code. But all these are derivative from talk, and—important as they are—they are for most of us relatively specialised functions as compared with ‘mere talk’.
1.2 The Problems
1. What types of sentences are used by Lohani in telling the news which is dealing with the Sendai Meeting held in Japan on March 14-18?
2. What are the tenses applied to tell the news to the readers?
1.3 The Scopes of Writing
While someone is writing about something there will be a tramendous things to be written. The title of this writing is deal with the structural used, so structures
are still very general, therefore the writer of this paper limits his descriptions deal with the types of sentences and also the tenses used in Lohani writing found in the
Jakarta Post Newspaper which was published on Saturday March, 14
th
2015.
1.4 The Purposes of Writing
When someone is walking through of course he or she has a goal to be reached, therefore in writing this paper of course there will be the purposes to be reached.
The writer wants to find out the description of Lohani’s language deals with the types of sentences and tenses used in the newspaper while he is telling or spread
the news about the meeting held in Sendai Japan.
1.5 The Methods of writing
In writing a paper there can be applied a variety of methods, such as field research method, library research method, experiment method, etc. For this kind of paper
the writer is applying the library research because all the required data to be described are taken from writtent text, the Jakarta Post Newspaper which was
published on Saturday March, 14
th
2015. The title of the news is Sendai Meeting is Key Chance to Build Asia’s Dosaster Resilience. The meeting was held in
Japan in Martch 14
th
—18
th
.
2.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
So far as we can tell, all human languages are equally perfect as instruments of communication: that is, every language appears to be as well equipped as any
other for saying the things its speakers want to say. It may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures, but that is another matter.
Certainly, not all groups of people. are equally competent in nuclear physics or psychology or the cultivation of rice or the printing of batik cloth. But this is not
the fault of their language. The Eskimos, it is said, can speak about snow with far more precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the
Eskimo language one of those sometimes mis-called ‘primitive’ is inherently more precise and subtle than English. This example does not illustrate a defect in
English, a show of unexpected ‘primitiveness’. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the people who speak English live in different
environments and adapt their languages accordingly. The English language would be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the
environments in which English w s habitually used made such distinctions important.
To produce or to understand a complicated sentence, we need a firm grasp on its underlying simple structure. In the following summary, the seven most common
patterns are sorted out according to whether or not the verb carries along any complements, and, if so, how many and what kind. For each sentence pattern, the
summary first shows the simple, bare-bones model. It then shows the pattern as it might be expanded and varied in actual sentences—first, through the addition of
modifiers, second, through the duplication of one or more basic parts; and, third, through inversions, or variations in word order.
Pattern one: Subject—Verb S-V This is the bare-minimum sentence in English. The verb alone serves as the
complete predicate. Verbs used in this pattern are called intransitive they are not “in transit” to anything; they are not going anywhere.
Example : Kites fly. Mary nodded. The rain had stopped.
Varied : A cat may look on a king.
Pattern two : Subject—Verb—Object S-V-O
In this pattern, a transitive verb carries the action of the subject across to a second noun or noun substitute. The difference between a transitive and an intransitive
verb is like that between a through road and a dead-end street. The second noun becomes part of the basic structure of the sentence and is called the direct object.
In many sentences, it acts as the target of an action, the result of a performance. Examples : Dogs chase cats.
Varied : The heavens declare the glory of God.
Pattern three : Subject—Linking Verb—Noun, S-LV-N In this pattern, the verb pins a label on the subject. The label is a second noun that
serves as a description of the first. The second noun in this pattern is often called a predicate noun. The verb linking it to the subject is called a linking verb. Most
commonly the linking verb is a form of be. Occasionally, especially in British usage, the linking verb is a verb like feel, seem, or remain:
Example : Philip is a fool.
Varied : Man is the measure of all things.
