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are presented, the information should be linked, but we have to avoid focusing too closely on the details.
Lastly, we have to make sure that we write in paragraphs: an introduction, one or two paragraphs from the body of the text, and a brief conclusion. If one of
these three parts is missing, the description or summary is flawed.
2.3 The Aspects of Writing
In a writing process, students should pay attention to the aspects of writing in order that they are able to produce a good writing. The students’ writing
performance can be seen from the aspects of writing existed. Jacobs et al. 1981:30 suggest that the aspects of writing consist of: content - knowledge,
substantive, through development of thesis and relevant to the topic, organization - fluent expression, well-organized, logical sequencing and cohesive, vocabulary -
effective wordidiom choice and usage, word form mastery, language use - effective complex constructions, understanding to certain agreements, preposition,
articles, pronouns, and the likes, and mechanics - spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
Meanwhile, Cohen 1994:328-329 defines that the aspects of writing which are usually measured are: content - main ideas stated clearly and accurately,
organization - whether the writing is coherent and logical or not, vocabulary - choices of words, use of idioms, and word forms, grammar - control of structure,
and mechanics - mastery of spelling and function.
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According to Brown 1999, cited in Brown 2007:357, six categories or aspects of writing that can be evaluated are: content - thesis statement, related
ideas, development of ideas through personal experience, illustration, facts, opinions, use of description and causeeffect, comparisoncontrast, consistent
focus; organization - effectiveness of introduction, logical sequence of ideas, conclusion, appropriate length; discourse - topic sentence, paragraph unity,
transitions, discourse markers, cohesion, rhetorical conventions, reference, fluency, economy, variation; syntax; vocabulary; mechanics - spelling,
punctuation, citation of references if applicable, neatness and spelling. The criteria stated by different experts above cover all needed to produce a
good writing. The difference lies in how they are explained; some are simple, some others are detailed.
Related to the topic of the recent study, the aspects of writing Task 1 of IELTS academic module marked and assessed Terry Wilson, 2007: 7, Kaplan:
2009: 22 are: task fulfilment - how well the main points of the information have been reported, coherence and cohesion - how well the information across the
answer has been organised and how the ideas within and between sentences have been linked, vocabulary and sentence structure - how a range of language has
been used appropriately and accurately. Cameron and Todd 2010: 164 explain the aspects assessed as follows:
appropriate, accurate and complete responses addressing all parts of the question, ensuring minimum word limit 150 words, organisation and linkage of
information – logical flow, range and appropriate use of vocabulary, correct
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spelling and punctuation, grammatical accuracy, range of sentence structures simple, compound, complex.
2.4 English as Second Language ESLEnglish as Foreign Language EFL
