INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY: ON ISRAEL – PALESTINE CONFLICT ISSUES
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background Issues
During the second world war, the mandate of Palestine as a state under the
rule of the British Empire into the history of who started the conflict in the Middle
East region. Preceded by Balfour Declaration1 which expressed British support for
the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine. This is where the conflict began
seizing territory, coupled with the events of the genocide 2 by Nazi Germany
against Jews made many of those who fled to neighboring States,then Britain
eventually giving the area where they can live in safety from the pursuing armies
of Nazi Germany in the Palestinian territories. Since the Jews of Europe moved
into the territory of Palestine, Jews all over the world were rushing to come and
make their territory in Palestine as a Jewish State. Taking the lead and the seizure
of the Israeli occupation of Palestine made the Palestinian population had to flee
to other areas and even into neighboring countries. This incident also sparked
ongoing conflict between Israel and the Palestine that ultimately the Arab states in
1
Issued by the British government on 2 November 1917, the Balfour Declaration provided a
formal basis for Zionist claims to Palestine. Following sustained efforts by the World Zionist
Organization and protracted internal discussions within the British government, and in recognition
of the special role played by Chaim Weizmann (1874–1952) in the Allied war efforts, British
foreign secretary Arthur James Balfour (1848–1930) wrote a letter to Lord Lionel Walter
Rothschild (1868–1937), a prominent British Zionist leader. See P R Kumaraswamy, The A to Z
of the Arab–Israeli Conflict (The A to Z Guide Series, No. 66), The Scarecrow Press. Inc, UK,
2009, Page 39.
2
It was the genocide of millions European Jews and millions of others during World War II, a
programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler,
throughout Nazi-occupied territory. See The Holocaust Encyclopedia, Yale University Press,
2001.
1
the Middle East who opposed the establishment of the State of Israel in the region
make this conflict escalate into conflict Arab - Israel.3 The conflict had lasted a
considerable number of victims. Resulted in many civilian casualties and
humanitarian tragedy of war is still going despite a ceasefire and Israel's promise
to withdraw troops was given. Even the United Nations (UN) and the countries
that put pressure on Israel to halt its aggression appear to be less
successful. 4 Effect feud in Palestine, or rather in the Gaza Strip, also brings
another dimension of the problem in other parts of the world.
The State of Israel became the main topic of conversation around the corners
of the world, due to the attack against the Palestinians, indirectly causing a huge
impact for diplomatic relations and other cooperation with countries that disagree
with the Israeli invasion of Palestine. One of them is Indonesia; Indonesia has not
even had time to establish diplomatic relations or cooperation with Israel, which
includes predominantly Muslim Indonesia.
Effect of intense conflict between the two countries are making diplomatic cooperation opportunities and the other became closed because of a very strong
protest over Israel's actions come from the citizens of Indonesia. Massive
demonstration by Muslim of Indonesia in government offices and embassies of
Foreign State 5 make the government of Indonesia cannot let demonstration
3
The Arab–Israeli War, which was fought in the months surrounding the formation of the State of
Israel, intensified the Arab–Jewish conflict in Palestine. The military events of that war began in
November 1947 and were concluded by the armistice agreements in early 1949. See P R
Kumaraswamy, Op. Cit. Page 21 – 23.
4
Due to a veto by the government of US that fully supports all Israel’s political decisions.
5
Example : Demonstration at the embassy of US in Surabaya
(http://surabaya.detik.com/read/2011/08/26/155142/1712072/466/demo-konjen-as-kumail-desakisrael-tidak-serang-palestina. Retrieved 18-12-2011) and the pedestrian demonstration in
2
interfere in the political system of the state so that the Government of Indonesia
was taking action to reduce the turmoil in this country.
Indonesia has begun its role to help Palestine in April 1955, by signing The
Bandung Declaration6 that express support for “the right of the Arab people of
Palestine” and called for the implementation of United Nations resolutions on
Palestine and a peaceful resolution of the conflict.
The President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) confirmed his
government will be more proactive in the support for Palestinian sovereignty. For
example, by calling for hundreds of humanitarian activists from the countries of
Asia-Pacific region gathered to discuss the fate of the Palestine.7 And Indonesia
also supports a full membership of Palestine in the UN,8 called on the countries in
the ASEAN and non-aligned movement to join the fight for Palestine. Not only
that, Indonesia also has a training program for a number of Palestine on the issue
of bureaucracy and administration. The purpose of this activity is to prepare
human resources capable and reliable in the future. 9 The conflict between
Palestine and Israel that led to the sympathy of Indonesian Muslims have an
impact and influence on politics affairs in Indonesia which had issued foreign
Thamrin street, Jakarta.http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/08/26/170308/1712147/10/ratusanpeserta-hari-palestina-internasional-macetkan-thamrin. Retrieved 18-12-2011)
6
P R Kumaraswamy, Op. Cit. Page 40.
7
“Bahas Palestina, Aktivis Kemanusiaan Se-Asia Pasifik Berkumpul”, 28/06/2011,
http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/06/28/163551/1670779/10/bahas-palestina-aktiviskemanusiaan-se-asia-pasifik-berkumpul. Retrieved 23-11-2011
8
“Indonesia Minta PBB LakukanReformasi”, 27-09-2011,
http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/amerika/2011/09/27/brk,20110927-358650,id.html. Retrieved
19-12-2011.
9
“Istana: Indonesia Jadi Yang TerdepanBelaPalestina”,27-09-2011,
http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/09/27/221458/1731868/10/istana-indonesia-jadi-yangterdepan-bela-palestina. Retrieved 23-11-2011.
3
policy is one of them with do not open diplomatic relations of cooperation with
Israel.
The Israeli government also had many times to offer cooperation between the
state of Israel and Indonesia, but it has always failed due to the opposition of
Indonesian society. However, President of Indonesia SusiloBambangYudhoyono
ruled out establishing formal diplomatic ties but said: "Any communication
between Indonesian and Israeli officials will be oriented to the objective of
assisting the Palestinian people in gaining their independence".10
In context with the conflict in the Middle East, Indonesia as the world's largest
Islamic adherents state has consistently supported the Palestinian sovereignity is
based on United Nations of Security Council (UNSC) resolution No. 242 (1967)
and no. 338 (1973).11 Indonesia in his capacity as a member of the UN General
Assembly became one of the main initiator of the implementation of the UN
General Assembly Special Session on 15-16 January 2009 regarding the
Palestinian issue. The trial gave birth to Resolution No. A/RES/ES-10/18 which
contains support for the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1860,
as well as appeal to the international community to assist the humanitarian crisis
in the Gaza Strip.12
10
“Indonesia rules out diplomatic ties with Israel.”14-10-2005
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5C10%5C14%5Cstory_14-102005_pg4_13. Retrieved 09-01-2012.
11
The resolution states the unconditional return of all Arab territories occupied by Israel and there
cognition of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people to self-determination, as well as
establishing a state on its own homeland with East Jerusalem as its capital, under the principle of
"land for peace". Not be separated from the contributions made by the government of Indonesia, in
December 2008, for the first time since 2004, the UN Security Council has passed Resolution
No.1850 regarding the peace process in the Middle East, especially Israel and Palestine.
12
RI presidential rule attachment number 5 of 2010 concerning the national medium term
development plan (RPJMN) 2010-2014, BAPPENAS 2010.
4
And the author will explain the impact and Indonesia's support to maintain
political stability of the State due to influences Israeli - Palestinian conflict in a
study titled "Indonesia’s Foreign Policy: On Israel – Palestine Conflict
Issues."
1.2. Research Question
Based on the background issues above, the research question is: how the
influence of Indonesia’s role on multilateral relation towards Israeli - Palestine
conflict resolution?
1.3. Research Purposes and Benefits
1.3.1. To determine the effect of the conflict between Israel and the Palestine
against the Indonesian state and explaining the Indonesia’s foreign policy on
them and also to investigate the relationship between Indonesia with both
States and examine the impact of good and bad of Indonesia.
1.3.2. Practically, to provide information and explanations about the effect of the
conflict between Israel and Palestine against Indonesia and the attitude role
of government of Indonesia. And academically, as a contribution in the
development of social and political science student majoring in International
Relations in particular for use as an input or additional readings on the basis
of subsequent research with research material and objects associated with
foreign policy of Indonesia towards Palestine - Israel.
5
1.4. Literatures Review
Research on the relationship between State - State has pretty much done, With
a variety of connection relations between the two actors will involve research on
the politics of other countries that affect the State Policy. Research conducted and
taken by the researcher is in the form of books, news and journals.
In this study, the position of State - State which wants to study is the position
of the Israeli – Palestinian Conflict to national interests and influence policy
making and foreign policy of a State. To research how conflicts that affect the
State in policy making occurs when regional stability is threatened and caused a
lot of new State shall adopt policies and play a role in the conflict issue to shore
up its interests in regional and international systems.
In a book titled The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, by John J
Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, describing the Israeli influence on American
and the important role and interests of the United States in the Palestinian peace
process with Israel. Here the authors express the same discussion but with
different actors namely Indonesia. In the bookare presented all kinds of roles the
United States to reconcile the two countries. And also explained about U.S
Interests in the Middle East and the power of the Israel lobby are so thick in the
politics of the United States.
Second, the research thesis entitled “Politik Luar Negeri Mesir Pasca
Perjanjian Camp David (Peran Mesir bagi Terciptanya Stabilitas Politik di Timur
Tengah)” by the University of Indonesia student, Arief RA in 2000. The study
describes the state of Egypt after the Camp David to restore confidence in Middle
6
East countries that do not approve the agreement between Egypt and Israel. And
it’s also explained about the efforts of State of Egypt to create political stability in
the Middle East region. In that study by using the same concepts and variables
with this research, but have the object or different research actors.
And in fact there are many more literatures and writings that discuss the Issue
of State's role in another State. However, the author gives only the above literature
that is considered closest to the discussion of the concept of this paper. And this
study has a pattern in which the diplomacy of Indonesia to support the
advancement of foreign policy as well come to be one of the countries which have
an important role in world peace, focusing in Israel and Palestine conflict.
1.5. Concept of Foreign Policy and Theory of Decision Making Process
Concept of Foreign Policy explains the collection of the orientation of the
external conditions that determine the position of the State in international
politics, a set of commitments and plans to act as well as a form of behavior or
action taken in dealing with the external environment based on the general
orientation and commitment as well as international political objectives of a State.
In this paper, the concept of foreign policy will describe how the impact of Israel Palestinian conflict can affect politics affairs in Indonesia and how Indonesia’s
attitudes influence these conflicts.
Foreign policy of a country is a reflection of its national interests so the
changes that occur in the State also influence the foreign policy of that State
because in a democratic system foreign policy can never be detached from the
7
demands of domestic politics. So the concept of national interest works on this
problem.13 This concept is where the national interests as the main basis of the
bargain between the two countries. Any measures taken and decided by the State
shall be based on national interests of that State. In international politics, national
interest is considered as an instrument and objectives of the State to survive in the
international arena. This concept also takes the perspective of diplomacy as soft
power of national interest. Soft power relies on the ability to determine the
political agenda in a proper way so as to form another party option. The ability to
form another party choice is often associated with power sources that cannot be
calculated (intangible power resources). This concept is also equipped with the
theory and practice of diplomacy and foreign policy which describes multitrack
diplomacy as a way of reconciliation conflict in Middle East.14
Indonesia’s foreign relations shall be conducted on the basis of the
independent and active foreign policy and dedicated to the national interest,
especially to supporting national development in all spheres of life, and for the
purpose of establishing a world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social
justice. International relations should aim to strengthen international and regional
friendly relations and cooperation through various multilateral and regional
channels, in accordance with the national interest and potentials. In this regard,
the positive image of Indonesia abroad should be enhanced such as by way of
cultural activities. Any international developments and changes shall be watched
13
Read Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Knopf,
1978, Page 39.
14
Read Sukawarsini Djelantik, Diplomasi antara Teori dan Praktik, Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta,
2008, Page 218-219.
8
carefully in order that appropriate steps can be promptly taken to protect national
stability and development from any possible negative impact. At the same time,
international developments that provide opportunities to assist and speed up
national development should be seized and fully exploited.
In this case, the authors take one of 3 models of decision making by Graham
T. Allison to explaining Indonesia’s decision for its foreign policy from his book
Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, to be the instrument for
describing the proses of foreign politic of Indonesia toward Israel – Palestine
conflict. The authors take the paradigm of decision making third model in which
the authors view of Politics – Bureaucratic, which the unit of analysis of this
model is the actions of officials government in applying the authority to the State,
as the model most suited to this research. This models will explains that the
government of Indonesia does not stand alone in making decisions about the case
of Israel - Palestine, but also social process that is foreign policy is the result of
the interaction, bargaining games and political process between the various actors
and organizations in decision making process.15
It states that no foreign policy is made without referring to the domestic
consequences and vice versa. 16 With regard to this study, the influence of
domestic politics and foreign policy of Indonesia has mutual influence on each
other. Indonesia will not have a foreign policy to support the Palestine if it were
not for the influence of the mass and the sympathy of the Muslim people of
15
Read Mohtar Mas’oed, Ilmu Hubungan Internasional : Disiplin dan Metodologi, LP3ES,
1994, Page 234-245.
16
Read James N. Rosenau, The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy, New York ; Free Press. 1980,
Page 368.
9
Indonesia to fight for the rights of sovereignty of the Palestinian people. The
Muslim majority is one of the causes that people of Indonesia strongly support
Palestinian sovereignty while also fighting for the rights of humanity in a
democratic system in Indonesia and actively makes Indonesia as one of the
supporters of the sovereignty of the Palestine.
So it can be concluded that foreign policy is taken as a result of State action
which has its national interests, along with the development actors in international
relations, the partnership and cooperation between countries increasingly
necessary. Diplomacy here serves as explanatory tools in the role of Indonesia’s
national interests in foreign policy issues in particular play a role in Palestine –
Israel conflict. This approach will be adopted by researcher to conduct this
research.
1.6. Research Method
1.6.1. Types of Research
Type used in this research is descriptive research. The research is to describe
data and analyze how Indonesia’s foreign policy towards the Palestinian – Israel
issue.
1.6.2. The Scope of Research
The author determines the scope of research to facilitate the focus of this
research. The scope of research based on the time limitation is the year 2005 2012 which focused the scope based on material since Israel’s unilateral
disengagement until The Upgrading Status of Palestine In United Nations which
10
considered to give a political contribution for Palestine and Israeli conflict and
political conditions greatly affect Indonesia, which means that during the reign of
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
1.6.3. Techniques of Data Collection
The author uses secondary data as a source of information and materials in
conducting this research. The data obtained by conducting study bibliography of
books, newspapers, articles or journals, internet sites and some lecture material
obtained researcher during the lecture. In addition, researchers also use audiovisual data obtained from television news broadcasts about The Palestinian Israel and the other, which is considered to contribute to this research.
1.6.4. Techniques of Data Analysis
Methods of data analysis techniques in the writing of this study using
qualitative methods of data presentation used by researchers, making this research
as a research library that presents the data to analyze the phenomenon that has
been determined.
1.6.5. Level of Analysis
This study has two factors of independent and the dependent variable,
independent variable is a variable that is used to describe the behavior of the
dependent variable, while the dependent variable is a variable whose behavior will
be analyzed, foreseen and predicted by the independent variable. In this study the
independent variable is the Palestine – Israel conflict while the dependent variable
is the foreign policy of Indonesia. This study puts Indonesia at the State level as
the unit of analysis because the scope of its country in international politics which
11
will to analyze. While the level of the second State is Palestine and Israel as an
explanatory unit, because of its role which will explain how the problems of the
two countries have an impact on Indonesia.17
1.7. Hypotheses
The role of Indonesia as the country's largest Muslim - majority population in
the world and one of the State Security Council non-permanent of United Nations
and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement make Indonesia should
have a role in conflict resolution both countries. Indonesia has a role in the
problems of Palestine - Israel, but that role has not been influential in the conflict
between two countries. This is due to Indonesia only being associated with
Palestine in the absence of relations with Israel. Indonesia only had a role in the
case of Israel through a third party which is the United Nations. Indonesia has
quite a significant role towards the Palestinian views of the overwhelming support
in the State, but not for Israel. Indonesia’s rejection of any diplomatic relations
with Israel made role to help Palestine were impressed prevented. And Indonesia
could only do a lot of criticisms of Israeli actions against Palestine as a form of
support. So in this case the role of Indonesia has not dominated the politics and
the Middle East conflict. In this study, will discuss the Palestine - Israel issues and
Indonesia's relationship with both countries based on foreign policy concept and
the third model of decision making theory: Politics – Bureaucratic, to analyze the
role of Indonesia on the issues of Palestine - Israel and discover how Indonesia’s
17
Read Mohtar Mas’oed, Op. Cit. Page165.
12
foreign policy in the two countries influence this issue for political interests
domestically and internationally.
1.8. Framework of Thought
Conflict of Israel and Arab
Palestine
Influences in Indonesia
Non - Government
INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
Government
ON ISRAEL – PALESTINE
CONFLICT ISSUES
13
1.9. Systematic Research
In Chapter I, which contains The Introduction, the author will explain the
background and formulation of the problem in this study and its framework of
thought and research methods.
In Chapter II, the Authors will describe the Israel – Palestine conflict and its
influence to the world peace and Indonesia. Then also describe about the factors
issue in domestic of Indonesia such as its impact to civil society, organizations
and political parties that caused by the Israel – Palestine conflict.
In Chapter III, explain and describe Indonesia’s foreign policy and their role
in international resolution for Israel – Palestine conflict.
In Chapter IV, contains the conclusions and suggestions based on the results
of this study.
14
SKRIPSI
INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY:
ON ISRAEL – PALESTINE CONFLICT ISSUES
By:
Noorayni Rahmawati
08260102
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
SKRIPSI
INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY:
ON ISRAEL – PALESTINE CONFLICT ISSUES
Prepared and submitted to meet one of the requirements
Obtained for Bachelor of Political Science (S.IP) Strata-1
Department of International Relations
By:
Noorayni Rahmawati
08260102
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
STATEMENT SHEET OF ORIGINALITY
The undersigned below
:
Name
: Noorayni Rahmawati
Place, date of birth
: Kupang, June 26 1989
NIM
: 08260102
Faculty
: Social and Political Sciences
Major
: International Relations
Stated that scientific work (thesis) with the title:
INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY:
ON ISRAEL – PALESTINE CONFLICT ISSUES
Is not a scientific paper (thesis) to others, either in part or in whole, except in the
form of a quote that I have mentioned the source correctly.
Thus I created this affidavit in good faith and if this statement is not true, I'm
willing to be sanctioned in accordance with applicable regulations.
Malang, October 20, 2013
Which states,
Noorayni Rahmawati
INTRODUCTION
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Assalamua’alaikum warahmatullahhi wa barakatuh.
In connection with the research conducted by the author on Indonesia's
foreign policy towards the Israel - Palestine, many references have been discussed
about Indonesia's role in addressing the problem. However, not much to discuss
the specifics of how Indonesia instrumental in helping the Palestinians in the
conflict with Israel that occurred in 2005 to 2012 in which Indonesia has issued a
new political program in helping Palestinians achieve independence struggle in
the international forums where this government programs received support and
assistance from all levels of Indonesian society.
The author realizes that in the process and presentation of this thesis, there
are still many gaps and deficiencies that need to be patched perfected. Therefore,
input and constructive criticism is expected by the writer to help close the shortfall
gap.
Finally, the writer hopes this thesis can contribute, even if small, is either
beneficial to add and to develop knowledge about the International Relations
studies at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang alone, but also the discipline
of International Relations in Indonesia in general. Amien.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wa barakatuh.
Malang, October 20, 2013
Writer,
Noorayni Rahmawati
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background Issues ....................................................................................... 1
1.2. Research Question ....................................................................................... 5
1.3. Research Purposes and Benefits .................................................................... 5
1.4. Literatures Review ........................................................................................ 6
1.5. Concept of Foreign Policy and Theory of Decision Making Approach ......... 7
1.6. Research Method
1.6.1. Types of Research ................................................................................. 10
1.6.2. The Scope of Research ........................................................................... 10
1.6.3. Techniques of Data Collection................................................................ 11
1.6.4. Techniques of Data Analysis ................................................................. 11
1.6.5. Levelof Analysis .................................................................................... 11
1.7. Hypotheses ................................................................................................. 12
1.8. Framework of Thought ............................................................................... 13
1.9. Systematic Research ................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER II ISRAEL – PALESTINE CONFLICT AND ITS IMPACT TO
THE WORLD PEACE
2.1. The Beginning of Conflict .......................................................................... 15
2.2. Peace Process of Two State Solution .......................................................... 18
2.3. Global Effect of the Conflict ...................................................................... 21
2.4. The Influence of Israel – Palestine Conflict on Domestic Condition of
Indonesia .................................................................................................... 23
2.5. The Responds of Indonesia Society:
2.5.1. Organizations and public bodies ............................................................ 26
2.5.2. Mass Media ........................................................................................... 29
2.5.3. Political party ........................................................................................ 30
2.5.4. Parliaments (DPR-MPR) .................................................................................. 31
2.5.5. President-ship......................................................................................... 33
2.5.6. The Foreign Department of Indonesia .................................................... 34
CHAPTER
III
INDONESIA’S
FOREIGN
POLICY
ON
ISRAEL
–
PALESTINE CONFLICT
3.1. The Indonesia Foreign Policy and Its Relation with Both Countries ............ 37
3.1.1. The Relation Between Indonesia and Israel ............................................ 39
3.1.2. The Relation Between Indonesia and Palestine ...................................... 43
3.2. Indonesia’s Role As Member of International Organizations in Israel –
Palestine Conflict ....................................................................................... 49
3.2.1.Indonesia’s Role In United Nations ................................................................ 50
3.2.2.Indonesia’s Role In Non-Alignment Movement .......................................... 56
3.2.3.Indonesia’s Role In Organization of Islamic Conference ............................ 57
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 61
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“Penanggulangan Terorisme,” 26/7/2011
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“Demo Konjen AS, KUMAIL Desak Israel Tidak Serang Palestina”, 26/08/2011
http://surabaya.detik.com/read/2011/08/26/155142/1712072/466/demokonjen-as-kumail-desak-israel-tidak-serang-palestina. Retrieved 18-122011
“Ratusan Peserta Hari Palestina Internasional Macetkan Thamrin”, 26/08/2011
http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/08/26/170308/1712147/10/ratusanpeserta-hari-palestina-internasional-macetkan-thamrin. Retrieved 18-122011
“Bahas Palestina, Aktivis Kemanusiaan Se-Asia Pasifik Berkumpul”, 28/06/2011,
http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/06/28/163551/1670779/10/bahaspalestina-aktivis-kemanusiaan-se-asia-pasifik-berkumpul. Retrieved 2311-2011
“Indonesia Minta PBB Lakukan Reformasi”, 27-09-2011,
http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/amerika/2011/09/27/brk,20110927358650,id.html. Retrieved 19-12-2011.
“Istana: Indonesia Jadi Yang Terdepan Bela Palestina”, 27-092011,http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/09/27/221458/1731868/10/ista
na-indonesia-jadi-yang-terdepan-bela-palestina. Retrieved 23-11-2011.
“Indonesia rules out diplomatic ties with Israel, reaffirms pro-Palestine stand.” 1410-2005.
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5C10%5C14%5Cs
tory_14-10-2005_pg4_13. Retrieved 09-01-2012.
“UN Secretary-General Supports Full Palestinian Membership,”
9/9/2011. http://www.imemc.org/article/61985. Retrieved 19-7-2012.
“UN vote on Palestinian state put off amid lack of support,” 11/11/2011,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/11/united-nations-delayspalestinian-statehood-vote. Retrieved 19-7-2012.
“Palestinians UN upgrade to non-member observer state: Struggles ahead over
possible powers,”
29/11/2012.http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/11/29/palestinians-unupgrade-to-nonmember-observer-state-struggles-ahead-over/. Retrieved 45-2013.
“Dijanjikan Jihad ke Palestina, Dulmatin Rekrut Anak Muda,” 21/3/2010,
http://www.komisikepolisianindonesia.com/ragam/read/474/jihad-kepalestina.html. Retrieved 23-2-2013.
“Controversy over Indonesia-Israel relations,” 11/20/1999
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/1999/11/20/controversy-overindonesiaisrael-relations.html. Retrieved 23-2-2013.
“Komunitas Asia Pasifik Galang Dukungan untuk Palestina,” 29/06/2011
http://news.detik.com/read/2011/06/29/172809/1671270/10/komunitasasia-pasifik-galang-dukungan-untuk-palestina. Retrieved 15-02-2013
“Senior politician says supporting Palestinian resistance is an Indonesian religious
and constitutional duty,” 14/10/2010,
http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/resources/interviews/1631-seniorpolitician-says-supporting-palestinian-resistance-is-an-indonesianreligious-and-constitutional-duty Retrieved 18-3-2013.
“Sepakat Pecat Menteri Korup; Kontrak Politik PKS dan SBY,”
http://www.antikorupsi.org/id/content/sepakat-pecat-menteri-korupkontrak-politik-pks-dan-sby. Retrieved 15-02-2013.
“SebelasAnggota DPR Akan ke Palestina,” 24/3/2012,
http://analisis.news.viva.co.id/news/read/298802-sebelas-anggota-dprakan-ke-palestina. Retrieved 21-03-2013.
“Komisi I DPR RI Bawa Misi Perdamaian Ke Palestina,” 27/11/2012,
http://www.dpr.go.id/id/berita/komisi1/2012/nov/28/4713/komisi-i-dpr-ribawa-misi-perdamaian-ke-palestina. Retrieved 2-4-2013.
“Komisi I DPR RI Berangkat ke Gaza,” 21/11/2012
http://www.indonesiamedia.com/2012/11/21/komisi-i-dpr-ri-berangkat-kegaza. Retrieved 15-02-2013.
“Dubes RI Cairo Bertemu Peserta Solidaritas Gaza dari Indonesia,” 31/12/2009
http://www.deplu.go.id/Pages/Embassies.aspx?IDP=646&l=id. Retrieved
15-02-2013.
“RI postpones plans for representative office,” 3/8/2012,
www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/03/ri-postpones-plansrepresentative-office.html. Retrieved 21-03-2013.
“Indonesia freezes plan to informally upgrade ties with Israel via envoy in
Ramallah Jakarta now says ‘We don’t want to interact with Israel’,” 6/8/
2012. www.timesofisrael.com/indonesia-freezes-plan-to-informallyupgrade-ties-with-israel-via-senior-diplomat-in-ramallah. Retrieved 21-032013.
“Israel’s Rejection was a ‘Badge of Honor,’ Indonesian Foreign Minister Says,”
6/8/ 2012. www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/israels-rejection-was-a-badgeof-honor-indonesian-foreign-minister-says/535933. Retrieved 21-03-2013.
“From Israel to Indonesia with love,” 8/11/2012
http://www.jpost.com/International/From-Israel-to-Indonesia-with-love.
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http://www.merdeka.com/uang/bagaimana-hubungan-dagang-indonesiaisrael-terjalin.html Retrieved 22-03-2013
“Representatives from Indonesia, Israel sign medical agreement,” 7/11/2008,
http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/11/07/representativesindonesia-israel-sign-medical-agreement.html?1 Retrieved 22-03-2013
“Kerjasama Militer Israel-Indonesia Terbongkar,” 17/12/2010,
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www.antaranews.com/en/news/82841/indonesia-train-palestinians-inconstruction-work Retrieved 22-03-2013
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http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/02/04/indonesia-open-repoffice-palestine.html Retrieved 22-03-2013
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http://www.kemlu.go.id/Pages/IIssueDisplay.aspx?IDP=10&l=id
Retrieved 22-03-2013
“Penyerbuan Kapal Marvi Marmara, 12 WNI Akan Dibebaskan Hari Ini, 2
Lainnya Besok,” 2/6/2010
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4521&Itemid=55 Retrieved 22-03-2013
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30/11/2012.
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http://news.detik.com/read/2011/09/23/053710/1728645/934/indonesiamelobi-oki-dan-gnb-untuk-palestina?881101934 Retrieved 22-03-2013
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background Issues
During the second world war, the mandate of Palestine as a state under the
rule of the British Empire into the history of who started the conflict in the Middle
East region. Preceded by Balfour Declaration1 which expressed British support for
the establishment of a Jewish State in Palestine. This is where the conflict began
seizing territory, coupled with the events of the genocide 2 by Nazi Germany
against Jews made many of those who fled to neighboring States,then Britain
eventually giving the area where they can live in safety from the pursuing armies
of Nazi Germany in the Palestinian territories. Since the Jews of Europe moved
into the territory of Palestine, Jews all over the world were rushing to come and
make their territory in Palestine as a Jewish State. Taking the lead and the seizure
of the Israeli occupation of Palestine made the Palestinian population had to flee
to other areas and even into neighboring countries. This incident also sparked
ongoing conflict between Israel and the Palestine that ultimately the Arab states in
1
Issued by the British government on 2 November 1917, the Balfour Declaration provided a
formal basis for Zionist claims to Palestine. Following sustained efforts by the World Zionist
Organization and protracted internal discussions within the British government, and in recognition
of the special role played by Chaim Weizmann (1874–1952) in the Allied war efforts, British
foreign secretary Arthur James Balfour (1848–1930) wrote a letter to Lord Lionel Walter
Rothschild (1868–1937), a prominent British Zionist leader. See P R Kumaraswamy, The A to Z
of the Arab–Israeli Conflict (The A to Z Guide Series, No. 66), The Scarecrow Press. Inc, UK,
2009, Page 39.
2
It was the genocide of millions European Jews and millions of others during World War II, a
programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler,
throughout Nazi-occupied territory. See The Holocaust Encyclopedia, Yale University Press,
2001.
1
the Middle East who opposed the establishment of the State of Israel in the region
make this conflict escalate into conflict Arab - Israel.3 The conflict had lasted a
considerable number of victims. Resulted in many civilian casualties and
humanitarian tragedy of war is still going despite a ceasefire and Israel's promise
to withdraw troops was given. Even the United Nations (UN) and the countries
that put pressure on Israel to halt its aggression appear to be less
successful. 4 Effect feud in Palestine, or rather in the Gaza Strip, also brings
another dimension of the problem in other parts of the world.
The State of Israel became the main topic of conversation around the corners
of the world, due to the attack against the Palestinians, indirectly causing a huge
impact for diplomatic relations and other cooperation with countries that disagree
with the Israeli invasion of Palestine. One of them is Indonesia; Indonesia has not
even had time to establish diplomatic relations or cooperation with Israel, which
includes predominantly Muslim Indonesia.
Effect of intense conflict between the two countries are making diplomatic cooperation opportunities and the other became closed because of a very strong
protest over Israel's actions come from the citizens of Indonesia. Massive
demonstration by Muslim of Indonesia in government offices and embassies of
Foreign State 5 make the government of Indonesia cannot let demonstration
3
The Arab–Israeli War, which was fought in the months surrounding the formation of the State of
Israel, intensified the Arab–Jewish conflict in Palestine. The military events of that war began in
November 1947 and were concluded by the armistice agreements in early 1949. See P R
Kumaraswamy, Op. Cit. Page 21 – 23.
4
Due to a veto by the government of US that fully supports all Israel’s political decisions.