Pattern four: Subject—Linking Verb—Adjective S-LV-Adj In this pattern, the linking verb again pins a label on the subject. But this time the
label is not a second noun. It is rather a word chosen from the third major word class: an adjective. Adjectives are words like warm, slender, blue, heavy,
beautiful, ladylike, studious. They typically fit in after intensifiers like very, fairly, extremely: very short, fairly expensive, extremely beautiful. In comparisons, they
use forms with -er-est or are preceded by more and most: older than my brother; more difficult .than you think. The adjective that follows the linking verb is often
called a predicate adjective. Verbs that may serve as linking verbs in this pattern include be, seem, appear, become, grow, turn, feel, taste, sound, smell, and look:
Examples : Men are mortal. V`aried
: All the boys seemed to him very strange. Pattern five
: Subject—Verb—Indirect Object—Object S-V-IO In this pattern, a transitive verb makes a detour through a second complement
before carrying the action across to the direct object. The additional noun or noun substitute inserted between the verb and direct object is called the indirect object.
Typically, the indirect object shows the intended recipient or destination. By its position, that is, by word order, it conveys a meaning that at a different point in
the sentence would have to be shown by a preposition indicating to whom or for what. Verbs that fit this pattern include give, send, teach, write, buy, leave, lend,
offer, show, ask: Example
: Jim wrote his wife a letter.
Varied : Thou canst not every day give me thy heart.
Pattern six : Subject—Verb—Object—Object Complement S-V-O-OC In this pattern, a transitive verb first carries the action or process across to the
object. We then go on to a second complement that pins a label on the object. In this pattern, the label pinned on the object is an additional noun or noun
substitute, called the object complement. The resulting pattern looks the same as Pattern Five but is put together differently. In Pattern Five, there is a triangle
relationship of “Sender Destination — Missive.” What is sent and to whom are two quite different things. In Pattern Six, we have a combination of Pattern Two
“I consider John” and Pattern Three “John is a fool”. As a result, in “I consider John a fool” John and the fool are the same person. Verbs that fit this pattern
include consider, think, call, make, name, choose, elect, vote, appoint: Example
: I consider John my friend. Varied
: A child’s laughter makes the darkness light. Pattern seven : Subject—Verb—Object—Adjective S-V-O-Adj
In this pattern we again have the verb pin a label on the object. This time, the label is an adjective. The result is a combination of Pattern Two, and Pattern Four
“This action is premature”. Combining these two statements, we arrive at “I consider this action premature.” Verbs that fit this pattern include some of the
verbs from Pattern Six, but also many others: consider, think, call, make,’ find, paint, turn, keep.
Example : I consider John eligible.
Varied : Winter kept us warm, covering Earth in forgetful snow.
When you start looking for the basic patterns that underlie actual sentences, remember the following cautions:
1 Not all complete utterances fit the subject-predicate pattern. In spoken English, but also in imaginative writing, we find many units that are
grammatically self-contained and yet lack subject or verb or both. Many exclamations consist merely of a noun cluster:
What a man My ticket
Many casual remarks sound like a sentence of Pattern Three or Four from which a mere filler subject like it and a form of be have been omitted:
It is a Beautiful day today. Subject or verb or both are missing from many familiar sayings balancing one
thing off against the other: 2 Some familiar sentence types fit the basic patterns only imperfectly. The
following sentences use be as a main verb and not as an auxiliary; and be does not link a noun or an adjective to the subject. We would therefore classify it as an
intransitive verb in Pattern One: Your brother was here.
Here and abroad belong to the fourth major word class. They are adverbs — in this case, adverbs of place. Usually we would treat these as optional modifiers
added to the basic pattern. But here the basic pat tern does not seem complete until the adverb has been added. Some grammarians would therefore list a Pattern
Eight: Subject—Be — Adverb S-Be-Adv.
3 Some sentences do not fit the familiar basic patterns at all. In the following sentences, the verb is an intransitive verb that fits Pattern One, but at the same
time it acts as if it were a linking verb that pins a label on the subject: Grandmother died happy
In the following sentence, the fourth element in the basic pattern pins a label on the subject—rather than on the object:
He left the casino a millionaire. In other words, our listing of basic patterns is not intended as a complete
inventory of possible sentence types. But it does furnish us with the most common among the simple structures that more complicated sentences expand, vary, and
combine.
3.
THE STRUCTURAL DESCRITION
Before the writer of this paper is going to give the description of the language applied by Bindu N. Lohani, the vice-president sustainable development and
knowledge management, Asian Development Bank he would like to explain a little bit about the grammar of English, because it can be understood that the title
of this writing is Structural Description. The term ‘grammar’ is used in a number of different senses—the grammar of a
language may be understood to be a full description of the form and meaning of the sentences of the language or else it may cover only certain, variously
delimited, parts of such a description. Here we shall use it in one of these narrower senses, embracing syntax and morphology. Syntax is concerned with the
way words combine to form sentences, while morphology is concerned with the form of words. We will launch without delay into a discussion of basic concepts
in syntax and morphology, returning in to the distinction between grammar in this sense and various other components of a full description and to the basis for
dividing grammar into syntactic and morphological subcomponents. The only terms that we shall need to anticipate are sentences.
Syntax deals with combinations of words, we have said, morphology with the form of words. But again the term ‘word’ has been used in a variety of senses. For
our immediate purposes it will suffice to draw just one distinction, which we can approach by considering the relation between, say, tooth and teeth: are they
different words or the same word? From one point of view they are clearly different words: they are pronounced and spelt differently, they differ in meaning,
and they occur in different positions in Sentences so that we could not, for example, replace tooth by teeth in This tooth is loose or teeth by tooth in These
teeth are loose, and SC on. Yet they are also traditionally said to be different forms of the same word. This is a more abstract sense: we abstract away the
differences between them to isolate what is common to both. It will, be helpful to distinguish both terminologically and notationally between these two senses. I
shall use word for the less abstract concept, lexeme for the more abstract one, and I shall cite words in ordinary italics, Iexeme in bold face italics. We accordingly
say that tooth and teeth arc different words, but forms of the same lexeme tooth. More specifically, we will say that tooth is the ‘singular’ form of tooth and that
teeth is its ‘plural’ form. The words tooth and teeth are thus each analysed into two components, the abstract lexeme and what we shall call an inflectional
property. These properties are relevant to both the morphological and syntactic components ofthe grammar and for this reason are commonly referred to also as
‘morphosyntactic properties’. The morphology will include rules for deriving the various inflectional forms of a lexeme from the ‘lexical stem’, while the syntax
will include rules specifying under what conditions a lexeme may or must carry a given inflectional property. Thus it is a fact of morphology that the plural of tooth
is teeth, whereas it is a fact of syntax that if tooth enters into construction with this there must be ‘agreement’ in number, i.e. both must cai5ry the singular inflection
or both the plural. Similarly, the morphology will tell us that the ‘past participle’ of the verb see is seen, whereas the syntax will say that a past participle is
required in the ‘passive’ construction, as in He was seen by the caretaker.
Not all words enter into inflectional contrasts such as we find between tooth and teeth, this and these, or see, sees, saw, seeing and seen. Usually, as with words
like because, of however, besides, this is because there is simply no inflectional property present at all — and, precisely because there is no inflectional property
to abstract away, the concept of lexeme will be inapplicable in such cases. Thus because is a word that is not a form of any lexeme. In other cases we can
recognise an inflectional property even though it is not independently contrastive: alms does not contrast with singular alm, but we can still analyse it as a plural
form, and conversely equipment does not contrast with plural equipments but we can still analyse it as a singular form. In these cases we can invoke the concept
of lexeme, so that equipment, for example, will be the singular form of the lexeme equipment. When we say that equipment has a singular form but no plural form
we are talking about the same kind of entity as when we say that tooth has tooth as its singular form and teeth as its plural form. But it is of course contrasts like
that between tooth and teeth that provide the raison d’être for the lexeme concept: if it were not for these we would have no lexeme—word distinction, tooth and
teeth that provide the raison deter for the lexeme concept: if it were not for these we would have no lexeme-word diustinctin, tooth vs tooth, to generalize to cases
like equipment vs equipment. In drawing the patterns of the Lohani writing in the newspaper of Jakarta Post is
begun or started from the title. The title of the news can be paraphrase as following.
Sendai meeting is key chance to build asia’s dosaster
resilience
Subject S Lingking verb
LV Complement
Present Tense Data
1
When global leaders convene in Sendai,
Japan, on March 14- 18
they have possibly the biggest-ever opportunity to
build the infrastructure and other defenses the infrastructure and other defenses the world needs
to withstand the worst ravages of typhoons, earquakes, droughts and other disasters.
1
Adv. S
Comp. Present Tense
Data
2
Between 2005 and 2014,
disasters cost
some 403.000 lives in developing Asia alone while losses totaled US436 billion-or 120 million per
day.
2
Subject S Verb
Complement some
403.000 lives
while losses totaled US436 billion-or 120 million per day.
2
PT S
V Comp.
PT losses
totaled US436 billion-or 120
million per day.
2
PT
Data
3
Climate change means disasters
will become more frequent and more intense without
action now to better prepare ourselves.
3
Subject Predicate
Complement Future Tense
Data
4
The World Converence on
Disasters Risk Reduction
will seek to build
a new framework for disaster risk reduction to succeed the Hyogo
Framework for Action, a 10-year agreement adopted in January 2005 by
168 governments.
4
Subject Predicate
Complement Future Tense
Data
5
Most of Asia faces significant exposure to a wide array of natural hazards.
5
Subject Verb
Complement Present Tense PT
Data
6
The 2005 world conference
occured in the immediate wake of the Indian Ocean
tsunami that caused 230.000 fatalities in 14 countries in Asia and East Africa.
6
Subject Verb
Complement Past Tense
Data
7
few parts of the region
have been spared
from India and Pakistan in the west to Samoa in the east.
7
Subject Predicate
Complement Present Perfect Tense
Data
8
The avalanches in Afghanistan in February and
March are
merely the latest natural hazards to bring tragedy.
8
Subject LV
Complement Present Tense
Data
9
Scuh disasters, which wipe out farmland and jobs,
Subject predicate
complement Present Tense
Subject hit
the poorest of the region particularly hard ....
Predicate complement
Present Tense they
live in flood prone coastal areas or river plains, fall back on,
Subject Verb
Complement Present tense
it can take
it can take some families a decade or more to recover.
9
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Tense
Data
10
Despite the alarming statistics, the post
decade has seen
signifcant progress on the back of commitments made in 2005.
10
Subject Predicate
Complement
Present Perfect Tense
Data
11
Early warning systems
have improved from better forecasting, dissemination
and evacuation capabilities.
11
Subject Predicate
Complement Present Perfect Tense
Data
12
Thanks to such preparation, a powerfull
cyclone that struct
struct densely populated areas along India’s east coast in 2013 resulted in only 47
fatalities despite affecting 13.2 million people.
12
Subject Verb
Complement Present Tense
Data
13
Scientific tools such as satellite and remote sensing technologies and
advances in disasters modeling have also
opened up huge opportunities for better
management of disaster risk by supporting measures
Subject Predicate
Complement Present Perfect
sensitive land use
risk planning Subject
Predicate Complement
Present Tense .....
enhanced infrastructure design and sustainable disaster risk
solutions.
13
Verb Complement
Past Tense
Data
14
“Building back better” has become
another new mantra.
14
Subject Predicate
Complement Present Perfect
Data
15
Governments and development partners now recognize
recognize that disaster recovery and
reconstruction efforts Subject
Verb Complement
Present Tense that disaster recovery and
reconstruction efforts must integrate
measures to strengthen resilience to future natural hazards.
15
Subject Predicate
Complement Present Tense
Data
16
progress has been more disappointing.
16
Subject Predicate
Present Perfect Tense
Data
17
disaster risk
information Subject
Verb Object
Present Tense disaster
risk management legislation
Verb Complement
Present Tense
have not yet translated into significant action on the ground to
strengthen resilience.
17
Predicate Complement
Present perfect Tense Data
18
Fiscal management of
disaster risk remains
weak in developing Asia Less than 5 percent of disaster losses
Subject Verb
Complement Present Tense
... are
insured compared with 40 percent in developed
countries, LV+Verb
Present Tense use of capital market instruments to offset risk is
rare.
18
Subject LV
Complement Present Tense
Data
19
The region should consider
financial instruments such as pooling Subject
Predicate Complement
Past Future ...
risk to reduce insurance costs, catastrophe bonds or pre-agreed
loans Predicate
Complement Present Tense
countries can call on
in the event of disasters.
19
Subject Predicate
Complement Present Tense
Data
20
ADB Is developing
disasters
Subject LV + V
Complement Present Continuous Tense
... risk
financing instruments for selected cities in Indonesia, the Philipines, Vietnam and at a national level in Bangladesh.
20
Verb Complement
Present Tense Data
21
But none of these instruments
will be realized without strong commitment from
governments.
21
Subject Predicate
Complement Future Tense
Data
22
By 2050, 64 percent of Asia–a full 3.3 billion people
will live in cities,
Subject Predicate
Complement Future Tense
which are
already both economic centers and highly vulnerable to climate change.
22
Subject LV
Complement Present Tense
Data
23
Recent research shows
that of the 100 global cities with the greatest exposure to natural hazards, more than half are in
Asia – 21 in the Philippines, 16 in Cina, 11 in Japan and eight in Bangladesh.
23
Subject Verb
Complement Present Tense
Data
24
... To protect
economies and lives Verb
Complement
Present Tense we
must therefore protect existing infrastructure and climate proof
new infrastructure.
24
Subject Predicate Complement
Present Tense Data
25
Leadership and strategic planning is
Key.
25
Subject LV
Complement Present Tense
Data
26
The provincial government of Albay in the Philippines, which
routinely faces
coastal flooding, volcanic activity
Subject Verb
Complement Present Tense
and typhoons, has set
an excellent example.
26
Subject Predicate
Complement Present Perfect
Data
27
Through risk-mapping software, early warning systems and innovative
knowledge initiatives such as its Disasters risk
Reduction and Climate Change Academy for local
government units,
Subject Verb
Complement Present Tense
it is already reducing
the damage from disasters.
27
Subject LV + Verb Present Continuous Tense
Data
28
Strengthening disasters
resilience is also
about finding
alternative places to site infrastructure, alternative building designs, alternative livelihood decisions and
alternative development decisions – choosing long-
term sustainability over more short-term growth in some instances.
28
Subject LV+V
Complement Present Continuous Tense
Data
29
This requires
visionary leadership, learning lessons from others and integrating disaster
Subject Verb
Complement Present Tense
... risk
considerations into all investment decisions in hazard- prone areas.
29
Verb Complement
Present Tense
Data
30
This is
a message Subject
LV Complement
Present Tense that also needs to be conveyed
needs to be conveyed clearly when
Subject Predicate
Adverb Present Tense
presidents, prime ministers and
other experts gather
gather in Paris in November to agree on a climate agreement to succeed the Kyoto
Protocol.
30
Subject Predicate
Complement Present Tense
Data
31
But we need to act
now.
31
Subject Predicate
Complement Present Tense
Data
32
A 1-in-200-years disaster is
just as likely to happen today or next week as in two centuries.
32
Subject LV
Complement Present Tense
Data
33
Leaders must therefore be decisive
in Sendai and decisive Subject
Predicate Compliment
Present Tense they
return home.
33
Subject Verb
Compliment Present Tense
4.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion
