Structural Decription of Bindu N. Lohani on The Jakarta Post Newspaper
STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTIONS OF
BINDU N. LOHANI ON
THE JAKARTA POST
NEWSPAPER
A PAPER WRITTEN
BY
YOGI JULIAN PRATAMA
REG. NO : 122202077
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAMME
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDY
NORTH SUMATERA UNIVERSITY
MEDAN
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It has been proved by Supervisor,
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP. 19521 1261981121 001
Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera in partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English
Approved by
Head of Diploma III English Study Program,
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP. 19521 1261981121 001
Approved by the Diploma III English Study Program
Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatra
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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.
The examination is held on August 2015
Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera Dean,
Dr. Syahron Lubis,MA NIP. 19511013197603 1 001
Board of Examiners Signature
1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) 2.Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Supervisor) 3. Drs.Siamir marulafau, M.Hum (reader)
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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I,YOGI JULIAN PRATAMA, declare that I am the sole author of this paper.Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper.This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed : ……… Date : August 2015
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : YOGI JULIAN PRATAMA
Title of Paper : Structural Decription of Bindu N. Lohani on The Jakarta Post Newspaper
Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya Study Program : English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III Department Faculty of Cultural Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed : ………. Date : August 2015
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ABSTRACT
In order to write this paper, the writer applied descriptive linguistics technique with the required data which are taken from written text, that was found in the newspaper of Jakarta Post which was published on Saturday March 14th, 2015. In the paper the writing of Bindu N. Lohani the vice-president sustainable development and knowledge management, Asian Development Bank. The whole data will be given the descriptions dealing with the form of sentences used and so the tenses he applied. The title of his writing is entitled Sendai Meeting is Key Chance to Build Asia’s Disaster Resilience. So as the descriptions showing to the writer of this paper that he uses two forms of sentences, they are affirmative and negative out of thirty-three sentences. There are six different tenses he applied, they are Present Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Future Tense, Past Tense, dan Past Future Tense.
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ABSTRAK
Kertas karya tulis ini membicarakan tentang pola-pola kalimat yang digunakan oleh Bindu N. Lohani, the vice-president sustainable development and knowledge management, Asian Development Bank beserta dengan tenses dalam bahasa Inggris. Untuk mendeskripsikan tulisan tersebut penulis menggunakan teknik linguistik deskriptif dengan menggunakan data dari bahan tertulis. Setelah seluruh kalimat didiskripsikan maka dapatlah ditemukan bahwa Lohani hanya menggunakan dua bentuk kalimat, yaitu kalimat berita dan kalimat menidakkan dalam pola kalimat Subjek—Predicate—Complement. Tenses yang digunakan ada sebanyak enam tenses, yaitu Present Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Future Tense, Past Tense, dan Past Future Tense.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Allah subhanahu wata’ala for blessing and giving me time, guidance, strength, and enlightment so I can finally complete this paper which is one of my requirements as a student of English department to achive the degree of Diploma III at Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara.
I have to admit that I could never finish this paper if I were not surrounded by some amazing people who made me make a short list of thankfulness:
• My deepest love to my beloved parents, Sugianto, SH and Sri Mawar Wati for their prayers, patiences, and supports. They are the greatest gift in my life; and also to
• My brothers Arief Prayudha and Hafizul Ichsan.
• My sincere thanks to Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring M.A., as the Head of Diploma III English Study Program and my supervisor, for his time, advice, and patience.
• My sincere thanks to Drs.Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum. as reader of my paper.Thankyou for your time,care,patience in completing this paper.
• My sincere thanks to Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of sumatera Utara.
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• My deepest gratefulness to all lecturers and staffs in Diploma III English Study Program for having given me their great support, advice, and knowledge sincerely for the latest three years.
• My deepest thanks to my best friends (Budel, Gilang, Fuad, Ferdinan, Jefry, Rico, Dhuha, Abangda Yoze, Abangda Achmad, Abangda Hery, Bobby, Krib-krib, Arfie, Faris and Veritas) for loyalty, love, suggestion, happy time, and sad time.
• My sincere thanks to all my friends in SOLIDAS.
I do realize that there are some mistakes in writing this paper which make it away from exelence. Therefore, all criticisms and suggestions are trully expected to improve it.
Finally, I wish this paper can be useful to all readers especially those who are interested in making it as a reference of any purposes.
Medan, August 2015 The writer,
Reg. No. 122202077 Yogi Julian Pratama
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……… COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ……….. ABSTRACT ……….. ABSTRAK ……….. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……….. TABLE OF CONTENTS ………..
Pages i ii iii iv v vi 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 INTRODUCTION ……… The Background of the Writing ………..….………… The Problems ………..………..……… The Scopes of Writing ……..…....……….. The Purposes of Writing ………....………. The Methods of writing …………...………….
1 1 5 5 5 5
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ……… 7
3. THE STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTIONS ………
13
4. 4.1 4.2
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ……… Conclusion ... Suggestion ...
26 26 26 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………...………
APPENDICS ...
28 30
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ABSTRACT
In order to write this paper, the writer applied descriptive linguistics technique with the required data which are taken from written text, that was found in the newspaper of Jakarta Post which was published on Saturday March 14th, 2015. In the paper the writing of Bindu N. Lohani the vice-president sustainable development and knowledge management, Asian Development Bank. The whole data will be given the descriptions dealing with the form of sentences used and so the tenses he applied. The title of his writing is entitled Sendai Meeting is Key Chance to Build Asia’s Disaster Resilience. So as the descriptions showing to the writer of this paper that he uses two forms of sentences, they are affirmative and negative out of thirty-three sentences. There are six different tenses he applied, they are Present Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Future Tense, Past Tense, dan Past Future Tense.
