In analyzing the data, the writer uses qualitative and quantitative analysis. The quantitative analysis is done at pre and post teaching
–learning process whereas the qualitative analysis is done at whilst teaching and learning process.
1. The Analysis of Quantitative Data
S tudents‘ writing achievements were measured by using quantitative
analysis. The researcher compared the mean scores of the cycle tests to find out whether or not
there wa s an improvement of the students‘ writing skill
achievement before and after A Four-Phase Technique was applied. The researcher conducted the cycles test in form of a composition writing test.
A formula of mean score is proposed by Arikunto 2002: 38. The formulas of the mean score of the cycles test can be calculated with the formulas
as follows:
M
N X
Where M means mean score;
X means the total score; and
N
is the number of sample.
The scoring rubric for the writing skills was adapted from Brown 2004: 244-245. The components were expressing and developing the elements of the
short story, grammar, mechanics spelling, paragraphing, and punctuation, organization of the text cohesive and coherent, word order patterns, links and
connection between events and communicate such relations as main idea and supporting idea, sentence styles and word choice.
Table 3.1. Scoring Rubric for Imaginative Writing Skills
Elements Scores
5 4
3 2
1 1. The
expression and
developme nt of
elements of the story
a Ideas of story are
genuinely developed by
students’ selves; b Composition
describes vividly elements of the
story i.e. characters,
setting, plot, and theme;
c They are clearly expressed
d The story builds suspense.
a Ideas of story are developed
from group works; b Composition
describes most of elements of the
story but misses theme;
c; They could be more expressed
d Some extraneous
conflicts are present.
a The ideas of story are
developed from other similar
stories; b Composition
misses elements of conflict and
theme of the story;
c The story elements are not
expressed exactly right;
d Expression of suspense is not
vivid. a Ideas of story
imitate other students’ work;
b Composition does not have
clear elements of a story;
c They do not reflect good
expression d No suspense
is build or the story is hurriedly
written. a Ideas do not
reflect the narrative
genres; b Composition
of the elements of the story is
completely inadequate
c They do not express good
ideas; d There is no
apparent effort to arouse
suspense.
2. Grammar Usage
a Correct use of articles, plurals,
and preposition; b Correct use of
pronouns; c Correct use of
agreement, and verb form; and
d Correct use of tenses in
sentences. Acceptable use of:
aplurals preposition;
b plural pronouns;
c verb forms; and d tenses.
Grammar problems are
apparent in the case of:
a articles and plurals;
b singular pronouns;
c verb forms; and
d tenses. Numerous
grammar problems in the
areas of: a articles,
plurals, and preposition;
b singular and plural pronouns
c agreement and verb forms;
d tenses in Wrong use of :
a articles, plurals, and
preposition; b singular and
plural pronouns c agreement
and verb form. d tenses in
sentences.
3. Spelling and
punctuation Usage
Correct use of : a English word
spellings; b capitals;
c full stops, comma, marks of
question, quotation, and
exclamation, apostrophes;
d Good paragraphing
such as left and right margins,
indentation, and spaces.
Occasional problems with:
a writing word spellings;
b capital for names ;
c punctuation of exclamation,
question, and quotation marks;
d Adequate paragraphing such
as left margin is correct and
spaces. Spelling problems
distract readers; such as:
a many errors of word spellings;
b capital for sentences
beginning c punctuation
mistakes interfere ideas such as full
stops comma; d lack of
paragraphing such as left
margin and indentation
mistakes Serious problems
with a English
spelling words; b capitals for
names and sentences
beginning; c full stops,
comma, question, quotation,
exclamation marks
d Mistakes in paragraphing
such as left and right margins,
indentation, and spaces.
Wrong use of: a English
word spellings b obvious
capital missing from draft to
draft; cfull stops,
comma, question,
quotation, and exclamation
marks, and apostrophes;
d obvious missing of
margins, indentation and
spaces.
Elements Scores
5 4
3 2
1 4. organizing aOrganization
aOrganization of a Problems of
a Inadequate a writer has
elements of the short
story of all elements
characters, settings, plot, and
theme is logical b They are well
organized; c Effective
orientation paragraph,
events are stated leads to
complication; d Supporting
evidence given for resolution.
all elements of the short story is
somewhat logical b They are
organized but misses theme;
c Orientation; complication,
events and resolution of the
story are acceptable;
d Some evidence may be lacking of
some ideas that
aren’t fully developed.
organization of the elements
interfere logic; b They are less
conflict and theme;
c Mediocre or scant orientation;
problems with order of ideas in
complication and events;
d The resolution may not be fully
supported by the evidence given.
effort at organization of
elements of the story;
b The story lack of plot and theme
c Shaky or minimally
recognizable orientation;
complication can barely be seen;
severe problems with ordering of
events; d Resolution is
weak or illogical;. not made any
effort to organize the
composition could not be
outlined by reader;
b Most elements of the
story are not available;
c Absent of orientation or
resolution; no apparent
organization of complication;
d Severe lack of evidence for
events.
5. Sentence style, quality
of expression,
and word choice
a Precise vocabulary
usage; b Good order of
words c Use of parallel
structure; d Expression is
concise; a Good
vocabulary; b Adequate order
of words; c Sentence style
is not wordy; d Expression is
fairly concise a Some
vocabulary misused;
b Not really good order of
words c Sentences
may be too wordy;
d Expression is less concise ;
a Problems in vocabulary;
b lack orders of words;
c Lack variety of sentence
structure; d Expression is
redundancy a
Inappropriate use of
vocabulary; b Poor order
of words; c No sentence
variety; d No concept
of good English expression
2. The Analysis of Qualitative Data
