﹼ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ.
16ﻟﻘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺒﺔ ﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ،ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻛﺮﺗﺎ 2008 ،ﻡ ،ﺹ .4
17ﻧﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺑﻴﺲ ،ﺍﳌﻌﲔ :ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻪ ،ﺹ . 74
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.2ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﺑﺮﺃﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ
ﺑﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺧﻄﺒﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ :ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺴﲔ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺍﻥ،
ﻭﺍﳊﺠﺎﺝ ،ﻭﻗﻄﺮﻱ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺎﺀﺓ.
.3ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺧﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻬﻨﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺧﻄﺒﺎﺀ :
ﺳﺤﺒﺎﻥ ﺧﻄﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻨﻒ ﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﺲ ﺧﻄﻴﺐ ﲤﻴﻢ.
.4ﻭﺧﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺟﻴﻮﺷﻬﻢ ﻭﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﺎﺑﺔ
ﺇﱃ ﲢﻤﻴﺲ ﺍﳉﻨﺪ ﻟﻠﻘﺘﺎﻝ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﺘﻬﺮﻭﺍ ﲞﻄﺒﻬﻢ ﻗﺘﻴﺒﺔ ﺑﻦ
ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﱄ ،ﻭﻃﺎﺭﻕ ﺑﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ.
ﺏ .ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ
.1ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻪ
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ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ
ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ 18.ﳓﻮ :ﺍﻏﻔﺮ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺣﻢ ،ﻓﻼ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﻪ ﺻﺪﻕ ﺃﻭ
ﻛﺬﺏ 19.ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ
ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ .ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ.
ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻭﻗﺖ
ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ.
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.2ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻪ
ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﱯ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ،
ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﺍﺀ.
18
21
ﳏﺤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻢ ﺧﻔﺎﺟﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺷﺮﻑ ،ﳓﻮ ﺑﻼﻏﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ،
ﺩ.ﺕ( ،ﺹ .126
19ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻮﻡ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﴰﻲ ،ﺟﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻊ )ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺑﺎﻳﺎ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ
ﺍﳍﺪﺍﻳﺔ 1379 ،ﻫـ 1960 -ﻡ( ،ﺹ .75
20ﻭﺭﻭﻳﺶ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﻱ ،ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ،ﻁ ) 2ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ :ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻀﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺠﺎﻟﺔ1381 ،ﻫـ -
1962ﻡ( ،ﺹ .34
21ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻮﻡ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳍﺎﴰﻲ ،ﺟﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻊ ،ﺹ .77
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ﺃ .ﺍﻷﻣﺮ
ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻫﻮ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﺀ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻡ ،ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺻﻴﻎ :
.1ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻳﺎ ﳛﲕ ﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ".
.2ﻭﺍﳌﻀﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﺰﻭﻡ ﺑﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻟﻴﻨﻔﻖ ﺫﻭ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ".
.3ﻭﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﳓﻮ " :ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻜﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻀﺮﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻞﹼ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺍﻫﺘﺪﻳﺘﻢ".
.4ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ،ﳓﻮ " :ﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﲑ".
ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﺮﺝ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ "ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻡ" ﺇﱃ
ﻣﻌﺎﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ،ﺗﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ :
.1ﻛﺎﻟﺪﻋﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺭﰊ ﺃﻭﺯﻋﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﻧﻌﻤﺘﻚ".
.2ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻚ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻳﻚ " :ﺃﻋﻄﲏ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺥ".
.3ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺪﺍﻳﻨﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﺒﻮﻩ،
ﻭﻟﻴﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﻴﻨﻜﻢ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻝ".
.4ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﻋﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺌﺘﻢ ،ﺇﻧﻪ ﲟﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﲑ".
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.5ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﻴﺰ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻓﺄﺗﻮﺍ ﺑﺴﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻠﻪ".
.6ﻭﺍﻹﺑﺎﺣﺔ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﺷﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ ﻟﻜﻢ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺮ".
.7ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﺻﱪﻭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﺼﱪﻭﺍ".
.8ﻭﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻡ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﺩﺧﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻼﻡ ﺁﻣﻨﲔ".
.9ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻥ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻓﻜﻠﻮﺍ ﳑﺎ ﺭﺯﻗﻜﻢ ﺍﷲ".
.10ﻭﺍﻹﻫﺎﻧﺔ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﻛﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺣﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﺍ".
.11ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻡ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﻫﺪﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻁ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ".
.12ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻨﻲ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻣﺮﻯﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺲ :
"ﺃﻻ ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻻ ﺍﳒﻠﻲ
ﺑﺼﺒﺢ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﺻﺒﺎﺡ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺑﺄﻣﺜﻞ".
.13ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ،ﻛﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ " :ﺍﻧﻈﺮﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﲦﺮﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﲦﺮ".