Vernacular Building Design and Construction

Ni Luh Putu Eka Pebriyanti ST. M.Sc Procedia –ICAADE2015 00 2016 000–000 3 Indonesia.Based on information obtained from the National Coordinating Agency Disaster Management and Refugees Bakornas on 21 In March 2005 the number of victims of the 20 districts in Aceh province NAD is estimated at 126.602 dead and buried, and lost as many as 93.638 people, while the number of victims in the province of North Sumatra an estimated 130 people died and 24 people missing. Of sources of information similarly, the number of refugees who are scattered as many as 514.150 people in 21 districtscities NanggroeAceh Darussalam Province. 1.2. Flood Preventing and Mitigation Efforts to tackle flooding and inundation already popular all over the world are combined various efforts that are structural and non structural, integrated flood management, which aims to suppress the magnitude of the problem, loss, or disasters caused by flooding. The rain became one of the causes of flooding. It can be seen from the statistics of natural disasters. Flooding generally occurs in every rainy season. When the rain intensity increases, there will be also an increase in water discharge. If an area does not have irrigation systems or water absorption is good, then the potential for flooding will be greater. High Public awareness about not to throw garbage into rivers or sewers will reduce flooding. In urban areas, garbage disposal is not in place is one of the largest cause in terms of clogging of waterways such as culverts or drains which make water flow is inhibited so not to flow to other place. Lack of water catchment areas because of the loss of an area that should be an area for water catchment. We shouldnt build settlements in the area around the river. Expand the green open space : the green space in big cities should be around 30 of the area of the city. Unfortunately in the fact, green open spaces only about 10 even though this is one of the means to cope with the flood because when it rains, the water can be absorbed optimally. Beyond that, the green open space useful to reduce pollution, be a sport place, play, and relax residents. The other way is make Hole Infiltration Biopori. Many people dont yet understand what and advantage of biopori. Biopori useful to reduce the amount of rainwater or water from the drain in the ground.Biopori itself is a hole diameter of 10-30 cm by 80 cm vertical depth of 100 cm. Once created the hole, filled in with gravel and covered with essentially organic waste such as leaves. The important efforts to tackle flooding are good waste management. One good way of handling waste that is in addition to dispose of waste in place with separates between organic and non organic waste in order to accelerate the process of waste treatment.

2. Vernacular Building Design and Construction

What we think about the word vernacular? Amos Rapoport with his article in the book Spontaneous Shelter 1988 about planning and environmental issues, he discuss how spontaneous settlement as vernacular design. He propose a conceptual framework within which the consideration of cultural and formal qualities of spontaneous settlement can best be achieved; that is, to consider them as vernacular environment. He use spontaneous rather than squatter because the latter is essentially a legal term, referring to land tenure rather than to the nature of the built environment. As a particular type of cultural landscape, spontaneous settlements are characterized by specific qualities that can be discussed and studied. Some constraints to the creation of such settlement, e.g., those of knowledge and resources are severe, but those of regulations, codes, and formal professional ideologies tend to be very weak. In environments created by the users, resource constraints may often be less harmful than those of regulations or professional ideology. Vernacular traditions are tools in the midst of many to cultural resources, to foster a sense of community and identity, to promote sustainability in building and construction, and to improve quality of life. They seek to transform the industry into one that makes the most of natural resources efficiently, lessen waste and energy expenditure, manages land use effectively, and increases quality of life in a way that is both globally and locally responsive. Vernacular buildings have great historical potential. The structures can be seen as feats of skill and craftsmanship, enlightening us about the training, specialization, mobility and organization of carpenters, and their links with other crafts and relationships with employers. The construction of the building also reveals the achievements and restraints of early technology. Tadesse, 2007 : 297-307 Ni Luh Putu Eka Pebriyanti ST. M.Sc Procedia –ICAADE2015 00 2016 000–000 4 2.1. Indonesia Vernacular Architecture Will vernacular traditions be able to respond or adapt? By keeping the environment balanced, vernacular architecture succeeds in creating a peaceful and reliable condition of natural resources. Traditional dwellings have developed to respond to Indonesia hot and wet monsoon climate. As is common throughout South East Asia and the South West Pacific, most rumahadat are built on stilts, with the exception of Java and Bali.Building houses off the ground allows breezes to moderate the hot tropical temperatures; it elevates the dwelling above storm water runoff and mud; it allows houses to be built on rivers and wetland margins; it keeps people, goods and food from dampness and moisture and reduces the risk of dry rot and termites. The sharply inclined roof allows the heavy tropical rain to quickly sheet off, and large overhanging eaves keep water out of the house and provide shade in the heat. In hot and humid low-lying coastal regions, homes can have many windows providing good cross-ventilation, whereas in cooler mountainous interior areas, homes often have a vast roof and few windows. Natural material like timber, bamboo, thatch and fiber and wooden peg are used. Dawson,1994 : 10-12The earliest traditional house rumahadat and Indonesia vernacular buildings structures were communal timber longhouses on stilts, with steep sloping roofs and heavy gables. Technique is for a foundation,beam and lintel for system of structure take straight load to ground which one wooden or bamboo walls that are non-load barrier. 2.2. Loloan Area Stilt House Stilts houses in Loloan composed of three parts, namely the ground floor, the middle floor and the upstairsloft called para-para. There are two stairs to connect the lower floorunder the middle of the floor. Front stair used for guests while the rear ladder used for the household or closerelatives.Jembrana has a heterogeneous population with different cultural backgrounds. One of them is the presence of Muslims in Loloan. Cultural assimilation occurredby Bugis, Malay and others. Stilt house is one of the cultural heritage that still exists today. Loloan stilt house is not just one model. Loloanstilt house is a model that similar with stilts house in Bugis-Makassar. Stilt house in loloan both Western and Eastern Loloan have similar form with stilt house in Bugis therefore stairs that often used is 5 and 7.Tangi wood is necessary wood to made houses on stilts . This wood is very sturdy to support the building. Typically, as the chosen wood joints is tengulun wood. This wood is anti termite. If placed on the ground, never eaten by termites.Tangi wood is then placed on a wooden tengulun. Generally, a stilt house uses 12, 16 or 20columnpoles. One of the original stilt house still existing in East Loloan is family of Mrs. AsmaDafir. The stilt house has built 250 years ago. The house is still strong, although in some parts, especially the wall has undergone a change. Stilt house over 2 meters height. House plan is divided into three parts front, middle and rear. In front, in addition to receiving guests is also used for the bed. In the middle, there is a booth that also serves as a bedroom. At the rear, used as a kitchen. However,there also a stilt houseonly has one cubicle. The cubicle was specific to the head of the family. At the top floor is also available where it so called para-para. This placeused by girls for weaving. In fact, in ancient times, that space also used as a place for seclusion pingitan. Another feature of the home stage is the placement of the door to the east. Wherever facing the house, the doors remain in the east. The reason, the door to the east, it will not disturb people who were praying in the west. The development concept of this stilt house is identical to the mosque. If you enter the mosque, should perform ablutions, then to enter the stilt house also done the same thing. Anyone who enter must wash your feet under the stairs. But if person who entrywas a respected person, they prepared a place to wash that person feet in front of the entrance, after the stairs. The porch in this place position is lower than the middle floor of the house. Guests can sit in this place while waiting to be let in by the householder. According to a leader in Loloan, stilts house built because it can adapt to natural conditions which is close to the IjoGadingriverin Loloan village. Before the settlement was built, IjoGading River overflowed and caused flooding. The stilt house can anticipate flooding due to overflowing rivers IjoGading. The bottom of the pit houses on stilts that can still absorb or pass water. Stilt house also been able to anticipate the attacks of wild animals such as crocodiles are numerous around the river IjoGading at that time.Flash flood occurred in 1697, IjoGading River Ni Luh Putu Eka Pebriyanti ST. M.Sc Procedia –ICAADE2015 00 2016 000–000 5 overflowed, destroying the Brambang palace royal center Jembrana including the royal family I GustiPutuNgurah Tapa and its people . Although hitby the flood, Bugis village in Bandar Pancoran survived. Bugis people who work as traders, knowledge of the trade becomes very important. Knowledge and experience and ability to relate with local authorities will put a person to occupy the post of harbormaster. A harbormaster determine the trading activity in the harbor and smoothness economy kingdom. People who become harbormaster is highly respected. Along with the developments livelihood cultivated by Bugispeoplemore varied as well. Regarding settlement patterns of Bugis community in Jembrana, most of whom live on the banks of the riverclose to estuary. Livelihood as fishermen, demanding them to settle in a suburb of a large river. This is to facilitate access to sea and boat mooringwhich is used for fishing. Houses are built is type of houses on stilts like Bugishouse.Settlement patterns that exist in the community Bugis people in Jembrana was originally appropriatewith their culture, both from the layout and construction of houses on stilts in accordance with structure their classes. However, with their villages alongside with Bali - Hindu society then there is mixing and shifting social behavior. MuchBalinese-Hindu married to a Balinese - Islam and vice versaespecially inEast Loloan. Sumarsono, 1993:70 Fig. 1.IjoGadingRiver Upper Lower Bottom Fig. 2.a Structure Construction Loloan stilt house b Western Loloan village c EastenLoloan Village Ni Luh Putu Eka Pebriyanti ST. M.Sc Procedia –ICAADE2015 00 2016 000–000 6 House Floor Plan And Form The original form stilts house in Loloan has the shape of a rectangular floor plan with a number of sixteen or twenty columns. The distance between the columns is 2 to 3 meters. Judging from the composition of space horizontally, the middle floor is divided into three parts, namely front, middle and rear. Front there is a room for foyer and vestibule. Guests can sit on the porch while waiting the householder, there are the washing feet area at porch for respected person because there is a tradition in Loloan before entering the inside of the middle floor are required to wash the feet of the floor. The middle section there is a bedroom.The front room is located on the front of the middle floor. The front room is intended to receive guests, family gathering place, where to eat, chant, pray, a place to hold the ceremony and at night used to bed. The house have booths located on the second floor in the middle of the stem. In general, there are two cubicles. One booth intended for the elderly or people who have been married and children. One more intended for girls who have grown up girl. Boys who have grown up sleeping in the front room. If you require additional booths, the booth there will be no permanent bulkhead of wooden boards or gedekwithout changing the composition organization of floor space. The house with sixteen columns, generally has a composition cubicle bedroom lined to the side, while the house with twenty column generally has a composition cubicle bedroom lined to back. On the back, used as a kitchen. The kitchen is used as a place to store cooking utensils and cooking activities. The kitchen are on the floor at the rear because there are norms or rules that govern society Loloan laying position of the kitchen is at the rear. The kitchen is a secret. Guests not relatives, should not be over the limit this room, let alone get into the kitchen area. ROAD ROAD ROAD ROAD STAIR LIVINGROOM BEDROOM KITCHEN STAIR PORCH STAIR STAIR LIVINGROOM BEDROOM PORCH KITCHEN ROAD STAIR STAIR LIVINGROOM BEDROOM PORCH KITCHEN STAIR STAIR LIVINGROOM BEDROOM PORCH KITCHEN PORCH ROAD BEDROOM BEDROOM STAIR LIVINGROOM BEDROOM KITCHEN STAIR PORCH STAIR LIVINGROOM BEDROOM KITCHEN STAIR PORCH BEDROOM BEDROOM LIVINGROOM KITCHEN STAIR PORCH ROAD STAIR KITCHEN BEDROOM LIVINGROOM ROAD STAIR Ni Luh Putu Eka Pebriyanti ST. M.Sc Procedia –ICAADE2015 00 2016 000–000 7 Structural System Judging from the composition of space vertically, stilt house in Loloan is a house that consists of three parts, namely the upper floorattic,the middlecentral floor and the ground floor. Ground floor used to store household appliances, workplace and work equipment store, where save firewood, sitting and can also be used as a cattle shed. Middle floor is the center of daily activities of the household. 1. The main pillars : usually consists of four rods each line. The amount depends on the amount of space that will be created. But in general there are 12, 16 and 20 main pillars. 2. The next section served as a connector of the main pillars in each row 3. The last part served as a hook located at the top of the main mast and is most center of each row BugisStilt house Islam entered Jembrana-Bali particular region, starting from the arrival of the Bugissailors who do trade relations. They were coming at that time was a resident of South Sulawesi. The entry of Islam into Jembrana occurs in two steps. The arrival of the Muslims of Bugis-Makassar in the event of war between Makassar with VOC. After Makassar falling into authority of VOC in 1667,VOC promised a reward of ten thousand ringgit for anyone who caught squadron boats descendants of Sultan Wajo. Sailors from Bugis descent sultan Wajois difficult to be caught by VOC and hid in the bay PrampangBlambangan. In 1669 helmsman Daeng moved to Bali and landed in ijogading river and settled temporarily in the area. They then sailed the great river meandering north, left, right and a forest full of crocodiles.Sarlan, 2009: 37 In the second step, some Bugis boat landed in air kuningcoastwho then asked the kings permission to settle, coconut gardening and fishing as well as helping people affected by the disease.Shortly thereafter, on the coast of air kuningcoastcomes convoy sailing boat. They who left Pontianak after falling into authority of VOC. They then follow IjoGadingriver. The settlementcalled Loloanvillage has stilt house model that similar with stilts house in Bugis. This paper also comparing two model of stilt house in Loloan village and Bugis-Makassar.How stilt house in Loloan village adopted value and form from the original model Bugis stilt house? The Bugissystem recognize social levels can affect their home form marked with special symbols. The social stratification based on the shape of a traditional house of bugis known as Saoraja and bola. Saoraja means great that the house occupied by the descendants of the king or the nobleman, while bola means ordinary house, the house for the common people. In terms of structure and construction of buildings, both these types of house dont have a difference of principle. The only difference is in the size of the house and social status. In general, Saoraja larger and wider than Bola that is usually characterized by a number of columns.Saoraja have 40-48 column, whereas bola have only 20-30 column. While the difference in social status can be seen in form of ridge cap rooftop of house Fig. 4.Loloan area stilt house Fig. 3.Type of stilt house floor plan inLoloanarea Ni Luh Putu Eka Pebriyanti ST. M.Sc Procedia –ICAADE2015 00 2016 000–000 8 called timpaklaja. Bola doesnt has levelstorey or plain izarwisma, et al., ed, 1985 : 27. The greater number of levels timpaklaja a Saoraja, the higher the social status of its inhabitants.For the Saoraja, there are two additional rooms again: • Lego-legoElgoElgo Additional space, if in front functioned as guests seat before entering, the place to watch any events outside the house. • Dapureng dpuer Jonghejohe Usually placed in the back or side. Its function is to cook and store cookware Before Islam entering into the land of bugis, Bugiscommunity have confidence that the universe is composed of three parts. Until Islam entered, Bugis stilt house floor plan generally still follows the rules of traditional architecture Bugis. This is manifested in the division of space which is still divided into vertical spatial. Philosophical of Bugisstilt house influenced by their community beliefs. Before Islam entered Bugis area residents, Bugispeople have the belief that the universe is composed of three parts, among others : the upper , middle and lower part. In the view of the ancient Bugis community life, the universe the macrocosm is composed of three levels, namely the upper world bottinglangik, middle world lino, and the subconscious uriliyu. The upper world is a natural on the gods, led by one supreme god called dewataseuwae single god. The middle is a natural earth inhabited by the representatives of the supreme god to regulate human relationships with the supreme god, and set the course of the order of the cosmos. The subconscious is a bottom that is under water. Based view of life, then the Bugis vernacular house construction consists of three levels.Vertical spatialcan be grouped into the following three parts such as: • Rakeangreka , the upper house under the roof, consisting of the attic and roof of the house used to store grain and other food supplies as well as heirlooms . In addition because it is a rather closed often used for weaving and dress • Alo-bolaalobol alle bola, located between the lower floor and the upstair floorwhere people live and divided into specific spaces, serves to receive guests, sleeping, and eating • Awasoawso, under the house is located at the bottom between the ground floor or the bottom floor of house that is used to store agricultural tools and livestock. Horizontal spatial arrangement of house, the division of space in terms Bugis called lontanglot latte, can be grouped in three sections as follows: • Lontangrisaliweng lot risliew vestibule, serves to receive guests and guest bed public • Lontangritengngah lot riteg the living room, serves as a roomfor heads of families and children who are minors and the area for eat private . • Lontangrilaleng lot rilel, serves a bed for girls , kitchen , and bathroom. The appearance of Bugisbuilding has attic and roofcalled prismatic roof which Saorajasaorj as well as for ordinary peoples house bolabol, wearing a Timpak ridge cap called Lajatiplj. Timpaklaja has a different shape between saorajasaorj and bolabol. This section is described as the head of the building. At saorajasaorj hastimpaklaja tip lj stratified between three to five. Timpaklajatip lj which signifies a five-storey house belonging to the high nobility.Timpaklajatip lj four-storey, is nobleman housewho hold power and certain positions. For nobles who dont have government positions timpaklaja has only three-storey.Ordinary people are classified into Fig. 4.The tradition moving house ofBugis community Fig.5.The tradition moving house of Bugis community Ni Luh Putu Eka Pebriyanti ST. M.Sc Procedia –ICAADE2015 00 2016 000–000 9 groups to Maradekato mredk can also wear timpaklajalj tip on the roof of his house, but it is justified only make a maximum of two levels timpaklajatip lj.Solid part of Bugis stilt house, wall are made of wood arranged in one openingdoor located on the front gapingtange. The function is to exitentry into the house. The door usually placed on size of number is even, for example, size of house 7 seven fathoms then the door should be placed on the fathoms to 6 six or 4 four measured from the right house. If the door is not proper placement in an even number, can easily cause the house to be entered thieves or criminals. Main building materials are widely used in general wood. Building materials are usually used: Bitti wood, Ipi, Amar, Sandalwood, Tippulu, Durian, Jackfruit, Lontar, Coconut, Trunk of palm, Pinang, Weeds and Ijuk. Walls made of woven bamboo or board. Roof made of palm leaves, and shingles. System of stilts structure using columnpoles and dont use foundation. Oldest house, column planted directly in the buffer of ground. A Process most important in system of building structure is manufacture column. • Making column begins with make central pillar of house. When house consists of two plots, location the center of column is on the second row from the front and the second row of the right side. • When three or more then plots, location of the center column is the third row from the front and the second row of the right side. In detail the characteristics of the structure of the Bugis houses, among others, are: • Have a minimum of four plots or 25 columns five-five to saorajasaorj and three plots or 16 columns for bola bol. • Column shape is rounded to nobleman, quadrilateral and octagon for ordinary people. • There is a center column called Poccipot posi bolaposibol.The most important column in a house, usually made of wood jackfruit or durian. It located in a row of the second column from the front, and the second from the right side. • Stair placed in front or behind, with characteristics:Installed in ale bola aelbol or in lego-lego ElgoElgo. Its direction corresponding to the length of the house or in accordance with the width of the house. • Isosceles triangle-shaped roof that used to cover this part of the face or back of the house • Floor dapara dpr, salima according to its shape can be flat and uneven. Materials used are boards or bamboo. • Wall renring Reri, rinring riri made of treebark, sago palm leaf, or bamboo. • Window tellongeng etloeG three windowfor ordinary people, seven for nobleman. • Doors tangesumpang TGE sup believed if one wrong to put it can evoke disaster, so put in the following way:If the width of the house nine feetdepa, then the door is positioned at the 8th fathomsdepafeet; means the width of the house always odd number and the door placed at even numbers. • Taking role of a shaman sanro bolato set up a custom Bugisstilt house.Sanro bola is considered to master knowledge about the way to built house, ranging from the choice of location and time, choose type of wood , give direction and location of the house, and make elements or ornament home building until the construction as well as all complementary. • The Bugis always selective in choosing materials or wood quality and valuable philosophywhen they wanted to build the house. A wooden used to build house, among others: ajuPanasa jackfruit wood. This timber is usually used to house the center column posi bola. • Material ajubityi, ajuamara, and ajujati used for the overall column, besides the central columnpillar of the house. • Material ajuipi, ajuseppu and coconut trunks. The third type of wood is used for arateng lined backward the long flat beam that serves to bind mast at center of house. The third type of wood is used makes pattoloriawa, namely the long flat beam that serves to bind rows of column toward middle of right and left, and ajulekke, namely the length of beam is at the top and serve to support or hold frame of roof. • Ajutippulu and daunlontar. Woods used to make pare is a long flat beam parallel to back row to functional binding mast arateng on top. In addition, this type of wood is also used to make pattolo raisepadongko, the long flat beams that bind upper end of columnand parallel to pattoloriawa. Tanebba is small beam as the basis of floor of house and serves to hold boards that will be floor of house . • Sandalwood, this type of woodused to make barakkapu, namely small beam of rakkaeang floorattic. Bamboo, used to make addeneng ladder, salima floor, and renring wall. Sago palm leaves, palm fiber, palm ,tree bark , are used to make roof. Palm usually specific to Saorajawhile ,sago palm leafand reeds used for the bola. Ni Luh Putu Eka Pebriyanti ST. M.Sc Procedia –ICAADE2015 00 2016 000–000 10 Development process of Bugis stilt house 1. PreparationProcess Establish a preparation starting from the family discuss. This meeting discussed start type and size of house, time and place to build house, material,and costs required. The first issue discussed was the social status of residents, because the social status determine type and shape of house to be built. 2. Second, determining size of house, there are at least two ways to determine size of house, which measured vertical spatial and spatial horizontal. Vertical spatial determined by high size occupant husband from toe to ear in a standing position.Then, measured from the floor to the eye in a sitting position. The results of the two measurements are then summed. While size of the top peak house is taken from the long half partoloriase, then added two fingers of the wife of the household. Spatially horizontallydetermined by the length and width of house usually use reppafeetfathoms and Jakka inch of householder. 3. Third, determine time. Bugis people believe that there are good and bad time in starting any work. Therefore, which timing is good and bad in starting any work.therefore, timing is very important to ensure positive results in efforts Robinson, 2005: 282. When they wanted to build the house, the Bugis are always looking for a good time, in hope they will be safe. 4. Fourth, determine place and direction of house. Signs which are considered a good ground to build a house which has a slope where water can flow. After the soil tested for their sustainability to occupants by putting anbilafruit maja contained by water where posibola will be placed for one night. If volume of water bila is not increased, it is a good sign. But if the water is still, it means either. For direction of house, land topography is also very decisive. When land sloping down to the north, then house must face east with consideration customary provisions that waste water should flow to the left. After receiving influence of Islam, the house is best facing to south on the assumption that the Kabah is located on the west not to be in line with the feet at bedtime mardanas, et al. ed, 1985: 73 5. Process Of Collecting Materials. The materials needed to build a house bugis usually obtained by felled himself by householder of house, or purchased through traders based on the instructions of a sanro bola. The materials are first searched for the column wood posi bola. Therefore, material must be selected from the tree or strong wood. After pole posibola to be obtained, then started looking for wood poles for the other.Next processis manufacturearateng, pattolo, and the other. 6. After the necessary materials collected, the next step is to manufacture frame of house which consists of three parts, namely awabola bottom, ale bola the middle, and rakkeang attic. Roof flashing instalation is the most important part because its section that determines whether or not a solid wooden house. Material for the bottom cover aliri , arateng , pattoloriawa , the center includes pare , tanebba , pattoloriase , and the top cover ajulekke , barakkapu , patteppobarakkapu , and ajute . For that , before smoothed, materials for this process is usually soaked in water rivers or marshes within weeks, Which in Bugisterms called ibellang. The purpose is intended these materials be strong and solid so not easy gathering termites or insects. Fig. 3.Structure construction ofBugisstilt house Fig.6.Structure construction of Bugis stilt house Ni Luh Putu Eka Pebriyanti ST. M.Sc Procedia –ICAADE2015 00 2016 000–000 11 Table 1.Analyzing and comparazing of type, plan design, form, structure construction both Bugis and Loloan stilt house Stilt House Saoraja type Bola type Stair Column TimpakLajaroof ornament Floor planhorizontal the middle floor Structurevertical Bugis    48-40 20-30 3-5 level saoraja One level bola Three part front, Three part upper, lower, bottom Loloan -   16-20 One level bola Three part Three part Conclusion Loloan stilt house adopt bolaBugis