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ABSTRAK
Kertas karya tulis ini membicarakan tentang pola-pola kalimat yang digunakan oleh Bindu N. Lohani, the vice-president sustainable development and knowledge management, Asian Development Bank beserta dengan tenses dalam bahasa Inggris. Untuk mendeskripsikan tulisan tersebut penulis menggunakan teknik linguistik deskriptif dengan menggunakan data dari bahan tertulis. Setelah seluruh kalimat didiskripsikan maka dapatlah ditemukan bahwa Lohani hanya menggunakan dua bentuk kalimat, yaitu kalimat berita dan kalimat menidakkan dalam pola kalimat Subjek—Predicate—Complement. Tenses yang digunakan ada sebanyak enam tenses, yaitu Present Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Future Tense, Past Tense, dan Past Future Tense.
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1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the WritingThe title of this paper is ‘Structural Descriptions of Bindu N. Lohani on the Jakarta Post Newspaper’ and the problems to be written down is structures of the language used by Lohani in the newspaper deals with Sendai Meeting in Japan and this newspaper was published on Saturday March 14th, 2015.
The use of language primarily and predominantly involves making noises with our speech organs and receiving other people’s speech noises through our ears. It is not a necessary condition of a language’s existence that it should have a written form or indeed any form other than talk. All natural languages had a very long history as solely speech before they were ever written down or became associated with rules of spelling and punctuation. Many languages exist in the world today which have still never been written down. Most of the changes that affect languages in time and space are to be explained in terms of language as spoken and heard. Most of the difficulties we experience in using language in what we have called here its more ‘exotic’ ways (writing an essay, for example) arise from the fact that our chief competence in the use of language lies in talking it.
In other words, it is vital to grasp that although we can transmit language by such ‘unnatural’ means as radio or telex, and can use language for highly sophisticated and intellectual purposes such as the statement of atomic theory, all languages are geared primarily to the quite ordinary needs of ordinary people and to the quite ordinary conditions of tongue and ear. It is easy for literate people with some
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education to forget this and to think of language primarily in terms of its written manifestations.
If all this makes it seem that language is a rather primitive activity, perhaps we ought to dwell on this for a moment, since we have here a word that is often used ill-advisedly in discussions of language. Many people think that ‘primitive’ is indeed a term to be applied to languages, though only to some languages, and not usually to the language they themselves speak. They might agree in calling ‘primitive’ those uses of language that concern- greetings, grumbles, and commands, but they would probably believe that these were especially common in the so-called ‘primitive languages’. These are misconceptions that we must quickly clear from our minds.
‘Language exists to express our thoughts.’ We have seen some of the reasons for questioning this sweeping generalisation. There are several others. Voltaire is among those who have been cynical about language: People, he said, ‘n’emploient les paroles que pour deguiser leurs pensees’. Goldsmith has a similar comment: ‘The true use of speech is not so much to express our wants as to conceal them.’ The Danish philosopher Kierkegaard went one better even than this: People use language not merely to conceal their thoughts, he said, but to conceal the fact that they have no thoughts.
Among the many attempts at categorising language functions, let us look at the one suggested by the distinguished linguist Roman Jakobson (1896—1982). He postulated six ‘factors’ in human communication:
• the speaker
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• the code — that is, the conventions (words, grammar, etc) of the language common to speaker and addressee
• the message — what the speaker says in the ‘code’
• the context — the things, qualities, actions that the speaker wants to talk about
• the contact — the relations between speaker and addressee Directly related to these ‘factors’ are Jakobson’s six functions:
1). Emotive (speaker-related): The speaker seeks to express feeling, as in ‘I’m terribly sorry about your father’s illness’ or ‘How marvellous that your daughter has passed her law exam.’
2). Conative (addressee-related): The speaker seeks the achievement of a goal, as in ‘Two tickets for this evening’s performance, please.’
3). Metalingual (related to the form of the code): The speaker is talking, for example, in English about English, as in ‘What’s the plural of syllabus?’ or ‘That sounds unkind; let me rephrase it.’
4). Poetic (related to the form of the message): Though not necessarily in verse, the message is intended to catch the eye or ear with an aesthetic impact, as in ‘Wash whiter with WHIZ!’
5). Referential (context-related): The primary concern of the message is with information, as in ‘Hilda’s plane was delayed in Houston’ or ‘I am staying at the Grafton Hotel’ or ‘What is the atomic weight of mercury?’
6). Phatic (contact-related): The speaker’s focus is upon achieving a relationship with the addressee, as in ‘Good morning, Bill’ or ‘Nice to see you’ or ‘Thank you very much indeed’ or ‘Not at all — you’re welcome.’ But we can also regard as phatic such formulaic uses of language as in testing an address system (One, two, three.).
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We shall have more to say about language functions as we consider English in use throughout this book, but for the moment let us just make clear that these functions are not necessarily divided off in separate watertight compartments. An utterance may readily involve several functions simultaneously; for example, phatic, referential, and implicitly conative functions in:
It is important to notice how things have been put in making this distinction. Language is our capacity to talk to each other. The word ‘talk’ is used not merely to avoid a rather more technical and high-sounding word like ‘communicate’; ‘talk’ is actually more precise and more relevant to the special nature of human language than ‘communicate’. In the first place, all creatures—cat, sparrow, and bee—can be said to communicate with each other to some extent. They can attract each other’s attention, warn of danger, woo their mates, and direct the way to food. We are still learning just how well animals can communicate with each other, but even so, there can be no doubt that animal communication is extremely rudimentary as compared with the complex and subtle control of language possessed by the most unskilled labourer or illiterate peasant. It is therefore appropriate to say that language involves ‘talk’ to emphasise that language is a peculiarly human activity.
In the second place, ‘talk’ is useful for the present purpose because it specifies the basic and dominant way in which human beings communicate. As we have already seen in this chapter, it is far from being the only way. We use language when we read a newspaper, write letters, draft notices, or send messages by morse
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code. But all these are derivative from talk, and—important as they are—they are for most of us relatively specialised functions as compared with ‘mere talk’.
1.2 The Problems
1). What types of sentences are used by Lohani in telling the news which is dealing with the Sendai Meeting held in Japan on March 14-18?
2). What are the tenses applied to tell the news to the readers?
1.3 The Scopes of Writing
While someone is writing about something there will be a tramendous things to be written. The title of this writing is deal with the structural used, so structures are still very general, therefore the writer of this paper limits his descriptions deal with the types of sentences and also the tenses used in Lohani writing found in the Jakarta Post Newspaper which was published on Saturday March, 14th 2015.
1.4 The Purposes of Writing
When someone is walking through of course he or she has a goal to be reached, therefore in writing this paper of course there will be the purposes to be reached. The writer wants to find out the description of Lohani’s language deals with the types of sentences and tenses used in the newspaper while he is telling or spread the news about the meeting held in Sendai Japan.
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In writing a paper there can be applied a variety of methods, such as field research method, library research method, experiment method, etc. For this kind of paper the writer is applying the library research because all the required data to be described are taken from writtent text, the Jakarta Post Newspaper which was published on Saturday March, 14th 2015. The title of the news is Sendai Meeting
is Key Chance to Build Asia’s Dosaster Resilience. The meeting was held in Japan in Martch 14th—18th.
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2.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be as well equipped as any other for saying the things its speakers want to say. It may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people. are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the printing of batik cloth. But this is not the fault of their language. The Eskimos, it is said, can speak about snow with far more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of those sometimes mis-called ‘primitive’) is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not illustrate a defect in English, a show of unexpected ‘primitiveness’. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the people who speak English live in different environments and adapt their languages accordingly. The English language would be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in which English w s habitually used made such distinctions important.
To produce or to understand a complicated sentence, we need a firm grasp on its underlying simple structure. In the following summary, the seven most common patterns are sorted out according to whether or not the verb carries along any complements, and, if so, how many and what kind. For each sentence pattern, the summary first shows the simple, bare-bones model. It then shows the pattern as it might be expanded and varied in actual sentences—first, through the addition of
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modifiers, second, through the duplication of one or more basic parts; and, third, through inversions, or variations in word order.
Pattern one: Subject—Verb (S-V)
This is the bare-minimum sentence in English. The verb alone serves as the complete predicate. Verbs used in this pattern are called intransitive they are not “in transit” to anything; they are not going anywhere.
Example : Kites fly. Mary nodded. The rain had stopped. Varied : A cat may look on a king.
Pattern two : Subject—Verb—Object (S-V-O)
In this pattern, a transitive verb carries the action of the subject across to a second noun (or noun substitute). The difference between a transitive and an intransitive verb is like that between a through road and a dead-end street. The second noun becomes part of the basic structure of the sentence and is called the direct object. In many sentences, it acts as the target of an action, the result of a performance. Examples : Dogs chase cats.
Varied : The heavens declare the glory of God. Pattern three : Subject—Linking Verb—Noun, (S-LV-N)
In this pattern, the verb pins a label on the subject. The label is a second noun that serves as a description of the first. The second noun in this pattern is often called a predicate noun. The verb linking it to the subject is called a linking verb. Most commonly the linking verb is a form of be. Occasionally, especially in British usage, the linking verb is a verb like feel, seem, or remain:
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Varied : Man is the measure of all things.
Pattern four: Subject—Linking Verb—Adjective (S-LV-Adj)
In this pattern, the linking verb again pins a label on the subject. But this time the label is not a second noun. It is rather a word chosen from the third major word class: an adjective. Adjectives are words like warm, slender, blue, heavy, beautiful, ladylike, studious. They typically fit in after intensifiers like very, fairly, extremely: very short, fairly expensive, extremely beautiful. In comparisons, they use forms with -er/-est or are preceded by more and most: older than my brother; more difficult .than you think. The adjective that follows the linking verb is often called a predicate adjective. Verbs that may serve as linking verbs in this pattern include be, seem, appear, become, grow, turn, feel, taste, sound, smell, and look: Examples : Men are mortal.
V`aried : All the boys seemed to him very strange.
Pattern five : Subject—Verb—Indirect Object—Object (S-V-IO)
In this pattern, a transitive verb makes a detour through a second complement before carrying the action across to the direct object. The additional noun (or noun substitute) inserted between the verb and direct object is called the indirect object. Typically, the indirect object shows the intended recipient or destination. By its position, that is, by word order, it conveys a meaning that at a different point in the sentence would have to be shown by a preposition indicating to whom or for what. Verbs that fit this pattern include give, send, teach, write, buy, leave, lend, offer, show, ask:
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Varied : Thou canst not every day give me thy heart.
Pattern six : Subject—Verb—Object—Object Complement (S-V-O-OC)
In this pattern, a transitive verb first carries the action or process across to the object. We then go on to a second complement that pins a label on the object. In this pattern, the label pinned on the object is an additional noun (or noun substitute), called the object complement. The resulting pattern looks the same as Pattern Five but is put together differently. In Pattern Five, there is a triangle relationship of “Sender Destination — Missive.” What is sent and to whom are two quite different things. In Pattern Six, we have a combination of Pattern Two (“I consider John”) and Pattern Three (“John is a fool”). As a result, in “I consider John a fool” John and the fool are the same person. Verbs that fit this pattern include consider, think, call, make, name, choose, elect, vote, appoint:
Example : I consider John my friend.
Varied : A child’s laughter makes the darkness light. Pattern seven : Subject—Verb—Object—Adjective (S-V-O-Adj)
In this pattern we again have the verb pin a label on the object. This time, the label is an adjective. The result is a combination of Pattern Two, and Pattern Four (“This action is premature”). Combining these two statements, we arrive at “I consider this action premature.” Verbs that fit this pattern include some of the verbs from Pattern Six, but also many others: consider, think, call, make,’ find, paint, turn, keep.
Example : I consider John eligible.
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When you start looking for the basic patterns that underlie actual sentences, remember the following cautions:
(1) Not all complete utterances fit the subject-predicate pattern.
In spoken English, but also in imaginative writing, we find many units that are grammatically self-contained and yet lack subject or verb or both. Many exclamations consist merely of a noun cluster:
What a man! My ticket!
Many casual remarks sound like a sentence of Pattern Three or Four from which a mere filler subject like it and a form of be have been omitted:
(It is a) Beautiful day today.
Subject or verb or both are missing from many familiar sayings balancing one thing off against the other:
(2) Some familiar sentence types fit the basic patterns only imperfectly. The following sentences use be as a main verb (and not as an auxiliary); and be does not link a noun or an adjective to the subject. We would therefore classify it as an intransitive verb in Pattern One:
Your brother was here.
Here and abroad belong to the fourth major word class. They are adverbs — in this case, adverbs of place. Usually we would treat these as optional modifiers added to the basic pattern. But here the basic pat tern does not seem complete until the adverb has been added. Some grammarians would therefore list a Pattern Eight: Subject—Be — Adverb (S-Be-Adv).
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(3) Some sentences do not fit the familiar basic patterns at all. In the following sentences, the verb is an intransitive verb that fits Pattern One, but at the same time it acts as if it were a linking verb that pins a label on the subject:
Grandmother died happy
In the following sentence, the fourth element in the basic pattern pins a label on the subject—rather than on the object:
He left the casino a millionaire.
In other words, our listing of basic patterns is not intended as a complete inventory of possible sentence types. But it does furnish us with the most common among the simple structures that more complicated sentences expand, vary, and combine.
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3.
THE STRUCTURAL DESCRITION
Before the writer of this paper is going to give the description of the language applied by Bindu N. Lohani, the vice-president sustainable development and knowledge management, Asian Development Bank he would like to explain a little bit about the grammar of English, because it can be understood that the title of this writing is Structural Description.
The term ‘grammar’ is used in a number of different senses—the grammar of a language may be understood to be a full description of the form and meaning of the sentences of the language or else it may cover only certain, variously delimited, parts of such a description. Here we shall use it in one of these narrower senses, embracing syntax and morphology. Syntax is concerned with the way words combine to form sentences, while morphology is concerned with the form of words. We will launch without delay into a discussion of basic concepts in syntax and morphology, returning in to the distinction between grammar in this sense and various other components of a full description and to the basis for dividing grammar into syntactic and morphological subcomponents. The only terms that we shall need to anticipate are sentences.
Syntax deals with combinations of words, we have said, morphology with the form of words. But again the term ‘word’ has been used in a variety of senses. For our immediate purposes it will suffice to draw just one distinction, which we can approach by considering the relation between, say, tooth and teeth: are they different words or the same word? From one point of view they are clearly different words: they are pronounced and spelt differently, they differ in meaning,
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and they occur in different positions in Sentences (so that we could not, for example, replace tooth by teeth in This tooth is loose or teeth by tooth in These teeth are loose, and SC) on). Yet they are also traditionally said to be different forms of the same word. This is a more abstract sense: we abstract away the differences between them to isolate what is common to both. It will, be helpful to distinguish both terminologically and notationally between these two senses. I shall use word for the less abstract concept, lexeme for the more abstract one, and I shall cite words in ordinary italics, Iexeme in bold face italics. We accordingly say that tooth and teeth arc different words, but forms of the same lexeme tooth. More specifically, we will say that tooth is the ‘singular’ form of tooth and that teeth is its ‘plural’ form. The words tooth and teeth are thus each analysed into two components, the abstract lexeme and what we shall call an inflectional property. These properties are relevant to both the morphological and syntactic components ofthe grammar (and for this reason are commonly referred to also as ‘morphosyntactic properties’). The morphology will include rules for deriving the various inflectional forms of a lexeme from the ‘lexical stem’, while the syntax will include rules specifying under what conditions a lexeme may or must carry a given inflectional property. Thus it is a fact of morphology that the plural of tooth is teeth, whereas it is a fact of syntax that if tooth enters into construction with this there must be ‘agreement’ in number, i.e. both must cai5ry the singular inflection or both the plural. Similarly, the morphology will tell us that the ‘past participle’ of the verb see is seen, whereas the syntax will say that a past participle is required in the ‘passive’ construction, as in He was seen by the caretaker.
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Not all words enter into inflectional contrasts such as we find between tooth and teeth, this and these, or see, sees, saw, seeing and seen. Usually, as with words like because, of however, besides, this is because there is simply no inflectional property present at all — and, precisely because there is no inflectional property to abstract away, the concept of lexeme will be inapplicable in such cases. Thus because is a word that is not a form of any lexeme. In other cases we can recognise an inflectional property even though it is not independently contrastive: alms does not contrast with singular alm, but we can still analyse it as a plural form, and conversely equipment does not contrast with plural * equipments but we can still analyse it as a singular form. In these cases we can invoke the concept of lexeme, so that equipment, for example, will be the singular form of the lexeme equipment. When we say that equipment has a singular form but no plural form we are talking about the same kind of entity as when we say that tooth has tooth as its singular form and teeth as its plural form. But it is of course contrasts like that between tooth and teeth that provide the raison d’être for the lexeme concept: if it were not for these we would have no lexeme—word distinction, tooth and teeth that provide the raison deter for the lexeme concept: if it were not for these we would have no lexeme-word diustinctin, tooth vs tooth, to generalize to cases like equipment vs equipment.
In drawing the patterns of the Lohani writing in the newspaper of Jakarta Post is begun or started from the title. The title of the news can be paraphrase as
following.
Sendai meeting is key chance to build asia’s dosaster resilience
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Subject (S) Lingking verb (LV)
Complement Present Tense Data (1)
When global leaders convene in Sendai, Japan, on March 14-18
they have possibly the biggest-ever opportunity to build the infrastructure and other defenses the infrastructure and other defenses the world needs to withstand the worst ravages of typhoons, earquakes, droughts and other disasters. (1)
Adv. S Comp.
Present Tense
Data (2)
Between 2005 and 2014, disasters
cost some 403.000 lives in developing Asia alone while losses totaled US$436 billion-or $120 million per day.(2)
Subject (S) Verb Complement some
403.000
lives while losses totaled US$436 billion-or $120 million per day.(2
PT S V Comp.
PT losses totaled US$436 billion-or $120 million per day.(2 PT
Data (3)
Climate change means disasters
will become more frequent and more intense without action now to better prepare ourselves. (3)
Subject Predicate Complement
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Data (4) The World Converence on Disasters Risk Reduction
will seek to build
a new framework for disaster risk reduction to succeed the Hyogo Framework for Action, a 10-year agreement adopted in January 2005 by 168 governments. (4)
Subject Predicate Complement
Future Tense
Data (5)
Most of Asia faces significant exposure to a wide array of natural hazards. (5)
Subject Verb Complement
Present Tense (PT)
Data (6)
The 2005 world conference
occured in the immediate wake of the Indian Ocean tsunami that caused 230.000 fatalities in 14 countries in Asia and East Africa. (6)
Subject Verb Complement
Past Tense
Data (7)
few parts of the region
have been spared
from India and Pakistan in the west to Samoa in the east. (7)
Subject Predicate Complement
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Data (8)
The avalanches in Afghanistan in February and March
are merely the latest natural hazards to bring tragedy. (8)
Subject LV Complement
Present Tense
Data (9)
Scuh disasters, which wipe out farmland and jobs,
Subject predicate complement
Present Tense
Subject hit the poorest of the region particularly hard ....
Predicate complement Present Tense
they live in flood prone coastal areas or river plains, fall back on, Subject Verb Complement
Present tense
it can take it can take some families a decade or more to recover. (9)
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Tense
Data (10)
Despite the alarming statistics, the post decade
has seen signifcant progress on the back of commitments made in 2005. (10)
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Present Perfect Tense
Data (11)
Early warning systems
have improved from better forecasting, dissemination and evacuation capabilities. (11)
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Perfect Tense
Data (12)
Thanks to such
preparation, a powerfull cyclone that
struct struct densely populated areas along India’s east coast in 2013 resulted in only 47 fatalities despite affecting 13.2 million people.(12)
Subject Verb Complement
Present Tense
Data (13)
Scientific tools such as satellite and remote sensing technologies and advances in disasters modeling
have also opened up
huge opportunities for better management of disaster risk by supporting measures
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Perfect
sensitive land use risk planning
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Tense
... enhanced infrastructure design and sustainable disaster risk solutions.(13)
Verb Complement
(32)
Data (14)
“Building back better” has become another new mantra. (14)
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Perfect
Data (15)
Governments and development partners now recognize
recognize that disaster recovery and reconstruction efforts
Subject Verb Complement
Present Tense that disaster recovery and
reconstruction efforts
must integrate measures to strengthen resilience to future natural hazards. (15)
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Tense
Data (16)
progress has been more disappointing. (16) Subject Predicate
Present Perfect Tense
Data (17)
disaster risk information
Subject Verb Object
Present Tense
disaster risk management legislation
Verb Complement
(33)
have not yet translated into significant action on the ground to strengthen resilience. (17)
Predicate Complement
Present perfect Tense Data (18)
Fiscal
management of disaster risk
remains weak in developing Asia Less than 5 percent of disaster losses
Subject Verb Complement
Present Tense
... are
insured
compared with 40 percent in developed countries,
LV+Verb
Present Tense
use of capital market instruments to offset risk is rare. (18)
Subject LV Complement
Present Tense Data (19)
The region should consider financial instruments such as pooling
Subject Predicate Complement
Past Future
... risk to reduce insurance costs, catastrophe bonds or pre-agreed loans
Predicate Complement Present Tense
countries can call on in the event of disasters.
(19)
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Tense
Data (20)
(34)
Subject LV + V Complement Present Continuous Tense
... risk financing instruments for selected cities in Indonesia, the Philipines, Vietnam and at a national level in Bangladesh. (20) Verb Complement
Present Tense Data (21)
But none of these instruments
will be realized without strong commitment from governments. (21)
Subject Predicate Complement
Future Tense
Data (22)
By 2050, 64 percent of Asia–a full 3.3 billion people
will live in cities,
Subject Predicate Complement
Future Tense
which are already both economic centers and highly vulnerable to climate change. (22)
Subject LV Complement
Present Tense
Data (23)
Recent research shows that of the 100 global cities with the greatest exposure to natural hazards, more than half are in Asia – 21 in the Philippines, 16 in Cina, 11 in Japan and eight in Bangladesh. (23)
Subject Verb Complement
Present Tense
Data (24)
... To protect economies and lives
(35)
Present Tense
we must therefore protect existing infrastructure and climate proof new infrastructure. (24)
Subject Predicate Complement Present Tense Data (25)
Leadership and strategic planning is Key. (25)
Subject LV Complement
Present Tense
Data (26)
The provincial government of Albay in the Philippines, which routinely
faces coastal flooding, volcanic activity
Subject Verb Complement
Present Tense
and typhoons, has set an excellent example.(26)
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Perfect Data (27)
Through risk-mapping software, early warning systems and innovative knowledge initiatives such as its Disasters
risk Reduction and Climate Change Academy for local government units,
Subject Verb Complement
Present Tense
it is already reducing the damage from disasters.(27) Subject LV + Verb
Present Continuous Tense Data (28)
Strengthening disasters resilience is also about finding
alternative places to site infrastructure, alternative building designs, alternative livelihood decisions and alternative development decisions – choosing
(36)
long-term sustainability over more short-long-term growth in some instances. (28)
Subject LV+V Complement
Present Continuous Tense
Data (29)
This requires visionary leadership, learning lessons from others and integrating disaster
Subject Verb Complement
Present Tense
... risk considerations into all investment decisions in hazard-prone areas. (29)
Verb Complement
Present Tense
Data (30)
This is a message
Subject LV Complement
Present Tense
that also needs to be conveyed needs to be conveyed clearly when
Subject Predicate Adverb
Present Tense presidents, prime
ministers and other experts
gather gather in Paris in November to agree on a climate agreement to succeed the Kyoto Protocol. (30)
Subject Predicate Complement Present Tense
Data (31)
(37)
Subject Predicate Complement Present Tense
Data (32)
A 1-in-200-years disaster is just as likely to happen today or next week as in two centuries. (32)
Subject LV Complement
Present Tense
Data (33)
Leaders must therefore be decisive in Sendai and decisive
Subject Predicate Compliment
Present Tense they return home. (33)
Subject Verb Compliment Present Tense
(38)
4.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 ConclusionThe description of the whole sentences used by Bindu N. Lohani in writing the news about the Sendai Meeting is Key Chance to Build Asia’s Diaster Resilience” which he wrote in the newspaper of Jakarta Post which was published on Saturday March 14th, 2015 shows to the writer of this paper that there are thirty-three
sentences he used. There is only one sentence form in negative and the rest, thirty-two sentences are written in affirmative form. The patterns he uses is Subject followed by Predicate and Complement. The tenses he used to write the whole sentences are six different tenses. The applied tenses are Present Tense fourty times (71%), Present Perfect eight times (14%), Present Continuous Tense three times (5,3%), Future Tense three times (5,3%), Past Tense two times (3,5%), and Past Future one time (1,7%). There are six kinds of sentences, they are
affirmative, interrogative, interrogative-negative, negative, other two types of tag-questions. Lohani on this circumstance used only two kind of sentences, they are affirmative and one negative. The tenses he applied are six different tenses out of sixteen tenses that the English language has.
4.2 Suggestion
Now as the writer of this paper has finished in drawing the conclusion to the writing he wants to encourage the other students to write about the morphological description of someone writing. For instance if he or she has a lot of time to do it
(39)
he or she may does the description of a writing found in a novel. By doing this kind of activity the readers can understand and realize that what the tenses mostly used are. The writer of this paper states like this because we, the Indonesian learner who study English language as a first foreign language usually find it veri complicated in learning the structures of the English language.
(40)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baker, M. 1996. Linguistics and Cultural Studies: complementary or competing
paradigms in translation studies. Dischingerweg: Tubingen.
Baker, M. 1996. Linguistics and Cultural Studies: complementary or competing
paradigms in translation studies. Dischingerweg: Tubingen.
Bate, D. 1989. Essay Method and English Expression. Sydney: CambridgePress. Bate, Douglas. 1999. Essay Method and English Expression. Sydney: Harcourt Brace.
Brown, Gillian. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cam-bridge Univ. Press. Catford, J.C. 1965. A linguistic Theory of Translation: an essays in applied
linguistics. London: Toronto.
Corder, S.P. 1985.Applied Linguistics.Auckland: Penguin.
Carson, D. 1988. Oral Language Across the Curriculum. London: Matters. Edwarcte, J. 1995. Language, Society, and Identity.Oxford: Blackwell.
Edward, John. 1985. Language, Society, and Identity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Edwards, John. 1985. Language, Society, and Ideentity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Freeborn, Dennis. 1987. A Course Book in English Grammar. Hongkong: Macmillan.
Goodman, P. 1999. Compulsory Miseducation.London: Penguin.
Halliday, MAK. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Gram-mar. Australia: Edward Arnold.
Huddlestone, Rodney. 1995. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Hudson, Richard. 1984. Word Grammar. London: Basil Blackwwell.
Kurath, Hans. 1972. Studies in Area Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
(41)
Mahsun. 2005. MetodePenelitianBahasa. Jakarta: Raja GrafindoPersada.
Maleong, Lexy J. 1993. MetodologyPenelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: RemajaRosdakarya.
Martin, J.R. 1984. Language, Register, and Genre. Victoria: Deakin.
Martin,J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Matthews, P.H. 1980. Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Matthews, P.M. 1980. Syntax.Sydney: Cambridge Press.
Moleong, Lexy J. 1993. MetodologiPenelitianKualitatif. Bandung: RemajaRosdakarya.
Montgomery, Martin. 1990. An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Penguin books.
Parcinson, GHR. 1990. The Theory of Meanings. London: Longman.
Richards, J.C. 1990. Second Language Teacher Education. Sydney:Cambridge Press.
Samsuri. 1982. AnalisaBahasa. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sedmbiring, MCA. 1985. PengajaranMorfologi. Bandung: Angkasa.
Sembiring, M. 1990. An Introduction to English Grammar.Medan: USU Press. Stern, H.H. 1984. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Sudaryanto. 1993. MetodedanAnekaTeknikb AnalisisBahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana University Press.
Surachmad, Winarno. 1982. PengantarPenelitianIlmiah. Bandung: Tarsito. Suryabrata, Sumadi. 2002. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: Raja GravindoPersada. Suryabrata. 1984. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: angkasa.
(42)
APPENDICS
SENDAI MEETING IS KEY CHANCE TO BUILD ASIA’S DOSASTER
RESILIENCE
The writer is Bindu N. Lohani, the vice-president sustainable development and knowledge management, Asian Development Bank.
When global leaders convene in Sendai, Japan, on March 14-18, they have possibly the biggest-ever opportunity to build the infrastructure and other defenses the infrastructure and other defenses the world needs to withstand the worst ravages of typhoons, earquakes, droughts and other disasters.
Between 2005 and 2014, disasters cost some 403.000 lives in developing Asia alone while losses totaled US$436 billion-or$120 million per day. Climate change means disasters will become more frequent and more intense without action now to better prepare ourselves.
The World Converence on Disasters Risk Reduction will seek to build a new framework for disaster risk reduction to succeed th Hyogo Framework for Action, a 10-year agreement adopted in January 2005 by 168 governments.
Most of Asia faces significant exposure to a wide array of natural hazards. The 2005 world conference occurred, by chance, in the immediate wake of the Indian Ocean tsunami that caused 230.000 fatalities in 14 countries in Asia and East Africa. Since then, few parts of the region have been spared, from India and Pakistan in the west to Samoa in the east. The avalanches in Afghanistan in February and March are merely the latest natural hazards to bring tragedy.
Scuh disasters, which wipe out homes, farmland and jobs, hit the poorest of the region particularly hard since they often live in flood prone coastal areas or river plains, fall back on, it can take some families a decade or more to recover.
Despite the alarming statistics, the post decade has seen signifcant progress on the back of commitments made in 2005. Early warning systems have improved from better forecasting, dissemination and evacuation capabilities.
Thanks to such preparation, a powerfull cyclone that struct densely populated areas along India’s east coast in 2013 resulted in only 47 fatalities despite affecting 13.2 million people.
Scientific tools such as satellite and remote sensing technologies and advances in disasters modeling have also opened up huge opportunities for better management of disaster risk by supporting measures such as risk sensitive land use planning, enhanced infrastructure design and sustainable disaster risk solutions. “Building back better” has become another new mantra.
Governments and development partners now recognize that disaster recovery and reconstruction efforts must integrate measures to strengthen resilience to future natural hazards.
In other regads, progress has been more disappointing. In many Asian countries, enhanced disaster risk information and disaster risk management legislation have not yet translated into significant action on the ground to strengthen resilience. Fiscal management of disaster risk remains weak in developing Asia Less than 5 percent of
(43)
disaster losses are insured compared with 40 percent in developed countries, while use of capital market instruments to offset risk is rare.
The region should consider financial instruments such as pooling risk to reduce insurance costs, catastrophe bonds or pre-agreed loans that countries can call on in the event of disasters. ADB is developing disasters risk financing instruments for selected cities in Indonesia, the Philipines, Vietnam and at a national level in Bangladesh. But none of these instruments will be realized without strong commitment from governments.
By 2050, 64 percent of Asia – a full 3.3 billion people – will live in cities, which are already both economic centers and highly vulnerable to climate change. Recent research shows that of the 100 global cities with the greatest exposure to natural hazards, more than half are in Asia – 21 in the Philippines, 16 in Cina, 11 in Japan and eight in Bangladesh. To protect economies and lives, we must therefore protect existing infrastructure and climate proof new infrastructure.
Leadership and strategic planning is key. The provincial government of Albay in the Philippines, which routinely faces coastal flooding, volcanic activity and typhoons, has set an excellent example.
Through risk-mapping software, early warning systems and innovative knowledge initiatives such as its Disasters Risk Reduction and Climate Change Academy for local government units, it is already reducing the damage from disasters.
Strengthening disasters resilience is also about finding alternative places to site infrastructure, alternative building designs, alternative livelihood decisions and alternative development decisions – choosing long-term sustainability over more short-term growth in some instances.
This requires visionary leadership, learning lessons from others and integrating disaster risk considerations into all investment decisions in hazard-prone areas. This is a message that also needs to be conveyed clearly when presidents, prime ministers and other expers gather in Paris in November to agree on a climate agreement to succeed the Kyoto Protocol.
But we need to act now. A 1-in-200-years disaster is just as likely to happen today or next week as in two centuries. Leaders must therefore be decisive in Sendai and decisive when they return home.
(1)
4.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1
Conclusion
The description of the whole sentences used by Bindu N. Lohani in writing the
news about the Sendai Meeting is Key Chance to Build Asia’s Diaster Resilience”
which he wrote in the newspaper of Jakarta Post which was published on Saturday
March 14
th, 2015 shows to the writer of this paper that there are thirty-three
sentences he used. There is only one sentence form in negative and the rest,
thirty-two sentences are written in affirmative form. The patterns he uses is Subject
followed by Predicate and Complement. The tenses he used to write the whole
sentences are six different tenses. The applied tenses are Present Tense fourty
times (71%), Present Perfect eight times (14%), Present Continuous Tense three
times (5,3%), Future Tense three times (5,3%), Past Tense two times (3,5%), and
Past Future one time (1,7%). There are six kinds of sentences, they are
affirmative, interrogative, interrogative-negative, negative, other two types of
tag-questions. Lohani on this circumstance used only two kind of sentences, they are
affirmative and one negative. The tenses he applied are six different tenses out of
sixteen tenses that the English language has.
4.2
Suggestion
Now as the writer of this paper has finished in drawing the conclusion to the
writing he wants to encourage the other students to write about the morphological
description of someone writing. For instance if he or she has a lot of time to do it
(2)
he or she may does the description of a writing found in a novel. By doing this
kind of activity the readers can understand and realize that what the tenses mostly
used are. The writer of this paper states like this because we, the Indonesian
learner who study English language as a first foreign language usually find it veri
complicated in learning the structures of the English language.
(3)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baker, M. 1996. Linguistics and Cultural Studies: complementary or competing
paradigms in translation studies. Dischingerweg: Tubingen.
Baker, M. 1996. Linguistics and Cultural Studies: complementary or competing
paradigms in translation studies. Dischingerweg: Tubingen.
Bate, D. 1989. Essay Method and English Expression. Sydney: CambridgePress.
Bate, Douglas. 1999. Essay Method and English Expression. Sydney: Harcourt
Brace.
Brown, Gillian. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cam-bridge Univ. Press.
Catford, J.C. 1965. A linguistic Theory of Translation: an essays in applied
linguistics. London: Toronto.
Corder, S.P. 1985.Applied Linguistics.Auckland: Penguin.
Carson, D. 1988. Oral Language Across the Curriculum. London: Matters.
Edwarcte, J. 1995. Language, Society, and Identity.Oxford: Blackwell.
Edward, John. 1985. Language, Society, and Identity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Edwards, John. 1985. Language, Society, and Ideentity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Freeborn, Dennis. 1987. A Course Book in English Grammar. Hongkong:
Macmillan.
Goodman, P. 1999. Compulsory Miseducation.London: Penguin.
Halliday, MAK. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Gram-mar. Australia:
Edward Arnold.
Huddlestone, Rodney. 1995. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge:
Cambridge Univ. Press.
Hudson, Richard. 1984. Word Grammar. London: Basil Blackwwell.
Kurath, Hans. 1972. Studies in Area Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Press.
(4)
Mahsun. 2005. MetodePenelitianBahasa. Jakarta: Raja GrafindoPersada.
Maleong, Lexy J. 1993. MetodologyPenelitian Kualitatif.
Bandung:
RemajaRosdakarya.
Martin, J.R. 1984. Language, Register, and Genre. Victoria: Deakin.
Martin,J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Matthews, P.H. 1980. Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Matthews, P.M. 1980. Syntax.Sydney: Cambridge Press.
Moleong, Lexy J. 1993. MetodologiPenelitianKualitatif. Bandung:
RemajaRosdakarya.
Montgomery, Martin. 1990. An Introduction to Language and Society. London:
Penguin books.
Parcinson, GHR. 1990. The Theory of Meanings. London: Longman.
Richards, J.C. 1990. Second Language Teacher Education.
Sydney:Cambridge Press.
Samsuri. 1982. AnalisaBahasa. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sedmbiring, MCA. 1985. PengajaranMorfologi. Bandung: Angkasa.
Sembiring, M. 1990. An Introduction to English Grammar.Medan: USU Press.
Stern, H.H. 1984. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford
Univ. Press.
Sudaryanto. 1993. MetodedanAnekaTeknikb AnalisisBahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta
Wacana University Press.
Surachmad, Winarno. 1982. PengantarPenelitianIlmiah. Bandung: Tarsito.
Suryabrata, Sumadi. 2002. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: Raja GravindoPersada.
Suryabrata. 1984. MetodePenelitian. Jakarta: angkasa.
(5)
APPENDICS
SENDAI MEETING IS KEY CHANCE TO BUILD ASIA’S DOSASTER
RESILIENCE
The writer is Bindu N. Lohani,
the vice-president sustainable development and
knowledge management, Asian Development Bank.
When global leaders convene in Sendai, Japan, on March 14-18, they have possibly the biggest-ever opportunity to build the infrastructure and other defenses the infrastructure and other defenses the world needs to withstand the worst ravages of typhoons, earquakes, droughts and other disasters.
Between 2005 and 2014, disasters cost some 403.000 lives in developing Asia alone while losses totaled US$436 billion-or$120 million per day. Climate change means disasters will become more frequent and more intense without action now to better prepare ourselves.
The World Converence on Disasters Risk Reduction will seek to build a new framework for disaster risk reduction to succeed th Hyogo Framework for Action, a 10-year agreement adopted in January 2005 by 168 governments.
Most of Asia faces significant exposure to a wide array of natural hazards. The 2005 world conference occurred, by chance, in the immediate wake of the Indian Ocean tsunami that caused 230.000 fatalities in 14 countries in Asia and East Africa. Since then, few parts of the region have been spared, from India and Pakistan in the west to Samoa in the east. The avalanches in Afghanistan in February and March are merely the latest natural hazards to bring tragedy.
Scuh disasters, which wipe out homes, farmland and jobs, hit the poorest of the region particularly hard since they often live in flood prone coastal areas or river plains, fall back on, it can take some families a decade or more to recover.
Despite the alarming statistics, the post decade has seen signifcant progress on the back of commitments made in 2005. Early warning systems have improved from better forecasting, dissemination and evacuation capabilities.
Thanks to such preparation, a powerfull cyclone that struct densely populated areas along India’s east coast in 2013 resulted in only 47 fatalities despite affecting 13.2 million people.
Scientific tools such as satellite and remote sensing technologies and advances in disasters modeling have also opened up huge opportunities for better management of disaster risk by supporting measures such as risk sensitive land use planning, enhanced infrastructure design and sustainable disaster risk solutions. “Building back better” has become another new mantra.
Governments and development partners now recognize that disaster recovery and reconstruction efforts must integrate measures to strengthen resilience to future natural hazards.
In other regads, progress has been more disappointing. In many Asian countries, enhanced disaster risk information and disaster risk management legislation have not yet translated into significant action on the ground to strengthen resilience. Fiscal management of disaster risk remains weak in developing Asia Less than 5 percent of
(6)
disaster losses are insured compared with 40 percent in developed countries, while use of capital market instruments to offset risk is rare.
The region should consider financial instruments such as pooling risk to reduce insurance costs, catastrophe bonds or pre-agreed loans that countries can call on in the event of disasters. ADB is developing disasters risk financing instruments for selected cities in Indonesia, the Philipines, Vietnam and at a national level in Bangladesh. But none of these instruments will be realized without strong commitment from governments.
By 2050, 64 percent of Asia – a full 3.3 billion people – will live in cities, which are already both economic centers and highly vulnerable to climate change. Recent research shows that of the 100 global cities with the greatest exposure to natural hazards, more than half are in Asia – 21 in the Philippines, 16 in Cina, 11 in Japan and eight in Bangladesh. To protect economies and lives, we must therefore protect existing infrastructure and climate proof new infrastructure.
Leadership and strategic planning is key. The provincial government of Albay in the Philippines, which routinely faces coastal flooding, volcanic activity and typhoons, has set an excellent example.
Through risk-mapping software, early warning systems and innovative knowledge initiatives such as its Disasters Risk Reduction and Climate Change Academy for local government units, it is already reducing the damage from disasters.
Strengthening disasters resilience is also about finding alternative places to site infrastructure, alternative building designs, alternative livelihood decisions and alternative development decisions – choosing long-term sustainability over more short-term growth in some instances.
This requires visionary leadership, learning lessons from others and integrating disaster risk considerations into all investment decisions in hazard-prone areas. This is a message that also needs to be conveyed clearly when presidents, prime ministers and other expers gather in Paris in November to agree on a climate agreement to succeed the Kyoto Protocol.
But we need to act now. A 1-in-200-years disaster is just as likely to happen today or next week as in two centuries. Leaders must therefore be decisive in Sendai and decisive when they return home.