5
Example : Demonstration at the embassy of US in Surabaya
(http://surabaya.detik.com/read/2011/08/26/155142/1712072/466/demo-konjen-as-kumail-desakisrael-tidak-serang-palestina. Retrieved 18-12-2011) and the pedestrian demonstration in
2
interfere in the political system of the state so that the Government of Indonesia
was taking action to reduce the turmoil in this country.
Indonesia has begun its role to help Palestine in April 1955, by signing The
Bandung Declaration6 that express support for “the right of the Arab people of
Palestine” and called for the implementation of United Nations resolutions on
Palestine and a peaceful resolution of the conflict.
The President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) confirmed his
government will be more proactive in the support for Palestinian sovereignty. For
example, by calling for hundreds of humanitarian activists from the countries of
Asia-Pacific region gathered to discuss the fate of the Palestine.7 And Indonesia
also supports a full membership of Palestine in the UN,8 called on the countries in
the ASEAN and non-aligned movement to join the fight for Palestine. Not only
that, Indonesia also has a training program for a number of Palestine on the issue
of bureaucracy and administration. The purpose of this activity is to prepare
human resources capable and reliable in the future. 9 The conflict between
Palestine and Israel that led to the sympathy of Indonesian Muslims have an
impact and influence on politics affairs in Indonesia which had issued foreign
Thamrin street, Jakarta.http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/08/26/170308/1712147/10/ratusanpeserta-hari-palestina-internasional-macetkan-thamrin. Retrieved 18-12-2011)
6
P R Kumaraswamy, Op. Cit. Page 40.
7
“Bahas Palestina, Aktivis Kemanusiaan Se-Asia Pasifik Berkumpul”, 28/06/2011,
http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/06/28/163551/1670779/10/bahas-palestina-aktiviskemanusiaan-se-asia-pasifik-berkumpul. Retrieved 23-11-2011
8
“Indonesia Minta PBB LakukanReformasi”, 27-09-2011,
http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/amerika/2011/09/27/brk,20110927-358650,id.html. Retrieved
19-12-2011.
9
“Istana: Indonesia Jadi Yang TerdepanBelaPalestina”,27-09-2011,
http://www.detiknews.com/read/2011/09/27/221458/1731868/10/istana-indonesia-jadi-yangterdepan-bela-palestina. Retrieved 23-11-2011.
3
policy is one of them with do not open diplomatic relations of cooperation with
Israel.
The Israeli government also had many times to offer cooperation between the
state of Israel and Indonesia, but it has always failed due to the opposition of
Indonesian society. However, President of Indonesia SusiloBambangYudhoyono
ruled out establishing formal diplomatic ties but said: "Any communication
between Indonesian and Israeli officials will be oriented to the objective of
assisting the Palestinian people in gaining their independence".10
In context with the conflict in the Middle East, Indonesia as the world's largest
Islamic adherents state has consistently supported the Palestinian sovereignity is
based on United Nations of Security Council (UNSC) resolution No. 242 (1967)
and no. 338 (1973).11 Indonesia in his capacity as a member of the UN General
Assembly became one of the main initiator of the implementation of the UN
General Assembly Special Session on 15-16 January 2009 regarding the
Palestinian issue. The trial gave birth to Resolution No. A/RES/ES-10/18 which
contains support for the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1860,
as well as appeal to the international community to assist the humanitarian crisis
in the Gaza Strip.12
10
“Indonesia rules out diplomatic ties with Israel.”14-10-2005
http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2005%5C10%5C14%5Cstory_14-102005_pg4_13. Retrieved 09-01-2012.
11
The resolution states the unconditional return of all Arab territories occupied by Israel and there
cognition of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people to self-determination, as well as
establishing a state on its own homeland with East Jerusalem as its capital, under the principle of
"land for peace". Not be separated from the contributions made by the government of Indonesia, in
December 2008, for the first time since 2004, the UN Security Council has passed Resolution
No.1850 regarding the peace process in the Middle East, especially Israel and Palestine.
12
RI presidential rule attachment number 5 of 2010 concerning the national medium term
development plan (RPJMN) 2010-2014, BAPPENAS 2010.
4
And the author will explain the impact and Indonesia's support to maintain
political stability of the State due to influences Israeli - Palestinian conflict in a
study titled "Indonesia’s Foreign Policy: On Israel – Palestine Conflict
Issues."
1.2. Research Question
Based on the background issues above, the research question is: how the
influence of Indonesia’s role on multilateral relation towards Israeli - Palestine
conflict resolution?
1.3. Research Purposes and Benefits
1.3.1. To determine the effect of the conflict between Israel and the Palestine
against the Indonesian state and explaining the Indonesia’s foreign policy on
them and also to investigate the relationship between Indonesia with both
States and examine the impact of good and bad of Indonesia.
1.3.2. Practically, to provide information and explanations about the effect of the
conflict between Israel and Palestine against Indonesia and the attitude role
of government of Indonesia. And academically, as a contribution in the
development of social and political science student majoring in International
Relations in particular for use as an input or additional readings on the basis
of subsequent research with research material and objects associated with
foreign policy of Indonesia towards Palestine - Israel.
5
1.4. Literatures Review
Research on the relationship between State - State has pretty much done, With
a variety of connection relations between the two actors will involve research on
the politics of other countries that affect the State Policy. Research conducted and
taken by the researcher is in the form of books, news and journals.
In this study, the position of State - State which wants to study is the position
of the Israeli – Palestinian Conflict to national interests and influence policy
making and foreign policy of a State. To research how conflicts that affect the
State in policy making occurs when regional stability is threatened and caused a
lot of new State shall adopt policies and play a role in the conflict issue to shore
up its interests in regional and international systems.
In a book titled The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, by John J
Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, describing the Israeli influence on American
and the important role and interests of the United States in the Palestinian peace
process with Israel. Here the authors express the same discussion but with
different actors namely Indonesia. In the bookare presented all kinds of roles the
United States to reconcile the two countries. And also explained about U.S
Interests in the Middle East and the power of the Israel lobby are so thick in the
politics of the United States.
Second, the research thesis entitled “Politik Luar Negeri Mesir Pasca
Perjanjian Camp David (Peran Mesir bagi Terciptanya Stabilitas Politik di Timur
Tengah)” by the University of Indonesia student, Arief RA in 2000. The study
describes the state of Egypt after the Camp David to restore confidence in Middle
6
East countries that do not approve the agreement between Egypt and Israel. And
it’s also explained about the efforts of State of Egypt to create political stability in
the Middle East region. In that study by using the same concepts and variables
with this research, but have the object or different research actors.
And in fact there are many more literatures and writings that discuss the Issue
of State's role in another State. However, the author gives only the above literature
that is considered closest to the discussion of the concept of this paper. And this
study has a pattern in which the diplomacy of Indonesia to support the
advancement of foreign policy as well come to be one of the countries which have
an important role in world peace, focusing in Israel and Palestine conflict.
1.5. Concept of Foreign Policy and Theory of Decision Making Process
Concept of Foreign Policy explains the collection of the orientation of the
external conditions that determine the position of the State in international
politics, a set of commitments and plans to act as well as a form of behavior or
action taken in dealing with the external environment based on the general
orientation and commitment as well as international political objectives of a State.
In this paper, the concept of foreign policy will describe how the impact of Israel Palestinian conflict can affect politics affairs in Indonesia and how Indonesia’s
attitudes influence these conflicts.
Foreign policy of a country is a reflection of its national interests so the
changes that occur in the State also influence the foreign policy of that State
because in a democratic system foreign policy can never be detached from the
7
demands of domestic politics. So the concept of national interest works on this
problem.13 This concept is where the national interests as the main basis of the
bargain between the two countries. Any measures taken and decided by the State
shall be based on national interests of that State. In international politics, national
interest is considered as an instrument and objectives of the State to survive in the
international arena. This concept also takes the perspective of diplomacy as soft
power of national interest. Soft power relies on the ability to determine the
political agenda in a proper way so as to form another party option. The ability to
form another party choice is often associated with power sources that cannot be
calculated (intangible power resources). This concept is also equipped with the
theory and practice of diplomacy and foreign policy which describes multitrack
diplomacy as a way of reconciliation conflict in Middle East.14
Indonesia’s foreign relations shall be conducted on the basis of the
independent and active foreign policy and dedicated to the national interest,
especially to supporting national development in all spheres of life, and for the
purpose of establishing a world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social
justice. International relations should aim to strengthen international and regional
friendly relations and cooperation through various multilateral and regional
channels, in accordance with the national interest and potentials. In this regard,
the positive image of Indonesia abroad should be enhanced such as by way of
cultural activities. Any international developments and changes shall be watched
13
Read Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Knopf,
1978, Page 39.
14
Read Sukawarsini Djelantik, Diplomasi antara Teori dan Praktik, Graha Ilmu, Yogyakarta,
2008, Page 218-219.
8
carefully in order that appropriate steps can be promptly taken to protect national
stability and development from any possible negative impact. At the same time,
international developments that provide opportunities to assist and speed up
national development should be seized and fully exploited.
In this case, the authors take one of 3 models of decision making by Graham
T. Allison to explaining Indonesia’s decision for its foreign policy from his book
Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, to be the instrument for
describing the proses of foreign politic of Indonesia toward Israel – Palestine
conflict. The authors take the paradigm of decision making third model in which
the authors view of Politics – Bureaucratic, which the unit of analysis of this
model is the actions of officials government in applying the authority to the State,
as the model most suited to this research. This models will explains that the
government of Indonesia does not stand alone in making decisions about the case
of Israel - Palestine, but also social process that is foreign policy is the result of
the interaction, bargaining games and political process between the various actors
and organizations in decision making process.15
It states that no foreign policy is made without referring to the domestic
consequences and vice versa. 16 With regard to this study, the influence of
domestic politics and foreign policy of Indonesia has mutual influence on each
other. Indonesia will not have a foreign policy to support the Palestine if it were
not for the influence of the mass and the sympathy of the Muslim people of
15
Read Mohtar Mas’oed, Ilmu Hubungan Internasional : Disiplin dan Metodologi, LP3ES,
1994, Page 234-245.
16
Read James N. Rosenau, The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy, New York ; Free Press. 1980,
Page 368.
9
Indonesia to fight for the rights of sovereignty of the Palestinian people. The
Muslim majority is one of the causes that people of Indonesia strongly support
Palestinian sovereignty while also fighting for the rights of humanity in a
democratic system in Indonesia and actively makes Indonesia as one of the
supporters of the sovereignty of the Palestine.
So it can be concluded that foreign policy is taken as a result of State action
which has its national interests, along with the development actors in international
relations, the partnership and cooperation between countries increasingly
necessary. Diplomacy here serves as explanatory tools in the role of Indonesia’s
national interests in foreign policy issues in particular play a role in Palestine –
Israel conflict. This approach will be adopted by researcher to conduct this
research.
1.6. Research Method
1.6.1. Types of Research
Type used in this research is descriptive research. The research is to describe
data and analyze how Indonesia’s foreign policy towards the Palestinian – Israel
issue.
1.6.2. The Scope of Research
The author determines the scope of research to facilitate the focus of this
research. The scope of research based on the time limitation is the year 2005 2012 which focused the scope based on material since Israel’s unilateral
disengagement until The Upgrading Status of Palestine In United Nations which
10
considered to give a political contribution for Palestine and Israeli conflict and
political conditions greatly affect Indonesia, which means that during the reign of
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
1.6.3. Techniques of Data Collection
The author uses secondary data as a source of information and materials in
conducting this research. The data obtained by conducting study bibliography of
books, newspapers, articles or journals, internet sites and some lecture material
obtained researcher during the lecture. In addition, researchers also use audiovisual data obtained from television news broadcasts about The Palestinian Israel and the other, which is considered to contribute to this research.
1.6.4. Techniques of Data Analysis
Methods of data analysis techniques in the writing of this study using
qualitative methods of data presentation used by researchers, making this research
as a research library that presents the data to analyze the phenomenon that has
been determined.
1.6.5. Level of Analysis
This study has two factors of independent and the dependent variable,
independent variable is a variable that is used to describe the behavior of the
dependent variable, while the dependent variable is a variable whose behavior will
be analyzed, foreseen and predicted by the independent variable. In this study the
independent variable is the Palestine – Israel conflict while the dependent variable
is the foreign policy of Indonesia. This study puts Indonesia at the State level as
the unit of analysis because the scope of its country in international politics which
11
will to analyze. While the level of the second State is Palestine and Israel as an
explanatory unit, because of its role which will explain how the problems of the
two countries have an impact on Indonesia.17
1.7. Hypotheses
The role of Indonesia as the country's largest Muslim - majority population in
the world and one of the State Security Council non-permanent of United Nations
and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement make Indonesia should
have a role in conflict resolution both countries. Indonesia has a role in the
problems of Palestine - Israel, but that role has not been influential in the conflict
between two countries. This is due to Indonesia only being associated with
Palestine in the absence of relations with Israel. Indonesia only had a role in the
case of Israel through a third party which is the United Nations. Indonesia has
quite a significant role towards the Palestinian views of the overwhelming support
in the State, but not for Israel. Indonesia’s rejection of any diplomatic relations
with Israel made role to help Palestine were impressed prevented. And Indonesia
could only do a lot of criticisms of Israeli actions against Palestine as a form of
support. So in this case the role of Indonesia has not dominated the politics and
the Middle East conflict. In this study, will discuss the Palestine - Israel issues and
Indonesia's relationship with both countries based on foreign policy concept and
the third model of decision making theory: Politics – Bureaucratic, to analyze the
role of Indonesia on the issues of Palestine - Israel and discover how Indonesia’s
17
Read Mohtar Mas’oed, Op. Cit. Page165.
12
foreign policy in the two countries influence this issue for political interests
domestically and internationally.
1.8. Framework of Thought
Conflict of Israel and Arab
Palestine
Influences in Indonesia
Non - Government
INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
Government
ON ISRAEL – PALESTINE
CONFLICT ISSUES
13
1.9. Systematic Research
In Chapter I, which contains The Introduction, the author will explain the
background and formulation of the problem in this study and its framework of
thought and research methods.
In Chapter II, the Authors will describe the Israel – Palestine conflict and its
influence to the world peace and Indonesia. Then also describe about the factors
issue in domestic of Indonesia such as its impact to civil society, organizations
and political parties that caused by the Israel – Palestine conflict.
In Chapter III, explain and describe Indonesia’s foreign policy and their role
in international resolution for Israel – Palestine conflict.
In Chapter IV, contains the conclusions and suggestions based on the results
of this study.
14
SKRIPSI
INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY:
ON ISRAEL – PALESTINE CONFLICT ISSUES
By:
Noorayni Rahmawati
08260102
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
SKRIPSI
INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY:
ON ISRAEL – PALESTINE CONFLICT ISSUES
Prepared and submitted to meet one of the requirements
Obtained for Bachelor of Political Science (S.IP) Strata-1
Department of International Relations
By:
Noorayni Rahmawati
08260102
DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2013
STATEMENT SHEET OF ORIGINALITY
The undersigned below
:
Name
: Noorayni Rahmawati
Place, date of birth
: Kupang, June 26 1989
NIM
: 08260102
Faculty
: Social and Political Sciences
Major
: International Relations
Stated that scientific work (thesis) with the title:
INDONESIA’S FOREIGN POLICY:
ON ISRAEL – PALESTINE CONFLICT ISSUES
Is not a scientific paper (thesis) to others, either in part or in whole, except in the
form of a quote that I have mentioned the source correctly.
Thus I created this affidavit in good faith and if this statement is not true, I'm
willing to be sanctioned in accordance with applicable regulations.
Malang, October 20, 2013
Which states,
Noorayni Rahmawati
INTRODUCTION
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Assalamua’alaikum warahmatullahhi wa barakatuh.
In connection with the research conducted by the author on Indonesia's
foreign policy towards the Israel - Palestine, many references have been discussed
about Indonesia's role in addressing the problem. However, not much to discuss
the specifics of how Indonesia instrumental in helping the Palestinians in the
conflict with Israel that occurred in 2005 to 2012 in which Indonesia has issued a
new political program in helping Palestinians achieve independence struggle in
the international forums where this government programs received support and
assistance from all levels of Indonesian society.
The author realizes that in the process and presentation of this thesis, there
are still many gaps and deficiencies that need to be patched perfected. Therefore,
input and constructive criticism is expected by the writer to help close the shortfall
gap.
Finally, the writer hopes this thesis can contribute, even if small, is either
beneficial to add and to develop knowledge about the International Relations
studies at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang alone, but also the discipline
of International Relations in Indonesia in general. Amien.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wa barakatuh.
Malang, October 20, 2013
Writer,
Noorayni Rahmawati
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background Issues ....................................................................................... 1
1.2. Research Question ....................................................................................... 5
1.3. Research Purposes and Benefits .................................................................... 5
1.4. Literatures Review ........................................................................................ 6
1.5. Concept of Foreign Policy and Theory of Decision Making Approach ......... 7
1.6. Research Method
1.6.1. Types of Research ................................................................................. 10
1.6.2. The Scope of Research ........................................................................... 10
1.6.3. Techniques of Data Collection................................................................ 11
1.6.4. Techniques of Data Analysis ................................................................. 11
1.6.5. Levelof Analysis .................................................................................... 11
1.7. Hypotheses ................................................................................................. 12
1.8. Framework of Thought ............................................................................... 13
1.9. Systematic Research ................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER II ISRAEL – PALESTINE CONFLICT AND ITS IMPACT TO
THE WORLD PEACE
2.1. The Beginning of Conflict .......................................................................... 15
2.2. Peace Process of Two State Solution .......................................................... 18
2.3. Global Effect of the Conflict ...................................................................... 21
2.4. The Influence of Israel – Palestine Conflict on Domestic Condition of
Indonesia .................................................................................................... 23
2.5. The Responds of Indonesia Society:
2.5.1. Organizations and public bodies ............................................................ 26
2.5.2. Mass Media ........................................................................................... 29
2.5.3. Political party ........................................................................................ 30
2.5.4. Parliaments (DPR-MPR) .................................................................................. 31
2.5.5. President-ship......................................................................................... 33
2.5.6. The Foreign Department of Indonesia .................................................... 34
CHAPTER
III
INDONESIA’S
FOREIGN
POLICY
ON
ISRAEL
–
PALESTINE CONFLICT
3.1. The Indonesia Foreign Policy and Its Relation with Both Countries ............ 37
3.1.1. The Relation Between Indonesia and Israel ............................................ 39
3.1.2. The Relation Between Indonesia and Palestine ...................................... 43
3.2. Indonesia’s Role As Member of International Organizations in Israel –
Palestine Conflict ....................................................................................... 49
3.2.1.Indonesia’s Role In United Nations ................................................................ 50
3.2.2.Indonesia’s Role In Non-Alignment Movement .......................................... 56
3.2.3.Indonesia’s Role In Organization of Islamic Conference ............................ 57
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 61
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